臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

中文摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------ i
英文摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ii
一、 緒論------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1
二、 文獻回顧------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2
1. 帶鱗魚皮簡介-------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
2. 納豆菌簡介------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4
3. 皮膚的構造與功能--------------------------------------------------------------- 5
3.1 表皮層----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
3.1.1 黑色素與膚色------------------------------------------------------------------ 5
3.2 真皮層----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
3.2.1 皮膚纖維母細胞--------------------------------------------------------------- 8
3.2.2 膠原蛋白------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8
3.2.2.1 膠原蛋白結構與組成------------------------------------------------------- 8
3.2.2.2 膠原蛋白生合成------------------------------------------------------------- 9
3.3 皮下組織-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
4. 皮膚的老化------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
4.1 老化學說-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
4.2 自由基的種類-------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
4.3 人體抗氧化防禦系統與抗氧化酵素----------------------------------------- 13
4.4 抗氧化物-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
4.4.1 蛋白質、胜肽與胺基酸抗氧化能力--------------------------------------- 15
5. 皮膚老化---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
5.1 紫外線與皮膚老化-------------------------------------------------------------- 17
5.2 抗氧化物質與皮膚老化-------------------------------------------------------- 18
6. 胜肽鏈與膠原蛋白增生---------------------------------------------------------- 19
三、 材料與方法--------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
實驗架構-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
第一部份：以納豆菌發酵單角革單棘魨魚皮產生發酵產物
（一） 實驗材料---------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
（二） 藥品---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
（三） 實驗器材與儀器------------------------------------------------------------- 25
（四） 實驗方法---------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
（i） 單角革單棘魨魚皮基本成份分析------------------------------------- 26
1. 水分含量---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
2. 粗灰分------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
3. 粗脂肪------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26
4. 粗蛋白------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26
（ii） 以納豆菌發酵單角革單棘魨魚皮
1. 菌種活化及保存------------------------------------------------------------------ 27
2. 魚皮發酵物製備------------------------------------------------------------------ 27
3. 菌數測定--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
4. 胜肽濃度測定--------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
5. 蛋白質濃度測定------------------------------------------------------------------ 28
6. 明膠含量測定--------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
第二部份： 發酵物抗氧化能力與對皮膚纖維母細胞的影響
（i） 抗氧化能力分析
（一） 藥品----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
（二） 實驗方法----------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
1. 清除DPPH自由基能力測定----------------------------------------------------- 30
2. 清除ABT＋自由基能力測定----------------------------------------------------- 31
3. 清除超氧陰離子能力測定------------------------------------------------------- 31
4. 清除過氧化氫能力測定---------------------------------------------------------- 32
5. 清除氫氧自由基能力測定------------------------------------------------------- 32
6. 還原力測定------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
7. 抑制酪氨酸酶能力測定---------------------------------------------------------- 33
（ii） 對皮膚纖維母細胞的影響
（一） 實驗細胞株-------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
（二） 藥品----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
（三） 實驗方法----------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
1. 細胞實驗樣品製備---------------------------------------------------------------- 36
2. CCD-966SK細胞之冷凍、解凍與培養--------------------------------------- 36
3. 發酵凍乾物對CCD-966SK細胞之毒性與增生------------------------------ 37
4. 在無UVA照射下CCD-966SK細胞之原膠原蛋白合成--------------------- 37
5. UVA照射下CCD-966SK細胞存活率------------------------------------------ 38
5.1 UVA照射裝置架設---------------------------------------------------------------- 38
5.2 實驗步驟---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
6. 原膠原蛋白含量測定------------------------------------------------------------- 39
7. 超氧歧化酶活性測定------------------------------------------------------------- 39
8. 過氧化氫酶活性測定------------------------------------------------------------- 40
統計分析--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
四、結果與討論------------------------------------------------------------------------ 42
第一部份：以納豆菌發酵單角革單棘魨魚皮產生發酵產物
1. 帶鱗魚皮基本成份---------------------------------------------------------------- 42
2. 發酵過程及其變化--------------------------------------------------------------- 42
（1） 納豆菌數----------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
（2） pH------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
（3） 凍乾產物回收率、外觀與氣味-------------------------------------------- 46
3. 總蛋白質、胜肽與明膠含量---------------------------------------------------- 47
第二部份： 發酵物抗氧化與抑制酪氨酸酶的效果
（A） 抗氧化能力--------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
a. 清除DPPH自由基能力------------------------------------------------------ 51
b. 清除ABT＋自由基能力------------------------------------------------------ 53
c. 清除超氧陰離子能力------------------------------------------------------- 56
d. 清除過氧化氫能力---------------------------------------------------------- 56
e. 清除氫氧自由基能力------------------------------------------------------- 59
f. 還原力------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60
（B） 抑制酪氨酸酶能力------------------------------------------------------------ 64
第三部份： 發酵物對皮膚纖維母細胞之影響
（A） 對皮膚纖維母細胞之毒性與增生------------------------------------------ 67
（B） 對皮膚纖維母細胞超氧歧化沒與過氧化氫酶活性之影響------------ 73
（C） 無UVA照射下對皮膚纖維母細胞原膠原蛋白合成之影響------------ 76
（D） 對UVA照射後皮膚纖維母細胞之存活力影響--------------------------- 80
（E） 對UVA照射後皮膚纖維母細胞原膠原蛋白合成之影響--------------- 80
五、 結論--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84
參考文獻----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85
附錄----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92

李汪章. 2000. 以事業廢棄物資源化建立企業競爭優勢之研究-以台灣水產業為例. 台北: 元智大學管理研究所碩士論文.
周俊吉. 2001. 膠原蛋白為基材之創傷敷料研究. 國立陽明大學醫學工程研究所碩士論文.
周燕輝. 1987. 皮膚病. 正中書局，台北.
施英隆 & 范宜琮. 2001. 納豆-神奇之保健食品. 生物資源生物技術 4(1):37-45.
范繼宗. 2005. 納豆對活性氧之抗致突變性及抗氧化性. 台北: 台灣大學食品科技研究所碩士班論文.
楊雨滋 & 焦永若. 1995. 單角革單棘魨魚皮資源的開發與利用. 中國皮革 24:16.
蘇娟娟. 2003. 米酒糟蛋白質對人類真皮層纖維母細胞生長的影響. 花蓮: 東華大學生物技術研究所碩士論文.
Abamba G. 1993. Poucher''s perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps.
Afaq F, Adhami VM, Ahmad N & Mukhtar H. 2003. Inhibition of ultraviolet B-mediated activation of nuclear factor kappaB in normal human epidermal keratinocytes by green tea Constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Oncogene 22(7):1035-1044.
Akiyama T, Ishida J, Nakagawa S, Ogawara H, Watanabe S, Itoh N, Shibuya M & Fukami Y. 1987. Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases. J biol chem 262(12):5592-5595.
Alessio HM & Goldfarb AH. 1988. Lipid peroxidation and scavenger enzymes during exercise: adaptive response to training. J Appl Physiol 64(4):1333-1336.
Ando H, Kondoh H, Ichihashi M & Hearing VJ. 2007. Approaches to identify inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis via the quality control of tyrosinase. J invest dermatol 127(4):751-761.
Arjmandi BH & Smith BJ. 2002. Soy isoflavones'' osteoprotective role in postmenopausal women: mechanism of action. J Nutr Biochem 13(3):130-137.
Bauza E, Oberto G, Berghi A, Dal CF & Domloge N. 2004. Collagen-like peptide exhibits a remarkable antiwrinkle effect on the skin when topically applied: in vivo study. Int j tissue react 26(3-4):105-111.
Beehler BC, Przybyszewski J, Box HB & Kulesz-Martin MF. 1992. Formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine within DNA of mouse keratinocytes exposed in culture to UVB and H2O2. Carcinogenesis 13(11):2003-2007.
Biesalski HK. 2002. Free radical theory of aging. Curr opin clin nutr metabol care 5(1):5-10.
Birt DF, Hendrich S & Wang W. 2001. Dietary agents in cancer prevention: flavonoids and isoflavonoids. Pharmacol ther 90(2-3):157-177.
Boersma BJ, Barnes S, Kirk M, Wang CC, Smith M, Kim H, Xu J, Patel R & Darley-Usmar VM. 2001. Soy isoflavonoids and cancer -- metabolism at the target site. Mutat res 480-481:121-127.
Bowden GT. 2004. Prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer by targeting ultraviolet-B-light signalling. Nature reviews 4(1):23-35.
Cai Q & Wei H. 1996. Effect of dietary genistein on antioxidant enzyme activities in SENCAR mice. Nutr cancer 25(1):1-7.
Chen Q, Chen QX, Qiu L, Song KK & Huang H. 2003. Inhibitory effect of 4-cyanobenzaldehyde and 4-cyanobenzoic acid on mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) tyrosinase. J protein chem 22(7-8):607-612.
Chung JH, Seo JY, Choi HR, Lee MK, Youn CS, Rhie G, Cho KH, Kim KH, Park KC & Eun HC. 2001. Modulation of skin collagen metabolism in aged and photoaged human skin in vivo. J invest dermatol 117(5):1218-1224.
Church F, Swaisgood H, Porter D & Catignani G. 1983 Spectrophotometric assay using o-phthaldialdehyde for determination of proteolysis in milk and isolated milk proteins. J Dairy Sci 66:1219-1227.
Dash S, Nath LK, Bhise S & Bhuyan N. 2005. Antioidant and antimicrobial activities of Heracleum nepalense D Don root. Trop J Pharm Res 4(1):341-347.
Davies KJ, Quintanilha AT, Brooks GA & Packer L. 1982. Free radicals and tissue damage produced by exercise. Biochem biophys res commun 107(4):1198-1205.
Del Maestro R, Thaw HH, Bjork J, Planker M & Arfors KE. 1980. Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury. Acta physiol. Scand 492:43-57.
Doerge DR & Chang HC. 2002. Inactivation of thyroid peroxidase by soy isoflavones, in vitro and in vivo. J chromatogr 777(1-2):269-279.
El-Chemaly S, Salathe M, Baier S, Conner GE & Forteza R. 2003. Hydrogen peroxide-scavenging properties of normal human airway secretions. Am j respir crit care med 167(3):425-430.
Ellouz Y, Bayoudh A, Kammoun S, Gharsallah N & Nasri M. 2001. Production of protease by Bacillus subtilis grown on sardinelle heads and viscera flour. Bioresource technology 80(1):49-51.
Eriksson CE & Na A. 1995. Antioxidant agents in raw materials and processed foods. Biochemical Society symposium 61:221-234.
Gasowska B, Wojtasek H, Hurek J, Drag M, Nowak K & Kafarski P. 2002. Redox reaction between amino-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl phosphonic acid and dopaquinone is responsible for the apparent inhibitory effect on tyrosinase. Eur j biochem 269(16):4098-4104.
Gilchrest BA. 1989. Skin aging and photoaging: an overview. J Am Acad Dermatol 21(3 Pt 2):610-613.
Guo J, Sun Y & Su Y. 2002. [Preparation of natto and its function in health care]. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials 25(1):61-64.
Halliwell B. 1999. Antioxidant defence mechanisms: from the beginning to the end (of the beginning). Free radical research 31(4):261-272.
Harman D. 1992. Free radical theory of aging. Mutation research 275(3-6):257-266.
Harman D. 2003. The free radical theory of aging. Antioxid redox signal 5(5):557-561.
Hou WC, Lee MH, Chen HJ, Liang WL, Han CH, Liu YW & Lin YH. 2001. Antioxidant activities of dioscorin, the storage protein of yam (Dioscorea batatas Decne) tuber. J agric food chem 49(10):4956-4960.
Inoue M. 2002. Free radical theory of aging. Nippon Ronen Igakkai zasshi 39(1):36-38.
Jenkins RR. 1988. Free radical chemistry. Relationship to exercise. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z 5(3):156-170.
Kamoun A, Landeau JM, Godeau G, Wallach J, Duchesnay A, Pellat B & Hornebeck W. 1995. Growth stimulation of human skin fibroblasts by elastin-derived peptides. Cell adhesion and communication 3(4):273-281.
Kamsler A & Segal M. 2004. Hydrogen peroxide as a diffusible signal molecule in synaptic plasticity. Mol neurobiol 29(2):167-178.
Katayama K, Armendariz-Borunda J, Raghow R, Kang AH & Seyer JM. 1993. A pentapeptide from type I procollagen promotes extracellular matrix production. J biol chem 268(14):9941-9944.
Katiyar SK, Afaq F, Azizuddin K & Mukhtar H. 2001. Inhibition of UVB-induced oxidative stress-mediated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes by green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Toxicol appl pharmacol 176(2):110-117.
Katiyar SK, Perez A & Mukhtar H. 2000. Green tea polyphenol treatment to human skin prevents formation of ultraviolet light B-induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA. Clin Cancer Res 6(10):3864-3869.
Kawanishi S, Inoue S & Yamamoto K. 1989. Hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen production and DNA damage induced by carcinogenic metal compounds and hydrogen peroxide. Biol trace elem. res 21:367-372.
Khaziev AF, Mikhailova NA & Alsynbaev MM. 2002. Study of the effectiveness of methods of purification of metalloprotease produced by Bacillus subtilis. Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii (6):75-77.
Khaziev AF, Mikhailova NA & Alsynbaev MM. 2003. [Characterization of highly purified metalloprotease produced by Bacillus subtilis]. Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii (3):91-93.
Kiers JL, Van Laeken AE, Rombouts FM & Nout MJ. 2000. In vitro digestibility of bacillus fermented soya bean. Int j food microbiol 60(2-3):163-169.
Kim SK, Kim YT, Byun HG, Nam KS, Joo DS & Shahidi F. 2001. Isolation and characterization of antioxidative peptides from gelatin hydrolysate of Alaska pollack skin. J agric food chem 49(4):1984-1989.
Kligman LH. 1986. Photoaging. Manifestations, prevention, and treatment. Dermatologic clinics 4(3):517-528.
Kong B & Xiong YL. 2006. Antioxidant activity of zein hydrolysates in a liposome system and the possible mode of action. J agric food chem 54(16):6059-6068.
Kubo I & Kinst-Hori I. 1999. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the olive oil flavor compounds. J agric food chem 47(11):4574-4578.
Kubo I, Kinst-Hori I, Chaudhuri SK, Kubo Y, Sanchez Y & Ogura T. 2000. Flavonols from Heterotheca inuloides: tyrosinase inhibitory activity and structural criteria. Biomed chem 8(7):1749-1755.
Leyden JJ. 2002. skin care benefits of copper peptide containing facial cream. Presented at the American Academy of Dermatology 60th Annual Meeting; New Orleans, LA.
Li J, Zheng RL, Liu ZM & Jia ZJ. 1992. Scavenging effects of phenylpropanoid glycosides on superoxide and its antioxidation effect. Zhongguo yao li xue bao = Acta pharmacologica Sinica 13(5):427-430.
Linsenmayer TF, Gibney E, Gordon MK, Marchant JK, Hayashi M & Fitch JM. 1990. Extracellular matrices of the developing chick retina and cornea. Localization of mRNAs for collagen types II and IX by in situ hybridization. Invest ophthalmol visual sci 31(7):1271-1276.
Lintner K. 2002. Promoting production in the extracellular matrix without compromising barrier. Cutis 70(6 Suppl):13-16; discussion 21-13.
Lubec G. 1996. The hydroxyl radical: from chemistry to human disease. J Investig Med 44(6):324-346.
Lupo MP. 2005. Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatol Surg 31(7 Pt 2):832-836; discussion 836.
Macedo AJ, da Silva WO, Gava R, Driemeier D, Henriques JA & Termignoni C. 2005. Novel keratinase from Bacillus subtilis S14 exhibiting remarkable dehairing capabilities. Appl environ microbiol 71(1):594-596.
Markovits J, Linassier C, Fosse P, Couprie J, Pierre J, Jacquemin-Sablon A, Saucier JM, Le Pecq JB & Larsen AK. 1989. Inhibitory effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein on mammalian DNA topoisomerase II. Cancer research 49(18):5111-5117.
Martone CB, Perez Borla O & Sanchez JJ. 2005. Fishery by-product as a nutrient source for bacteria and archaea growth media. Bioresource technology 96(3):383-387.
Mendis E, Rajapakse N, Byun HG & Kim SK. 2005a. Investigation of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) skin gelatin peptides for their in vitro antioxidant effects. Life sciences 77(17):2166-2178.
Mendis E, Rajapakse N & Kim SK. 2005b. Antioxidant properties of a radical-scavenging peptide purified from enzymatically prepared fish skin gelatin hydrolysate. J agric food chem 53(3):581-587.
Miyachi Y. 1995. Photoaging from an oxidative standpoint. Journal of dermatological science 9(2):79-86.
Mullan PB, Gardiner JC, Rosenman K, Zhu Z & Swanson GM. 1996. Skin cancer prevention and detection practices in a Michigan farm population following an educational intervention. J Rural Health 12(4 Suppl):311-320.
Myllyharju J & Kivirikko KI. 2004. Collagens, modifying enzymes and their mutations in humans, flies and worms. Trends Genet 20(1):33-43.
Njieha FK, Morikawa T, Tuderman L & Prockop DJ. 1982. Partial purification of a procollagen C-proteinase. Inhibition by synthetic peptides and sequential cleavage of type I procollagen. Biochemistry 21(4):757-764.
Perrin A, Bauza E, Dal Farra C & Domloge N. 2004. Stimulating effect of collagen-like peptide on the extracellular matrix of human skin: histological studies. Int j tissue react 26(3-4):97-104.
Persikov AV, Ramshaw JA & Brodsky B. 2000. Collagen model peptides: Sequence dependence of triple-helix stability. Biopolymers 55(6):436-450.
Pervaiz S & Clement MV. 2007. Superoxide anion: Oncogenic reactive oxygen species? Int J Biochem Cell Biol.
Pickart L & Thaler MM. 1980. Growth-modulating tripeptide (glycylhistidyllysine): association with copper and iron in plasma, and stimulation of adhesiveness and growth of hepatoma cells in culture by tripeptide-metal ion complexes. J cell physiol 102(2):129-139.
Qian ZJ, Jung WK & Kim SK. 2007. Free radical scavenging activity of a novel antioxidative peptide purified from hydrolysate of bullfrog skin, Rana catesbeiana Shaw. Bioresource technology.
Rabe JH, Mamelak AJ, McElgunn PJ, Morison WL & Sauder DN. 2006. Photoaging: mechanisms and repair. J Am Acad Dermatol 55(1):1-19.
Ramshaw JA, Werkmeister JA & Glattauer V. 1996. Collagen-based biomaterials. Biotechnol genet eng rev 13:335-382.
Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M & Rice-Evans C. 1999. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free radic biol med 26(9-10):1231-1237.
Rittie L & Fisher GJ. 2002. UV-light-induced signal cascades and skin aging. Ageing research reviews 1(4):705-720.
Rorsman. H. 1979. Dermatology. Chicago, Ill. : Distributed by Year Book Medical.
Sakanaka S, Tachibana Y, Ishihara N & Juneja LR. 2005. Antioxidant properties of casein calcium peptides and their effects on lipid oxidation in beef homogenates. J agric food chem 53(2):464-468.
Schallmey M, Singh A & Ward OP. 2004. Developments in the use of Bacillus species for industrial production. Can j microbiol 50(1):1-17.
Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Wlaschek M, Brenneisen P, Schauen M, Blaudschun R & Wenk J. 1997. UV-induced reactive oxygen species in photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. Biological chemistry 378(11):1247-1257.
Schurink M, van Berkel WJ, Wichers HJ & Boeriu CG. 2007. Novel peptides with tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Peptides 28(3):485-495.
Shaginian KA, Izotova LS, Iomantac Iu V, Strongin A & Stepanov VM. 1980. Metalloproteinase from Bacillus subtilis: - "intracellular" and extracellular enzymes. Biokhimiia (Moscow, Russia) 45(11):2083-2095.
Simeon A, Emonard H, Hornebeck W & Maquart FX. 2000. The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures. Life sciences 67(18):2257-2265.
Sire JY & Akimenko MA. 2004. Scale development in fish: a review, with description of sonic hedgehog (shh) expression in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Int j dev biol 48(2-3):233-247.
Sorrell JM & Caplan AI. 2004. Fibroblast heterogeneity: more than skin deep. J Cell Sci 117:667-675.
Stadtman ER & Levine RL. 2003. Free radical-mediated oxidation of free amino acids and amino acid residues in proteins. Amino acids 25(3-4):207-218.
Svobodova A, Walterova D & Vostalova J. 2006. Ultraviolet light induced alteration to the skin. Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia 150(1):25-38.
Sweat F, Puchtler H & Rosenthal SI. 1964. Sirius Red F3ba as a Stain for Connective Tissue. Arch. pathol 78:69-72.
Tajima S, Wachi H, Uemura Y & Okamto K. 1997. Modulation by elastin peptide VGVAPG of cell proliferation and elastin expression in human skin fibroblasts. Arch Dermatol Res 289:489-492.
Tran LH & Nagano H. 2002. Isolation and characteristics of Bacillus subtilis CN2 and its collagenase production. J food sci 67(3):1184-1187.
van der Rest M, Dublet B & Champliaud MF. 1990. Fibril-associated collagens. Biomaterials 11:28-31.
Varani J, Perone P, Fligiel SE, Fisher GJ & Voorhees JJ. 2002. Inhibition of type I procollagen production in photodamage: correlation between presence of high molecular weight collagen fragments and reduced procollagen synthesis. J invest dermatol 119(1):122-129.
Varela H, Ferrari MD, Belobrajdic L, Vazquez A & Loperena ML. 1997. Skin unhairing proteases of Bacillus subtilis: production and partial characterization. Biotechnology Letters 19(8):755-758.
Vayalil PK, Mittal A, Hara Y, Elmets CA & Katiyar SK. 2004. Green tea polyphenols prevent ultraviolet light-induced oxidative damage and matrix metalloproteinases expression in mouse skin. J invest dermatol 122(6):1480-1487.
Wickens AP. 2001. Ageing and the free radical theory. Respir physiol 128(3):379-391.
Winterbourn CC. 1995. Toxicity of iron and hydrogen peroxide: the Fenton reaction. Toxicol lett 82-83:969-974.
Yamaguchi T, Takamura H, Matoba T & Terao J. 1998. HPLC method for evaluation of the free radical-scavenging activity of foods by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 62(6):1201-1204.
Yin L-J. 2005. Effect of rice koji fermentation on the characteristics of mackerel muscle. J Fish Soc 34(4):341-354.