臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

為探討褐林鴞（Strix leptogrammica）與灰林鴞（Strix aluco）所發出的聲音對飛鼠鳴叫行為的反應，自2003年1月至2004年4月，在雪霸國家公園武陵地區熟悉飛鼠野外不同叫聲，並沿著7、8、14號公路，穿越不同海拔，記錄聽到飛鼠種類與叫聲型式，以褐林鴞的二種聲音和灰林鴞的一種聲音，測試對白面鼯鼠(Petaurista alborufus)二種鳴叫行為的影響。結果顯示：褐林鴞在中海拔有4次記錄，灰林鴞在中、高海拔共有40隻次記錄。大赤鼯鼠(Petaurista petaurista)在低海拔有25隻次、中海拔有56隻次記錄，低海拔叫聲類型以「En…」為主，在低海拔大赤鼯鼠三種聲音，佔64％，中海拔以「Shi…」為主，並在三種聲音，佔63％。白面鼯鼠總共記錄787隻次，海拔100至3200公尺都有分布，各海拔以「Fi－」叫聲類型為主，並且在白面鼯鼠三種聲音，所佔比例超過79％。
調查發現，回播對於灰林鴞有顯著效果（P＜0.05）。但是以相同的回播時間並不適合吸引褐林鴞，原因可能與褐林鴞的活動範圍較大，因此不容易吸引。
在中海拔有褐林鴞出沒地區播放褐林鴞叫聲後，對白面鼯鼠二種叫聲行為的影響沒有顯著差異（P＞0.05），推測原因受距離與飛鼠位於上邊坡森林比例較高而影響。在無褐林鴞分布的高海拔，回播褐林鴞「Hu˙Hu˙Hu˙Hu－」聲音對白面鼯鼠的鳴叫行為也沒有顯著影響（P＞0.05），但「Wow－」類型叫聲降低白面鼯鼠「Fi－」的鳴叫頻率（P＜0.05），原因可能與高海拔地區飛鼠位於下邊坡森林比例較高和褐林鴞高頻率的「Wow－」叫聲有關，進一步推測高海拔的白面鼯鼠受到距離、季節性海拔遷徙所影響，因此對褐林鴞聲音產生防禦行為。而灰林鴞並不是飛鼠主要天敵，因此，在中、高海拔播放灰林鴞的「Hu˙Hu」聲音之後，對於白面鼯鼠鳴叫行為的影響沒有顯著差異（P＞0.05）。

This research is to figure out the effect of the calls of brown wood owls (Strix leptogrammica) and tawny owls (Strix aluco) to the calling reaction of flying squirrels. From January 2003 to April 2004, I accustomed myself to different calls of flying squirrels in the field of Wu-Ling Farm in Shei-Pa National Park, and then recorded flying squirrel species and their call types heard along Road 7th, 8th and 14th across different altitudes. Based on the playback of two kinds of brown wood owls’ calls and one of tawny owls’, I tested the effect of them to white-faced flying squirrels’ (Petaurista alborufus) calling behaviours. In the result were 4 number by times of brown wood owls at medium altitude, 40 of tawny owls at medium and high altitude. I also recorded 25 number by times of red-giant flying squirrels’ (Petaurista petaurista) calls at low altitude and 56 at medium altitude. Their main vocal type is 「En…」 at low, accounting to 64％ but 「Shi…」 at medium, accounting to 63％. Besides, I recorded 787 number by times of white-faced flying squirrels distributed at altitude from 100 m to 3200 m. They mainly made the sound「Fi－」. It is over 79%.
In my study, the playback showed significant effect to tawny owls (P＜0.05) but not to brown wood owls. It might be resulted from the greater difficulty to attract brown wood owls who have wider home range than tawny owls.
At medium altitude where brown wood owls were active, there was no significant difference in the effect of both white-faced flying squirrels’ calling behaviours after the playback of brown wood owl’s calls (P＞0.05). It might be for the distance and the high percentage of flying squirrels situated at up slope. At high altitude where brown wood owls were not active, its’ call 「Hu˙Hu˙Hu˙Hu－」 made no difference to the white-faced flying squirrels’ calling frequency（P＞0.05）, but the other call「Wow－」decreased the times of flying squirrels’ calls 「Fi－」（P＜0.05）. It might be caused by the higher percentage of flying squirrels at high altitude situated at down slope and the high frequency voice「Wow－」. It can be inferred further that the defence behaviour of white-faced flying squirrels to brown wood owls at high altitude was affected by the combination of distance and seasonal vertical migration. Besides, after the playback of tawny owls’ calls, flying squirrels'' behaviour did not change (P＞0.05), which I supposed to be related to the size and food option of tawny owls.

中文摘要………………………I
英文摘要……………………III
誌謝……………………………V
目錄………………………….VI
表目錄…………………..…IX
圖目錄…………………..…X
附錄目錄……………………XI
壹、前言…………………………………………..…………………………1
貳、文獻回顧…………………………………………………………………3
一、研究對象…………………………………....………………………3
二、回播技術……………………………………………………………5
三、掠食者與獵物之間的關係…………………………………………6
四、掠食者與獵物的聲音………………………………………………8
五、貓頭鷹的掠食行為………………………………..…………..……9
參、材料與方法…..………...…………………...……….…………11
一、樣區……..………...……..…………......………………11
二、調查方法……………………….....…………………………...14
(一)、校正音量………….………………………..…………...14
(二)、區分褐林鴞與灰林鴞的叫聲類型及意義……..……….14
(三)、區分飛鼠的叫聲類型、叫聲意義、距離與方位判定...15
(四)、樣站與回播程序……….….....………………………..15
(五)、褐林鴞與灰林鴞的回應………….......……………….16
(六)、資料分析………………….……...........….……..……….16
1、回播對褐林鴞與灰林鴞的影響………...…....………..16
2、回播對白面鼯鼠鳴叫行為的影響…..………………17
肆、結果…………………………………………….……………..……..18
一、褐林鴞、灰林鴞、大赤鼯鼠與白面鼯鼠在各海拔的分布與數量....…..………………...………...…………...……..……………18
（一）、褐林鴞…………………...…………….…..………….19
（二）、灰林鴞………….……………….……….……….…….19
（三）、大赤鼯鼠………..…………….…...…..…………….20
（四）、白面鼯鼠…………………..……….…...…...…….20
二、各海拔大赤鼯鼠與白面鼯鼠叫聲類型和數量百分比…..………24
（一）、大赤鼯鼠………………..….......…………...…….24
（二）、白面鼯鼠……….….…………………………...…….24
三、褐林鴞與灰林鴞對回播的回應…………………………..…..…28
四、褐林鴞與灰林鴞回播對白面鼯鼠鳴叫行為的影響……….……29
（一）、中海拔……………….………..………………...…….29
1、褐林鴞………………..………..…………...…….29
2、灰林鴞………………..………..……...…...…….29
（二）、高海拔………………..………..….…………...…….30
1、褐林鴞………………..………....………...…….30
2、灰林鴞………………..………...…………...…….30
伍、討論……………………...………….…………………………………35
一、褐林鴞、灰林鴞、大赤鼯鼠與白面鼯鼠在各海拔的分布與數量………………...…………...…………………….…..……………35
二、各海拔大赤鼯鼠與白面鼯鼠叫聲類型和數量百分比….....…….38
三、褐林鴞與灰林鴞對回播的回應……………………….……….…39
四、中、高海拔地區褐林鴞與灰林鴞回播對白面鼯鼠鳴叫行為的…影響…………………………………………………………….…40
陸、結論……………...………….......…………………………………44
柒、參考文獻…………………………….……………………………...…46
作者簡介…………..……………………………………………..…………56
表目錄
表 1 褐林鴞與灰林鴞在低海拔（100~700公尺）、中海拔（800~2600公 尺）、高海拔（2700~3200公尺）的分布與數量…...................……..22
表 2 大赤鼯鼠與白面鼯鼠在低海拔（100~700公尺）、中海拔（800~
2600公尺）、高海拔（2700~3200公尺）的分布與數量…………......23
表 3 回播灰林鴞「Hu˙Hu」聲對灰林鴞鳴叫次數的影響……….…......28
表 4 中海拔地區褐林鴞「Hu˙Hu˙Hu˙Hu－」、「Wow－」聲對白面
鼯鼠「Fi－」、「Fi-Fi…」二種鳴叫行為的影響…...….........................31
表 5 中海拔地區灰林鴞「Hu˙Hu」聲對白面鼯鼠「Fi－」、「Fi-Fi…」
二種鳴叫行為的影響…...…................................................................32
表 6 高海拔地區褐林鴞「Hu˙Hu˙Hu˙Hu－」、「Wow－」聲對白面
鼯鼠「Fi－」、「Fi-Fi…」二種鳴叫行為的影響.....................................33
表 7 高海拔地區灰林鴞「Hu˙Hu」聲對白面鼯鼠「Fi－」、「Fi-Fi…」
二種鳴叫行為的影響...........................................................................34
圖目錄
圖1高海拔、中海拔、低海拔樣區路線..…..….....………...........……..13
圖2大赤鼯鼠在低海拔與中海拔叫聲類型和數量百分比..….....……..26
圖3白面鼯鼠在低海拔、中海拔、高海拔叫聲類型和數量百分比…..27
附錄目錄
附錄1、褐林鴞與灰林鴞出現的位置、海拔和數量……….……....……52
附錄2、回播模式與飛鼠叫聲型式記錄表…………..………...…………55

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