臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
石斑魚受精卵孵化及育苗模式雖已大略具備，但欲使育成率穩定仍屬不易，其影響因素包括水流、光線、溫度、卵質、魚苗習性、發育特徵、餌料…等。
本研究以提昇點帶石斑前期魚苗存活率為目標，探討培育設備型態對魚苗存活率之影響，比較試驗打氣、渦流與靜置三種水體擾動型態對受精卵孵化率及卵黃囊期魚苗存活率的影響，結果顯示受精卵孵化率在三種培育設備中並無顯著差異(p>0.05)，但卵黃囊期魚苗存活率卻因培育設備的不同而出現顯著差別，其中渦流擾動設備的攝餌前魚苗平均存活率(92.5±6.3%)為最佳。
為瞭解渦流擾動培育設備之最佳育苗密度，本研究試驗在15公升水體中分別置入受精卵2.5、5、10、15、20、25及30公克，結果顯示受精卵平均孵化率為96.4 ~ 97.8 %，各組無顯著差異，但孵出魚苗在高密度組(30、25及20公克)則因水質惡化，分別於孵化後第一、第二、第三天全數死亡；因此，在本研究試驗條件下，渦流擾動育苗設備之最大可承受卵密度為每公升1公克。
為解決攝餌後魚苗因水質惡化而死亡的問題，本研究亦探討循環水系統育苗的可行性，初步試驗比較循環水系統與靜置系統之育苗效率，結果顯示循環水系統的魚苗至孵化後10天的存活率(36.5%)及體長(0.5cm)皆優於靜置系統的魚苗(分別為23.5%及0.3cm)。再進一步探討最佳換水率時，發現日換水率50、100及200%者之育成率無顯著差異，但都比不換水者(換水率0%)為佳。

Abstract
Although the method of hatching and nursing of grouper larvae is almost established, but to maintain a stable survival rate of larvae is still hard. The factors influencing survival rate include water flow, light, water temperature, egg quality, larval behavior, larvae developing characteristics and live foods…etc.
The purpose of this research is to improve the survival rate of early stage larvae of grouper (Epinephelus coioides). The survival rates of larvae in three types of nursery system were investigated. Three types of water flow conditions (aeration、whirlpool and stewing) in nursery tank had been setup and used to test the hatching rate of fertilized eggs and the survival rate of yolk-sac stage larvae. The results showed that the hatching rate in all three facilities was no different significantly (p>0.05), but the survival rate was. The best survival rate (92.5±6.3%) of larvae before first feeding was obtained in whirlpool treatment.
In order to find the maximum density of grouper larvae which could be nursed in whirlpool system, various amounts of fertilized eggs 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 g were put in various tanks with the same water volume (15 l) and nursed until D3. The hatching rate (96.4-97.8 %) between treatments had no significant different (p>0.05). But due to contamination of water quality, larvae after hatching of groups 30, 25 and 20 g died on D1, D2 and D3, respectively, and 1 g/l was the maximum allowable stocking density under the experimental conditions.
In order to solve the problem of larvae death after feeding due to contamination of water quality, the feasibility of the application of the recirculating aquaculture system was investigated, also. At first, the nursery efficiency of recirculating system and stewing (control) system were compared. The results showed that the survival rate (36.5%) and body length (0.5 cm) of larvae in recirculating system were greater than the control (23.5%, 0.3 cm) on D10. Furthermore, the best water exchange rate in nursing tank was investigated. The results showed that the nursery efficiency were not different significantly for daily water exchange rate of 50, 100 and 200 %, while they were all better than system without water exchange.

第一章 前言---------------------------------------------------1
第二章文獻回顧 ------------------------------------------- 3
2.1 石斑魚研究概況簡介 ------------------------------------- 3
2.1.1 石斑魚分類及研究 -------------------------------------- 3
2.1.2 石斑魚育苗流程 ---------------------------------------- 3
2.2 影響石斑魚受精卵卵質之因素------------------------------- 4
2.2.1 種魚管理 ---------------------------------------------- 4
2.2.2 受精卵生產方式對受精卵品質的影響 ---------------------- 4
2.2.3 環境及人為操作因子對受精卵的影響 ---------------------- 5
2.2.3.1 環境的影響------------------------------------------- 5
2.2.3.2 人為操作的影響--------------------------------------- 5
2.3 影響石斑魚受精卵孵化率之因素-----------------------------5
2.4 影響石斑魚苗卵黃囊期存活率之因素 ----------------------- 6
2.4.1 卵黃囊期石斑魚苗發育特徵與大量浮死的關係 -------------- 6
2.4.2 人為操作參數對卵黃囊期魚苗存活率的影響 ---------------- 7
2.4.2.1水流擾動 --------------------------------------------- 7
2.4.2.2光線強度-----------------------------------------------7
2.5 影響石斑魚苗攝餌率之因素---------------------------------7
2.5.1 卵黃囊期能量消耗與石斑魚苗攝餌成功率的關係--------------8
2.5.2 餌料生物對石斑魚苗攝餌率的影響 -------------------------8
2.5.3 不飽和脂肪酸之重要性------------------------------------9
2.5.4 餌料生物二次培養 --------------------------------------10
第三章材料與方法 -----------------------------------------11
3.1 實驗材料及設備 -----------------------------------------11
3.1.1 石斑魚受精卵 -----------------------------------------11
3.1.2 試驗用水 ---------------------------------------------11
3.1.3 受精卵孵化及浮死改善試驗設備 -------------------------11
3.1.4 魚苗培育密度試驗設備 ---------------------------------13
3.1.5 循環水育苗試驗設備 -----------------------------------13
3.1.6 換水率試驗設備----------------------------------------14
3.1.7 餌料生物----------------------------------------------15
3.2 實驗方法 -----------------------------------------------15
3.2.1 受精卵孵化及浮死改善試驗-------------------------------15
3.2.2 魚苗培育密度試驗---------------------------------------17
3.2.3 循環水育苗試驗 ---------------------------------------17
3.2.4 換水率試驗--------------------------------------------18
3.3 水質測定方法 -------------------------------------------19
3.3.1 水中溶氧測定 -----------------------------------------19
3.3.2 水溫之測定 -------------------------------------------19
3.3.3 pH值之測定 -------------------------------------------19
3.3.4 鹽度測定 ---------------------------------------------19
3.3.5 總氨-氮 (total ammonium nitrogen，TAN)測定 -----------19
3.3.5.1 使用藥劑及配製方法 ---------------------------------19
3.3.5.2 操作步驟 -------------------------------------------20
3.3.6 亞硝酸-氮(nitrite nitrogen，NO2- -N )測定 ------------20
3.3.6.1 使用藥劑及配製方法 ---------------------------------21
3.3.6.2 操作步驟 -------------------------------------------21
3.4 水中總菌數檢測方法 -------------------------------------21
3.4.1 培養基之配製 -----------------------------------------21
3.4.2 細菌稀釋液的製備 -------------------------------------21
3.4.3 細菌培養操作步驟 -------------------------------------22
第四章 結果 ------------------------------------------------23
4.1 受精卵孵化及浮死改善試驗結果----------------------------23
4.2 魚苗培育密度試驗結果 -----------------------------------23
4.3 循環水育苗試驗結果--------------------------------------24
4.4 換水率試驗結果------------------------------------------24
第五章 討論 ------------------------------------------------26
5.1 受精卵孵化及浮死改善方法--------------------------------26
5.2 魚苗培育密度--------------------------------------------28
5.3 循環水育苗系統 -----------------------------------------28
5.4 換水率的影響--------------------------------------------29
第六章 結論與建議 -------------------------------------------31
第七章 參考文獻 ---------------------------------------------32
表目錄
表 4-1 點帶石斑於靜置、打氣、渦流三種設備中培育時，受精卵孵化(D10)及卵黃囊魚苗期之水質變化------------------------------------39
表 4-2 點帶石斑於靜置、打氣、渦流三種設備中培育時之受精卵孵化率及卵黃囊期魚苗存活率-----------------------------------------40
表 4-3 渦流培育設備中，各種培育卵密度(2.5-30.0 g/槽)之魚苗存活率-----------------------------------------------------------41
表 4-4 不同魚卵密度(2.5、5、10、15、20、25、30 g 卵/15 l水槽)渦流培育系統中，試驗期間(D0 — D3)育苗槽之水質(溶氧(DO)、pH值、總氨氮(TAN)、亞硝酸氮(NO2--N)、總生菌數(CFU))變化--------------42
表 4-5 循環水系統與止水式(對照組)育苗試驗，魚苗之存活率及魚體發育-----------------------------------------------------------43
表 4-6 循環水與止水式系統育苗試驗期間之水質變化-------------43
表 4-7 不同換水率試驗組(0%，50%，100%，200%)於試驗期間(D3-D10)之水中溶氧(DO/ppm)、pH、總氨-氮(TAN/ppm)及亞硝酸-氮(NO2-N)濃度---------------------------------------------------------------44
表 4-8 不同換水率循環水育苗系統之育苗成果-------------------44
圖目錄
圖3-1 打氣擾動裝置----------------------------------------- 12
圖3-2 渦流擾動裝置------------------------------------------13
圖3-3 循環水系統簡圖----------------------------------------14
圖3-4 換水率試驗設備流程------------------------------------15
圖4-1 靜置、打氣、渦流水流擾動方式試驗組之點帶石斑受精卵於孵化(D0)及魚苗卵黃囊期間(D1 — D3)水中pH及DO變化-----------------45
圖 4-2 點帶石斑魚卵不同卵密度(2.5 — 30 g/15 l)孵化試驗時，pH及DO之變化-----------------------------------------------------46
圖 4-3 點帶石斑魚卵不同卵密度(2.5 — 30 g/15 l)孵化試驗，各試驗組之NH3-N及NO2-N變化-----------------------------------------47
圖 4-4 循環水育苗試驗，循環水組與對照組之TAN及NO2-N變化-----48
圖 4-5 循環水育苗試驗，循環水組與對照組之PH及DO變化---------49
圖 4-6 雙套管圖---------------------------------------------25
圖 4-7 攝餌後點帶石斑魚苗於不同換水率(control (0%)、50%、100%、200%)試驗期間(D3 — D10)之各組育苗桶水中溶氧濃度(DO)及pH變化-50
圖 4-8 攝餌後點帶石斑魚苗於不同換水率(control (0%)、50%、100%、200%)試驗期間(D3 — D10)之各組育苗桶水中總氨-氮(TAN)及亞硝酸-氮(NO2-N)濃度變化----------------------------------------------51

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