臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

志工旅遊於國際間快速興起，它與以往的一般觀光旅遊有很大的差異。志工旅遊以提供遊客一種小眾、另類的觀光模式，參與志工旅遊的動機，除了以「利他主義」為導向的活動參與外，亦日益著重於「利已主義」的旅遊規劃、個人的自我成長、或個人的自我實現。發展志工旅遊的核心想法，可以為當地居民帶來積極且正面的影響，志工遊客會於同一接待社區停留較長的時間，因長時間與當地接待社區居民的接觸互動，雙方所造成的文化衝擊可能明顯與持久。志工旅遊於臺灣的發展亦越來越盛行，但學術上幾乎缺乏針對國際志工遊客與臺灣當地接待社區居民的文化衝擊進行剖析。因此，本研究將探索志工旅遊之遊客與社區居民的文化衝擊，以及於臺灣發展志工旅遊的環境適性分析。
本研究使用紮根理論，分析雲林縣台西鄉接待國際志工旅遊方案之經驗，以立意抽樣方式選取受訪者，直到理論飽和。計選取10位受訪者（5位志工遊客、5位社區居民），進行半結構訪談，分別從現地資料採集與分析、志工遊客與社區居民歷經「接待」與「參與」的後續比較分析、以及重新聚焦問題，建立志工旅遊的相關理論。
研究發現，志工遊客之文化衝擊與行前準備、動機與期望、接待環境和組織的操作有密切關聯，這些因素會影響文化衝擊的發生進程，以及帶來衝擊的深淺程度。而帶來的效益，增加文化交流機會、不同的文化體驗、學習新的事物、難忘的回憶、自我滿足與成就感、認識新朋友和幫助他人。但於過程中，則需面對的氣候適應、飲食習慣、語言溝通限制、當地人際限制等文化衝擊；對社區居民可帶來文化交流機會、不同文化的學習機會、培養國際觀、增長新知識和產生自我文化認同等正面衝擊，但也會因飲食習慣問題、人際限制問題、語言溝通限制，而導致與志工遊客的疏離。更由於志工遊客以利己動機為主要導向，且因臺灣的交通便利、人民友善、及景點的吸引等環境適性均符合國際志工遊客的期望。

Volunteer tourism is spreading internationally; it is very different to mass tourism. Volunteer tourism provides alternative opportunities for tourists. In addition to the participation of altruism-oriented activities, volunteer tourists increasingly focus on the “egoism” for personal self-growth or/and personal self-actualization. Developing volunteer tourism can bring positive impacts to both the host community and tourists because volunteer tourists stay and interact longer with residents in a community. Volunteer tourism development has become increasingly popular in Taiwan, but academic studies are still rare. Hence, in this study the culture impacts on both volunteer tourists and local residents, as well as the appropriateness for volunteer tourism development in Taiwan were discussed and analysed.
Grounded theory was used in this study to analyze the international volunteer tourists’ experiences in Tai-Xi Township, Yun-Lin County, Taiwan. Study participators were chosen by purposive sampling until theoretical saturation had been done. Total of 10 participators were interviewed (5 volunteer tourists and 5 local residents, respectively) through semi-structural questions. Based on the follow-up analysis for volunteer tourists and local community residents after their “reception” and “participation”, the problem was re-defined to conduct the related theory of volunteer tourism.
The findings showed that the culture impacts on volunteer tourists are related to prior preparation, motivation and expectation, host community and coordinating organization. The benefits for volunteer tourists include experiencing different cultures, learning new things, gaining unforgettable memories, self-fulfillment and sense of accomplishments, and meeting new friends and helping others. However, the negative impacts include facing adaptation for climate, different eating habits, and language barrier and limitation on social network. The positive impacts for local residents include learning and exchanging cultures, gaining global perspectives and knowledge, and increasing their own culture identity. Nevertheless, the local residents still have negative impacts such as uneasiness due to different habit and language barrier. Moreover, as the volunteer tourists mainly pay attention to self-serving, and because of friendly residents and convenient transportation in Taiwan, the appropriateness for developing volunteer tourism is high.

致 謝 I
摘 要 II
ABSTRACT III
目 錄 IV
表目錄 VI
圖目錄 VII
第一章 緒 論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 研究區域的選定－台西的志工旅遊接待經驗 3
第四節 名詞解釋 5
第二章 文獻探討 7
第一節 志工旅遊 7
2.1.1 志工旅遊的發展歷程與現況 7
2.1.2 志工旅遊之定義與內涵 8
2.1.3 志工旅遊的遊客動機與期望 9
第二節 比較不同旅遊型態之旅遊動機 10
第三節 志工旅遊與打工度假（Working Holiday） 12
第四節 文化衝擊（Culture Impact） 13
2.4.1 志工遊客之文化衝擊分析 13
2.4.2 接待社區居民之文化衝擊分析 15
第五節 志工旅遊相關研究彙整 17
第六節 小結 19
第三章 研究方法 21
第一節 研究概念 21
第二節 研究個案介紹 21
第三節 研究方法的選擇 22
3.3.1 質性研究（Qualitative Research） 22
3.3.2紮根理論（Grounded Theory） 24
第四節 研究設計 25
3.4.1. 抽樣方法與過程 25
3.4.2. 研究參與者 25
3.4.3. 研究工具 26
第五節 資料分析方法 28
第六節 效度與信度 30
第四章 研究結果分析與討論 32
第一節 受訪者的基本資料 32
第二節 紮根理論分析結果 33
4.2.1. 志工旅遊之遊客的文化衝擊模式建構 33
4.2.2. 志工旅遊之接待社區居民的文化衝擊模式建構 56
第三節 臺灣發展志工旅遊的環境適性分析 72
第五章 結論與建議 74
第一節 研究結論 74
5.1.1. 志工遊客的文化衝擊 74
5.1.2. 社區居民的文化衝擊 75
5.1.3. 臺灣發展志工旅遊的環境適性分析 76
第二節 建議 76
第三節 研究限制 77
參考文獻 78
附錄 85
附錄一 志工遊客行程表-彩繪組 85
附錄二 志工遊客行程表-教育組 86
附錄三 開放性譯碼（Open Coding）之概念分析表 87
附錄四 志工遊客主軸譯碼與各範疇說明 92
附錄五 開放性譯碼（Open Coding）之概念分析表 96
附錄六 社區居民主軸譯碼與各範疇說明 99

王文科（2000），質的教育研究法，師大書苑，臺北。
朱柔若譯（1996），社會科學研究方法與資料分析，揚智文化，臺北。
江麗容（2007），誇文化交際：文化衝擊與應對，英語教學，4（3）：61-65。
吳坤銘（1978），旅客行為之觀察與分析，國立臺灣大學森林研究所碩士學位論文。
吳宗瓊（2003），觀光發展階段與產業依賴程度對觀光衝擊認知影響之探討，戶外遊憩研究，16（1）：45-62。
吳芝儀（2000），建構論及其在教育研究上的應用，中正大學教育學研究所編，麗文，高雄。
宋秉明（1996），綠島發展生態觀光之規劃，戶外遊憩研究，9（4）：31-40。
李君如、蔣涵如（2006），啟程與相遇：美加人士旅台經驗研究，觀光研究學報，12（2）：155-181。
宗圓圓（2010），歐美的公益旅遊研究，四川師範大學學報（社會科學版），37（1）：133-140。
胡幼慧（2008），質性研究：理論、方法及本土女性研究實例，台北市：巨流。
張瑋琦、張高傑（2006），勞動假期、綠色休閒農村主題性的休閒資源創造，第三屆「休閒、文化與綠色資源論壇」-思想、理論與政策研討會論文集。
莊麗惠、高士剛、尤英哲（2008），深度休閒中志願服務的實質效益，2008年國際體育運動與健康休閒發展趨勢研討會專刊，463-474。
許華芳、李宗鴻、陳其昌（2009），以質性研究探討國際志工旅遊動機與休閒涉入之研究，運動與遊憩研究，3（4）：15-34。
陳向明（2002），社會科學質的研究，五南圖書，臺北。
陳秉華（1994），台灣留學生經驗：自我統合的改變研究，教育心理學報，27：105-139。
曾華源、曾騰光（2003），志願服務概論，揚志文化，臺北。
黃宗成、吳忠宏、郭建池（2001），阿里山地區原住民對其觀光發展衝擊認知與態度之研究，公共事務評論，2（2）：91-122。
黃淑芬（2006），志工網絡發展模式之研究，非政府組織學刊（創刊號），87-102。
溫德生（2007），旅行的文化適應，航空醫學暨科學期刊，21（1）：59-62。
歐聖榮、顏宏旭（1995），金門地區觀光發展衝擊認知之研究，戶外遊憩研究，7（4）：61-89。
蕭文君（2007），勞動假期主客衝突之研究-以2006年南華生態工作假期為例，中國文化大學觀光事業研究所碩士論文。
謝淑芬（1994），觀光心理學，五南文化出版社，臺北。
簡俊成、方婷婷（2005），虛擬社群商業化之紮根理論研究，管理評論，24（3），43-67。
Andereck, K., & Vogt, C. (2000). The relationship between residents’ attitudes toward tourism and tourism development options. Joural of Travel Research, 27, 16-21.
Arnhem, D. A. (2008). Volunteer tourism: A global analysis. Association for Tourism and Leisure Education, 8 (2), 187-219.
Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (2008). Volunteer tourism: A global analysis. DA Arnhem, Netherlands: Association for Tourism and Leisure, 8 (2), 187-219.
Bowes, G. (2008). A gap project should be rewarding, but travellers can feel they’ve wasted their time. How do you choose the right one? The Guardian, 6 September, London.
Broad, S. (2001). Anything but a holiday? Volunteer tourism and the Gibbon rehabilitation project, Thailand. Newcastle: University of Newcastle.
Broad, S. (2003). Living the Thai life: A case study of volunteer tourism at the Gibbon Rehabilitation Project, Thailand. Tourism Recreation Research, 28 (3), 63-72.
Brown, S., & Lehto, X. (2005). Travelling with a purpose: Understanding the motives and benefits of volunteer vacations. Current Issues in Tourism, 8 (6), 479-496.
Brown, S., & Morrison, A. (2003). Expanding volunteer vacation participation: An exploratory study on the mini-mission concept. Tourism Recreation Research, 28 (3), 73-82.
Butin, D. W. (2003). Of what use is it? Multiple conceptualizations of service-learning in education. Teachers College Record, 165, 1674-1692.
Caissie, L. T., & Halpenny, E. A. (2003). Volunteering for nature: Motivations for participating in a biodiversity conservation volunteer program. World Leisure Journal, 45 (2), 38-50.
Callanan, M., & Thomas, S. (2005). Volunteer tourism. In Noveli, M. (ed) Niche Tourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 183-200.
Canada, M., & Speck, B. W. (2001). Developing and implementing service-learning programs. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Charmaz, K. (1990). Discovering chronic illness: Using grounded theory. Social Science & Medicine, 30 (11), 1161-1172.
Charmaz, K. (2000). Grounded theory, objectivist and constructivist methods. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research, 509-535, London: Sage.
Charmaz, K. (2004). Premises, principles, and practices in qualitative research: Revisiting the foundations. Qualitative Health Research, 14 (7), 976-993.
Chen, L. J., & Chen, J. S. (2010). The motivations and expectations of international volunteer tourists: A case study of ‘‘Chinese Village Traditions’’, Tourism Management, 1-8.
Cnaan, R. A., Handy, F., & Wadsworth, M. (1996). Defining who is a volunteer: Conceptual and empirical considerations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 25 (3), 364-383.
Coghlan, A. (2006). Volunteer tourism as an emerging trend or an expansion of ecotourism? A look at potential clients’ perceptions of volunteer tourism organizations, International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 11 (3), 225-237.
Cohen, E. (1979). A phenomenology of tourist types. Sociology, 13, 179-201.
Coren, N., & Gray, T. (2011). Commodification of volunteer tourism: A comparative study of volunteer tourists in Vietnam and in Thailand. International Journal of Tourism Research, Published online in Wiley Online Library.
Dann, G. M. S. (1977). Anomie ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 4 (4), 184-194.
Dann, G. M. S. (1981). Tourist motivation and appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research, 8 (2), 187-219.
Doxey, G. V. (1975). A causation theory of visitor-resident irritant: Methodology and research inferences. The Travel Research Association, 6th Annual Conference, San Diego, California, 195-198.
Ellis, C. (2003). Participatory environmental research in tourism: A global view. Tourism Recreation Research, 28, 45-55.
Furnham, A., & Bochner, S. (1986). Culture shock: Psychological reactions to unfamiliar environments. London: Methuen.
Glaser, B. G. (2002). Constructivist grounded theory? Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 3 (3): Retrieved June 1, 2007, from http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqstexte/ 3-02/3-02glaser-e.pdf.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory, strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Adline Publishing Co.
Glaser, B.G. (2001). The grounded theory perspective: Conceptualization contrasted with description. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
Gullahorn, J. T., & Gullahorn, J. E. (1963). An extension of the U-curve hypothesis. Journal of Social Issues, 19, 33-47.
Guttentag, D. A. (2009). The possible negative impacts of volunteer tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11 (6), 537-551.
Hankinson, G. (2005). Destination brand images: A business tourism perspective, Journal of Services Marketing, 19 (1), 24-32.
Hannigan, T. P. (1990). Traits, attitudes, and skills that are related to intercultural effectiveness and their implications for cross-cultural training: A review of the literature. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14 (1), 89-111.
Harlow, S., & Pomfret, G. (2007). Evolving environmental tourism experiences in Zambia. Journal of Ecotourism, 6 (3), 184-209.
Holden, A. (2000). Environment and tourism. London: Routledge.
Honey, M. (1990). Ecotourism and sustainable development: Who owns paradise. USA: Island Press.
Hottola, P. (2004). Culture confusion: Intercultural adaptation in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (2), 447-466.
John, P. R. (1989). Time for Work, American, Demographics, April, 68-70.
Lankford, S. V., & Howard, D. R. (1994). Developing a tourism impact attitude scale. Annals of Tourism Research, 21 (1), 121-139.
Lepp, A. (2009). Leisure and obligation: An investigation of volunteer tourists’ experience at Kenya’s Taita discovery center. Journal of Leisure Research, 41 (2), 253-260.
Lysgaard, S. (1955). Adjustment in a foreign society: Norwegian Fullbright grantees visiting the United States. International Social Science Bulletin, 7, 45-51.
Matheson, A., & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism: Economic, physical and social impacts. New York: Longman.
McBride, A. M., Brav, J., Menon, N., & Sherraden, M. (2006). Limitations of civic service: Critical perspectives. Community Development Journal, 41 (3), 307-320.
McCann, T., & Clark, E. (2003). Grounded theory in nursing research: Part 1- methodology. Nurse Researcher, 11 (2), 7-18.
McGehee, N., & Santos, C. (2005). Social change, discourse and volunteer tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (3), 760-779.
McIntosh, A. J., & Zahra, A. (2007). A cultural encounter through volunteer tourism: Towards the ideals of sustainable tourism ? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15 (5), 541-556.
Merrian, S. B. (1988). Case study research. In Education : A Qualitative Approach. San Francisco & London : Jessey-Bass Publishers.
Milstein, T. (2005). Transformation abroad: Sojourning and the perceived enhancement of self-efficacy. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 217-238.
Morse, J. M. (1994). Designing Funded Qualitative Research, In N. K. Denzen and Y. S. Lincoln (Ed.) Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thous and Oaks:Sage.
Oberg, K. (1960). Culture shock adjustment to new cultural environments. Practical Anthropology, 7, 177-182.
Ooi, N., & Laing, J. H. (2010). Backpacker tourism: Sustainable and purposeful? Investigating the overlap between backpacker tourism and volunteer tourism motivations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18 (2), 191-206.
P´erez, E. A., & Nadal, J. R. (2005). Host community perceptions: A cluster analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (4), 925-941.
Parker, S. (1992). Volunteering as serious leisure. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 17 (1), 1-11.
Patton, M. Q. (1990) Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods, Sage Publication, London: New Delhi.
Raymond, E. M., & Hall, C. M. (2008). The development of cross-cultural (mis)understanding through volunteer tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16, 530-543.
Richardson, J., & McKenna, S. (2002). Leaving and experiencing: Why academics expatriate and how they experience expatriation. Career Development International, 7 (2), 67-78.
Selmer, J. (1999). Culture shock in China: Adjustment pattern of western expatriate business managers. International Business Review, 8, 515-534.
Sin, H. L. (2009). Volunteer tourism-Involve me and I will learn? Annals of Tourism Research, 36 (3), 480-501.
Stebbins, R. A. (1982). Serious leisure: A conceptual statement. Pacific Sociological Review, 25, 251-272.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Strauss, A. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Sudderuddin, S. (2007). Volunteer at home ? No thanks. In The Straits Times, 23 December.
Tim-kui, P. (1993). The role of quantification in qualitative research in education TAM.
Uriely, N. (2001). Touring workers and working tourists: Variations across the interaction between work and tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 3, 1-8.
Uriely, N., Reichel, A., & Ron, A. (2003). Volunteering in tourism: Additional thinking. Tourism Recreation Research, 28 (3), 57-62.
Wearing, S. (2001). Volunteerism tourism: Experiences that mark a difference. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
Wearing, S. (2004). Examining best practice in volunteer tourism. In Volunteering as Leisure/ Leisure as Volunteering, Stebbins R A, Graham RT (eds). Wallingford: Oxford, UK.
Wearing, S., & Neil, J. (1997). Tourism that counts: Ecotourism, volunteerism, and serious leisure. Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, Canberra.
Wearing, S., & Neil, J. (1999). Ecotourism: Impacts, potentials, and possibilities. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Wearing, S., Deville, A., & Lyons, K. (2008). The volunteer’s journey through leisure into the self. In Journeys of Discovery in Volunteer Tourism, Lyon K, Wearing S (eds). Cambridge, MA : CABI Publishing, 63-71.
Wei, L., Crompton, J. L., & Reid, L. M. (1989). Cultural Conflicts: Experiences of U.S. Visitors to China. Tourism Management, 10 (4), 322-332.
Yin, Y. K. (1989). Case study research: Design and methods, London: Sage pub.
Zahra, A., & McIntosh, A. J. (2007). Volunteer tourism: Evidence of Cathartic tourist experiences, Tourism Recreation Research, 32 (1), 115-119.
Google學術搜尋，http://scholar.google.com.tw/schhp?hl=zh-TW，2011.10.02.
國家圖書館-臺灣期刊文獻資訊網，http://readopac.ncl.edu.tw/nclJournal/，2011.11.11.
國際工作營-志工人力銀行，http://www.volunteermatch.org.tw/IW/default.asp，2011.11.02.
臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統，http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/ccd=cOjUlL/webmge?Geticket=1，2011.12.11.
臺灣願景青年行動網協會，http://www.vya.org.tw/，2011.10.02.