臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

中文摘要
台灣近十年來因海洋生物毒(marine toxins)所引起的食物中毒事件，仍以河魨毒(tetrodotoxin, TTX)和麻痺貝毒(paralytic shellfish poison, PSP)為最常見的中毒物質。因海洋生物毒所引起之食物中毒事件中，發生頻率較高之魚貝類在台灣首推河魨，其次為西施舌貝、織紋螺類和蝦虎魚。本研究為了對台灣產有毒魚貝類的毒性、分布及其毒素來源做更進一步的瞭解，乃針對北台灣養殖虎河魨、臺灣產蝦虎魚、及有毒螺貝類可能的毒來源海星Astropecten scoparius, 進行其毒性學方面的研究。
首先為監測臺灣養殖虎河魨(Takifugu rubripes)之毒性，及探討其毒素來源, 乃自宜蘭地區2家養殖場和台北地區1家養殖場,分別自1996年11月至1997年10月間,每家採集6尾虎河魨經解剖取肌肉、皮、鰭、精巢、卵巢、肝和腸等部位做毒性試驗,檢體經依河魨毒生物檢定法測定,得知宜蘭地區兩家養殖虎河魨之檢體,均未檢出毒性。但台北縣養殖場之虎河魨,檢體在1997年1月∼3月間者,其卵巢和肝臟被檢出具有毒性, 1月之檢體平均毒性為卵巢105±9 (平均值±標準誤差, mean±S.E.) MU/g和肝臟13±3MU/g ; 2月者則僅卵巢為88±12MU/g ; 3月者為卵巢253±55MU/g和肝臟17±6MU/g。卵巢及肝臟的毒性最高值則分別為624MU/g及119MU/g。有毒虎河魨之毒素經鑑定含有河魨毒和脫水河魨毒。其次，為知台北地區養殖虎河魨毒化之原因，乃於1997年2月自台北地區養殖場採集10尾扁蟲Stylochus orientalis , 其中4尾經檢測出具有低毒性(1-3 MU/specimen)，毒成分經鑑定則為脫水河魨毒及4-epi TTX。另同時分析養殖環境﹙池水和池中底泥﹚及虎河魨腸內之細菌相，發現不論在好氣或兼性厭氣環境下培養，其主要菌相均為Vibrio菌群，分別佔總菌數之37-65及40-65%。另分離得到之菌株，經培養、抽出後，以儀器分析，得知Aeromonas sp. 、Moraxella sp. 、 Pseudomonas vesicularis 、 V. alginolyticus、 V. parahaemolyticus及Vibrio sp.等菌株具有河魨毒之生產能力。顯示養殖虎河魨之毒化因素，除餌料生物扁蟲之存在外，具河魨毒生產性細菌之存在，似乎亦有所關連。
其次，由於1997年2月及1998年3月在高雄地區連續發生2件食用青沙梭和蝦虎魚之食物中毒案例﹐為知真正有毒魚種及其毒素，經以河魨毒生物檢定法確認，有毒魚類僅雲紋蝦虎Yongeichthys nebulosus，其魚體毒性值範圍分別前者為2860-7650 MU ， 後者為276-950 MU，毒成分亦經鑑定均為河魨毒和脫水河魨毒。顯示台灣地區之蝦虎魚類中確實存在有含有毒素之魚種。進一步為建立台灣產蝦虎魚之毒性資料，自1996年8月至1998年7月，由台灣河川中下游和出海口共15個地點，採集了蝦虎魚種共7屬12種305尾，經河魨毒生物檢定法測定其各部位之毒性，並進一步鑑定其毒成分，發現有毒魚種有Y. nebulosus、 Prachaeturichtys palynema 和 Radigobius caninus 等，其中以雲紋蝦虎的毒性最強，此種雲紋蝦虎主要產在屏東、澎湖、高雄、苗栗及新竹等地。其有毒比例高達93%。雲紋蝦虎的毒性以屏東東港者最高，平均每尾毒性在1,000 MU以上。而且東港產之雲紋蝦虎毒性，亦有季節性的變化，顯示秋季到春季之毒性較高，其中毒性值在冬季最高，一月份平均每尾樣品達 4,998 MU。三種有毒蝦虎魚之部份精製毒以電泳分析和高效能液態層析儀分析測定，得知均含有河魨毒和脫水河魨毒。進而為解析雲紋蝦虎魚的毒素是否與其環境中及體內的細菌有關，乃於1998年9月自澎湖採集雲紋蝦虎，分析其腸內、棲息環境之海水及底泥的細菌相，結果發現腸內細菌相以Vibrio為主要菌群，約佔總生菌數46%。棲息環境之海水細菌相以Pasteurella為主要菌群，佔總生菌數47%。而底泥細菌相其他菌種﹙包括Flavobacterium 與未鑑定出之菌種﹚為主要菌群，佔總生菌數51%。同時並探討部份分離菌之河魨毒生產性，發現Aeromonas sp. 、Pseudomonas sp. 及V. alginolyticus等數菌株具有河魨毒之生產性。
另外，已知屏東地區產之肉食性螺貝類含有高量之河魨毒和少量之麻痺性貝毒，為了解有毒螺貝類蓄積海洋生物毒之來源，乃檢測屏東地區沿岸底棲生物之毒性。結果發現槭型海星Astropecten scoparius具有毒性，進而每月檢測其毒性，發現此種海星之個體毒性，若以河魨毒劑量來計算，1996年1月至1996年12月之最高值為5,938 MU，個體平均毒性為1,679MU。但在1997年11月所檢測到的海星，其個體平均毒性值可達16821 MU，而10-11月的平均海星毒性更較1996年同期高4-8倍。部份月份之檢體毒成分經分析鑑定，得知1997年4月份海星粗毒含有河魨毒和脫水河魨毒 (88%) 及少量的痲痹性貝毒成分(12%)存在外，其他月份2、7及11月之海星粗毒則均僅含河魨毒和脫水河魨毒。其次，為瞭解海星的毒化是否經由食物鏈來進行，乃分析海星的餌料生物相，發現毒性較低的月份所採集之海星，其消化腺及胃內容物中主要為斧足綱貝類，其次為肉食性腹足綱螺類。其中斧足綱貝類中的簾蛤科(Veneridae)二枚貝數目最多。至於毒性較高的月份，1997年10-11月所採集之海星檢體，其內容物主要卻是屬於腹足綱鐘螺科的台灣昌螺Umborium suturale及玉螺科的紫斑玉螺Natica pseustes。經分別測定毒性後，發現台灣昌螺毒性最高，平均為65 MU/g，其次為Veremolpa scabra 33 MU/g 和紫斑玉螺28 MU/g；毒成分均為 TTX和 anh-TTX。為確認此三種螺貝類的毒性為本身所具有而非受海星腸內毒素所污染，乃進一步自海星棲息地採集此三種螺貝類，並分析其毒性。結果小玉灰螺及台灣昌螺均檢測出毒性，其平均毒性值分別為20±3 MU/g 及77±7 MU/g；最高個體毒性值則分別為85 MU/g 及205 MU/g；毒成分均為 TTX和 anh-TTX。然而屬於斧足綱二枚貝的Veremolpa scabra則未檢出毒性。同時，為瞭解此棲息在屏東沿海的海星之河魨毒素是否也與其體內之細菌有關，乃分析其內臟之好氣與兼性厭氣性細菌相，得知其內臟和其他部位之好氣性細菌均包括Aeromonas、 Pasteurella 和Vibrio等，且均以Vibrio 為主要菌群，分別約佔總生菌數38%及47%；主要菌株包括 V. alginolyticus 和V. parahaemolyticus。海星內臟中之兼性厭氣細菌相中細菌種類包括Aeromonas、 Alcaligenas、Pasteurella 和Vibrio等。其中仍以Vibrio 為主要菌群，約佔總生菌數51%，而主要菌株包括V. alginolyticus 、V. parahaemolyticus 、V. vulnificus 和未鑑定出菌種之Vibrio spp.。好氣性細菌相中之Aeromonas sp. 、V. alginolyticus A011, A018, 及A035等菌株和V. parahaemolyticus A026及A047等經檢測均具有顯著之河魨毒生產性；而兼性厭氣性細菌相中， Aeromonas sp.、 Alcaligenes sp.、 Pasteurella multocida、 V. alginolyticus 及V. parahaemolyticus等菌株亦均具有顯著之河魨毒生產性。顯示海星之共生細菌與海星之毒化似乎亦有關連。其次，為知分離自槭型海星的河魨毒生產菌其河魨毒生產力是否受培養環境所影響，乃從分離自海星內臟之兼性厭氣性細菌相中，挑選2株具明顯河魨毒生產性之菌株V. alginolyticus AF089及V. parahaemolyticus AF067，在好氣及兼性厭氣培養環境下，以BHI液體培養基大量培養。發現此兩菌株在兼性厭氣培養下之細菌生長較好氣培養者為佳，且河魨毒之生產量亦是兼性厭氣培養者大於好氣性培養者。另外，V. alginolyticus AF089菌株之河魨毒生產性，遠較V. parahaemolyticus AF067者為佳。
綜合上述，台灣產之虎河魨、雲紋蝦虎魚和槭型海星等均有蓄積高量河魨毒或痲痺性貝毒之能力。其毒化來源，經了解均與其餌料生物有密切之關係，其次亦可能與其共生細菌生產河魨毒能力有關。

ABSTRACT
In the recent decade, food poisoning incidents due to marine toxins such as tetrodotoxin (TTX) and paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) were sporadically occurred in Taiwan. The causative fish and shellfish of these food poisoning incidents were mainly puffer fish, followed by purple clam, gastropod Nassariidae and goby fish. In order to have a clearly understanding of the toxicity, toxin and toxin source of those toxic fish and shellfish, the toxicological studies of cultured puffer Takifugu rubripes, goby fish and starfish Astropecten scoparius, the possible prey of toxic gastropods, have been undertaken.
To monitor toxicity of cultured puffer, T. rubripes specimens were monthly collected from two aquacultural farms in Ilan County and one farm in Taipei County from November 1996 to October 1997. These specimens were dissected into various parts, and their toxicity was determined by the standard tetrodotoxin bioassay. All specimens collected from Ilan County were non-toxic (<10 MU/g), while the specimens collected from Taipei County during the period from January to March 1997 showed certain toxicity in the ovary and liver. The toxicity was as follows: 105 ± 9 (mean ± S.E.) MU/g ovary and 13 ± 3 MU/g liver in January, 88 ± 12 MU/g ovary in February, and 253 ± 55 MU/g ovary and 17 ± 6 MU/g liver in March. The highest toxicity in ovary and liver was 624 MU/g and 119 MU/g, respectively. Further, among ten specimens of the flatworm Stylochus orientalis collected from the Taipei''s farm in February 1997, four worms showed a low toxicity (1-3 MU/specimen). Flatworms contained TTX-related substances as analyzed by HPLC and GC-MS. In the same period of time, the microflora of the digestive gland in the puffer, aquacultural water and sediment were examined. The results showed that the predominant genus was Vibrio and comprised 37-65% and 40-65% of the microflora incubated aerobically and facultative anaerobically, respectively. Furthermore, HPLC and GC-MS analyses demonstrated that some of the bacteria isolated, such as Aeromonas sp., Pseudomonas vesicularis, V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus and Vibrio sp. produced TTX and/or its related substances.
On the other hand, two paralytic food poisoning incidents due to ingestion of two kinds of fishes included goby Yongeichthys nebulosus and Sillago japonica occurred in Kaohsiung Prefecture in February 1997 and Kaohsiung City in March 1998. After TTX bioassay, the causative fish was identified as Y. nebulosus. The toxicity of retained goby specimens ranged from 2,860-7,650 and 276-950 mouse units (MU), respectively. The toxins were partially purified from the methanolic extracts of toxic fishes by ultrafiltration and Bio-Gel P-2 column chromatography. Cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography analyses demonstrated that the compositions of toxins were tetrodotoxin and anhydrotetrodotoxin. These results indicated that goby fishes inhabited in the estuaries and the downstream portions of rivers and the coast area in Taiwan might contain toxins and cause food poisoning. At the same time, the intensive investigation of toxic goby was also performed from August 1996 to July 1998. More than 300 specimens of twelve species of goby were collected from fifteen locations and examined for toxicity. The specimens of three goby Y. nebulosus, Prachaeturichtys palynema and Radigobius caninus collected from Pingtung, Penghu, Kaohsiung, Miaoli, and Hsinchu were found to contain toxins. The most toxic goby was Y. nebulosus, and its frequency of being found toxic was 93%. Specimens collected from Pingtung Prefecture were most toxic, the toxicity was over 1,000 MU/specimen. The seasonal variation of toxicity in Y. nebulosus was found that the highest toxicity was in winter with the value of 4,998 MU/specimen. The toxin was partially purified from methanolic extract of each toxic goby species by Diaflo YM-1 membrane ultrafiltration and Bio-Gel P-2 column chromatography. HPLC and electrophoresis analyses indicated that each toxin was composed of tetrodotoxin and anhydrotetrodotoxin. In order to elucidate relationship between the toxicity and microflora of the intestine in the goby and environmental materials, the goby Y. nebulosus specimens, seawater and sediment were collected from Penghu Prefecture in September 1998 to assay the aerobic microflora in intestines and environmental materials. The results showed that the predominant genus of goby intestines was Vibrio comprising 46% of the microflora, with V. alginolyticus as the major isolate. The predominant genus in seawater was Pasteurella that comprised 47% of the microflora. Moreover, the predominant genera of sediment were Flavobacterium and other unidentified bacteria that comprised 51% of the microflora. Furthermore, HPLC, UV and GC-MS analyses demonstrated that some isolated bacteria, such as Aeromonas sp., Pseudomonas sp. and V. alginolyticus, could produce TTX and/or its related substances.
As known, same gastropods inhabiting in the coastal waters in Pingtung Prefecture were found to contain TTX and paralytic shellfish poison (PSP). To elucidate the food chain of TTX and PSP in these toxic gastropods, the toxicity of marine animals inhabiting in the coastal waters of southern Taiwan was examined. It was first found that a starfish Astropecten scoparius showed lethal potency. Hence, paralytic toxicity was seasonally detected in every 10 specimens of the starfish A. scoparius from Pingtung in Taiwan from January 1996 to December 1997. The highest toxicity of specimen collected in 1996, expressed as TTX, was 5,938 MU. The average toxicity of these specimens was 1,679 MU. But, the pattern of starfish toxicity in 1997 was somewhat different from that collected in 1996. The average highest specimen toxicity was 16,821MU found in November 1997. The toxin obtained from specimens collected in February, April, July and November 1997 was partially purified by YM-2 membrane ultrafiltration and Bio-Gel P-2 column chromatography. Electrophoresis, HPLC and GC-MS analyses showed that the toxins of starfish obtained from April 1997 were composed of 88% TTX and 12% PSP. The toxin of starfish collected in the other three months was found to be TTX only.
Furthermore, in order to elucidate the intoxification mechanism of TTX in starfish A. scoparius, the compositions in the digestive gland of starfish were examined. It was found that the compositions in the digestive gland of less toxic starfish were mainly bivalves with Veremolpa scabra as the major species. As to the compositions in the digestive gland of more toxic specimens, collected in October and November 1997, were mainly species of gastropods, Umborium suturale and Natica pseustes. The toxicities of U. suturale, V. scabra and N. pseustes found in digestive gland of starfish were 65 MU/g, 33 MU/g and 28 MU/g, respectively. The toxins in these three mollusks were TTX and anh-TTX. The other specimens of U. suturale and N. pseustes, re-collected from the coastal waters of Pingtung Prefecture, were also found to be toxic with average toxicity value of 20±3 MU/g and 77±7 MU/g, respectively. However, V. scabra specimens were found to be nontoxic. It indicated that the starfish A. scoparius might accumulate the toxin from V. scabra and N. pseustes. Furthermore, to elucidate relationship between the toxicity and microflora in starfish viscera, the starfish A scoparius inhabiting in the coastal waters of Pingtung Prefecture was collected in November 1997 for determination of aerobic and facultative anaerobic microflora in the viscera. The results showed that the predominant bacterial genus in the viscera and other parts was Vibrio that comprised 38% and 47% of the aerobic microflora, respectively. The major isolates were V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus. On the other hand, the predominant genus of viscera was also Vibrio that comprised 51% of facultative anaerobic microflora. Moreover, HPLC, UV and GC-MS analyses demonstrated that bacteria isolated from aerobic microflora, such as Aeromonas sp., V. alginolyticus A011, A018 and A035, and V. parahaemolyticus A026 and A047 could produce TTX and/ or its related substances. TTX-producing bacteria were also found in the facultative anaerobic microflora, such as Aeromonas sp., Alcaligenes sp., Pasteurella multocida, V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus. In order to compare the TTX-producing ability of bacteria incubated aerobically and facultative anaerobically, two strains of TTX-producing bacteria V. alginolyticus AF089 and V. parahaemolyticus AF067 were enriched in BHI broth aerobically and facultative anaerobically, and then the amount of toxin was analyzed. The results showed that both strains grew better and produced more toxin in facultative anaerobic incubation than aerobic condition. Moreover, the TTX-producing ability of V. alginolyticus AF089 was much better than that of V. parahaemolyticus AF067 incubated either in aerobic or in facultative anaerobic conditions.
In conclusion, Taiwanese cultured puffer T. rubripes, goby Y. nebulosus, and starfish A. scoparius all showed an ability to accumulate high toxicity of TTX or PSP. Moreover, the toxin sources of these three aquatic animals might be closely related to food chain and the intrinsic TTX-producing bacteria.

封面
目錄
中文摘要
英文摘要
本論文之發表情形
文獻整理
一、
二、
第一部份 養殖虎河魨之毒性及毒來源
第一章
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二、
三、
四、
圖表
第二章
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二、
三、
四、
圖表
第二部份 虎於之毒性及其來源
第三章
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二、
三、
四、
圖表
第四章
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二、
三、
四、
圖表
第五章
一、
二、
三、
四、
圖表
第三部份 型海星之毒性及毒來源
第六章 型海星之毒性學探討
一、
二、
三、
四、
圖表
第七章 型海星之餌料生物相及其毒性探討
一、
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四、
圖表
第八章 型海星之細菌相及其河魨毒生產性
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四、
圖表
綜合結論與討論
參考文獻
謝辭
附錄

參考文獻
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