跳到主要內容

臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

(216.73.216.110) 您好!臺灣時間:2025/09/28 02:20
字體大小: 字級放大   字級縮小   預設字形  
回查詢結果 :::

詳目顯示

我願授權國圖
: 
twitterline
研究生:王振叡
研究生(外文):Zhen-Rui Wang
論文名稱:利用雄性孔雀魚卵黃前質誘發反應以檢測桃園縣河川之外因性雌性激素
論文名稱(外文):Xenoestrogen in the Rivers of Taoyuan County by Measuring Induction of Vitellogenin in Male Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
指導教授:李美慧李美慧引用關係
指導教授(外文):Mei-Hui Li
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:地理環境資源學研究所
學門:社會及行為科學學門
學類:地理學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2003
畢業學年度:91
語文別:中文
論文頁數:100
中文關鍵詞:外因性內分泌干擾物桃園縣河川壬基苯酚卵黃前質孔雀魚
外文關鍵詞:exogenous endocrine disruptorrivers of Taoyuan Countynonylphenolvitellogeninguppy (Poecilia reticulata)
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:9
  • 點閱點閱:363
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:0
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:2
  野外研究發現,人為活動規模較高的鄰近下游河段,外因性雌性激素的化學檢出值也較大。本研究想瞭解台灣水體環境中的此類壓力是否會對魚類產生「暴露」危機。因此,首先利用外因性雌性激素當中的壬基苯酚,進行室內「劑量與反應關係」的前測實驗。基於體型小、耐受性高、能廣布不同棲地等特性,選擇雄性孔雀成魚作為指標生物,並藉以驗證其能夠反應出壬基苯酚所造成的外因性雌性激素作用。再者,以人口密度高、紡織工業聚集的桃園縣作為研究區,在南崁、老街、社子三溪,選擇人為活動規模較高的鄰近下游河段分設採樣點,並且定期採集水樣於室內進行為期21天馴養實驗魚的半野外實驗。實驗中,以膠體電泳分析技術量度雄性孔雀成魚血樣中卵黃前質的誘發量,藉以代表魚體「暴露」外因性雌性激素的程度多寡,並以生殖腺成熟指數與肝臟成熟指數提供魚類個體是否同時出現「影響」層次的訊息。本研究結果發現:第一,雄性孔雀成魚易於反應壬基苯酚所造成的外因性雌性激素作用。包括在中劑量(60μg/L)與高劑量(150μg/L)的短暴露時程(7天);以及低劑量(10μg/L)的長暴露時程(21天),壬基苯酚皆可促成卵黃前質顯著誘發,且劑量高低與暴露程度呈明顯正比。此外,壬基苯酚中、高劑量的長暴露時程亦伴隨出現雄性孔雀成魚精巢被顯著抑制的現象。第二,桃園縣社子溪中游疑似含有濃度偏高的外因性雌性激素。該河段水樣有超過60 %來自上游民生及工業廢水。由於只有在該採樣點(月眉橋)所收集到的唯一樣本中,觀察到卵黃前質的誘發,本研究尚無法證實在人為活動規模較高的鄰近下游河段,乃是魚類可能「暴露」到外因性雌性激素的潛在地區。此疑似的暴露訊息仍需後續研究進一步給予定論。
  Many in situ experiments have detected high concentrations of xenoestrogen in the river downstream from high magnitude of human activities. The objective of this study is to understand the risk for fish exposed to this kind of “stress”. First, a “dose and response” experiment was carried out for nonylphenol in male guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Second, Taoyuan County was selected as a study region, because there is high density of population and textile industry densely located at this county. In the Nan-Kan, Lao-Jie, and She-Zi River, we selected 9 sampling sites for a semi-field experiment for 21 days. Male adult guppy was chosen as a biological indicator in the present study, because it’s a live-bearing and viviparous fish with a short reproductive period. The plasma vitellogenin levels in male adult guppy were used as an indication of xenoestrogen exposure and were measured by using SDS-PAGE. There are two major findings from the present study. First, male guppy was easily affected by the estrogenic activities of nonylphenol. Short-term exposure (7 days) to nonylphenol at nominal concentrations of 60 and 150μg/L or long-term exposure (21 days) to 10μg/L nonylphenol all caused significant inductions of vitellogenin in male adult guppy in a dose—response matter. In addition, a tendency for a dose-dependent reduction in the gonadosomatic index was observed in the nonylphenol exposed groups. Second, the midstream of She-Zi River is suspected to present higher concentration of xenoestrogen compared to other study sites. This area is characterized by high level of effluent discharges from domestic and industrial sources. Because only one sample is collected and measured at this site, more studies are still needed to provide further evidences that there is a potential risk for fish exposed to xenoestrogen in the river where the household and industrial effluents constitute a significant proportion of the river flow.
第一章 序論
  第一節 研究動機與目的……………………………………………1
  第二節 研究步驟……………………………………………………4
第二章 文獻回顧
  第一節 外因性內分泌干擾物………………………………………6
  第二節 生物性調查…………………………………………………19
第三章 研究方法
  第一節 研究區概述…………………………………………………37
  第二節 實驗設計與方法……………………………………………47
  第三節 膠體電泳法與影像量化……………………………………54
  第四節 資料分析方法………………………………………………57
第四章 結果
  第一節 劑量與反應關係實驗………………………………………58
  第二節 半野外實驗…………………………………………………64
  第三節 水質分析……………………………………………………68
第五章 討論與結論
  第一節 討論…………………………………………………………71
  第二節 結論…………………………………………………………80
引用文獻 …………………………………………………………………81
附錄一 劑量與反應關係實驗……………………………………………93
附錄二 SDS-PAGE…………………………………………………………94
中文部份
小林伸一 1998 孔雀魚的飼養‧培育法,台北市:成陽出版社。
中央研究院動物研究所 2002台灣魚類資料庫,
  http://fishdb.sinica.edu.tw/ 【2002/4/26】
中央氣象局 2003 颱風,中央氣象局全球資訊網,
  http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V4/index.htm【2003/6/7】
中鼎工程股份有限公司 1991 新街溪、老街溪、南崁溪、社子溪等污染
  整治規劃總報告(本文I),台北:行政院環境保護署。
王正雄、張小萍、洪文宗、李宜樺、黃壬瑰、陳珮珊 2000 台灣地區擬
  似環境荷爾蒙物質管理及環境流布調查,微生物與環境荷爾蒙研討
  會論文集 (張碧芬主編),1-29。
王正雄、張小萍、黃壬瑰、李宜樺、王世冠、洪文宗、陳珮珊 2001 環
  境荷爾蒙─壬基苯酚殘留調查及其對雄鯉魚生理效應之研究,台灣
  衛誌,20: 202-215。
朱祥海編 1997 魚類學,初版,基隆:水產出版社。
吳強光編譯 1993 纖維、洗滌劑(界面活性劑)及公害問題(上),染
  化雜誌,110:85-96。
李昆山 1987 界面活性劑工業調查,新竹:工業技術研究院化學工業研
  究所。
李美慧 2000 常見環境荷爾蒙物質及其影響,環境荷爾蒙研討會論文集
  ,頁4-14。
周慶祥、江桂斌 2001 淺談環境內分泌干擾物質,科技術語研究,3:
  12-14。
邵廣昭、林沛立 1991 溪池釣的魚─淡水與河口的魚,台北市:渡假出
  版社。
金嵐主編 1995 環境生態學,初版,台北市:科技。
施純榮 1997 我國的界面活性劑工業,化工技術,5: 112-117。
施瑔芳編 1999 魚類生理學,再版,基隆:水產出版社。
桃園縣政府 2003 統計速報,桃園縣政府主計室便民服務網,
  http://stat.tycg.gov.tw/ 【2003/4/20】
紡織資訊網 2002 宏洲化學工業基本資料,紡織資訊網,
  http://www.14xx.com.tw/search.php3 【2002/5/1】
張清風 1992 我在水產養殖─生殖生理生化的學習與研究,生命科學簡
  訊,6:3-5。
張超群 1999 1999年中華民國特用化學品工業年度報告,新竹市:工業
  技術研究院化學工業研究所。
莊榮輝主編 2001 生物技術核心實驗,生物技術方法卷一,國立台灣大
  學生物技術研究中心。
莊德豐、高滄君、林佳宏、陳佩足、鄭雅愛 2002 有效解決河川水質污
  染之認知─以新竹茄苳溪為例,台灣衛誌,21:223-234。
陳弘成 2002 污染生物學,作者自印。
陳珮珊 2000 烷基酚類化合物對雄性鯉魚卵黃前質生成之影響,國立陽
  明大學環境衛生研究所碩士論文。
陳義雄 2000 全省河川生態補充調查與資料庫建立研究計畫(1/4) (北部
  地區),經濟部水利處水力規劃試驗所。
陳騰芳、陳昭源 2002 南崁溪沒有一寸不被污染,大河戀,
  http://contest.ks.edu.tw/~river/fell/fell2000/
  fell200003.htm 【2002/4/30】
黃火煉、余玉林 1987 魚類卵巢發育、卵黃生成及其內分泌控制,魚類
  生殖與內分泌之基礎及應用研討會論文專集,頁111-125。
溫儒均 1999 界面活性劑工業,中華民國工業發展年鑑,台北市:經濟
  部工業局,519-524。
經濟部工業局 2001 工業區用地開發統計分析,台灣工業用地供給與服
  務資訊網,http://idb.management.org.tw/top/index.asp
  【2001/5/24】
經濟部工業局 2002 龜山工業區簡介,台灣工業用地供給與服務資訊網
  ,http://idb.management.org.tw/top/index.asp 【2002/5/1】
經濟部水利署 2003 台灣地區河川流量資料庫水文分析
  http://water.hre.ntou.edu.tw/~river/cgi-bin/query.pl
  【2003/6】
詹惠齡、謝莉芬、陳健民 2002 Nonylphenol與Bisphenol-A對青魚將魚
  繁殖能力的影響,第二屆環境荷爾蒙及持久性有機污染物研討會論
  文集,頁109-112。
廖健森、張碧芬、袁紹英 2001 環境荷爾蒙─塑膠添加物(鄰苯二甲酸酯
  )之環境流布,環境檢驗,38:12-16。
趙云紅 1996 大陸壬基酚的生產與消費,化工資訊,11: 60-63。
鄭智元、丁望賢 2002 檢測家用清潔劑中壬基苯酚聚乙氧基醇類之含量
  ,環境檢驗,45: 9-17。
應靜雯、藍心婕、張耀云、張欣翰 2000 環境荷爾蒙之分子研究,微生
  物與環境荷爾蒙研討會論文集,98-107。
環境保護署 1994 水樣急毒性檢測方法─羅漢魚靜水式法,NIEA
  B902.10T,環署檢字第00566號公告。
環境保護署 2003 次要河川水質監測資料查詢,環境水體水質監測網站
  ,http://ww2.epa.gov.tw/wq/ewmain.htm 【2003/6】
環境保護署環境檢驗所 1990 都市與工業廢水中靜水式急性毒魚類生物
  試驗執行指引。
英文部份
Adams, S.M. 1990. Status and use of biological indicators for
  evaluating the effects of stress on fish. In Biological
  Indicators of Stress in Fish, American Fisheries Society
  Symposium 8, ed. S.M. Adams, pp.1-8. Maryland.
Ahel, M. and Giger, W. 1993. Partitioning of alkylphenols and
  alkylphenol polythoxylates between water and organic
  solvents, Chemosphere, 26: 1471-1478.
Ahel, M., Giger, W. and Schaffner, C. 1994. Behavior of
  alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in the aquatic
  environment -Ⅱ. Occurrence and transformation in rivers,
  Water Res., 28: 1143-1152.
Allen, Y.T., Matthiessen, P., Scott, A.P., Haworth, S., Feist,
  S.W. and Thain, J.E. 1999. A survey of oestrogenic activity
  in UK estuarine and coastal waters and its effects on
  gonadal development of the flounder Platichthys flesus,
  Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 233: 5-15.
Allner, B., Wegener,G., Knacker, T. and Stahlschmidt-Allner, P.
  1999. Electrophoretic determination of estrogen-induced
  protein in fish exposed to synthetic and naturally
  occurring chemicals, Sci. Total Environ., 233: 21-31.
Angus, R.A., Weaver, S.A., Grizzle, J.M. and Watson, R.D. 2002.
  Reproductive characteristics of male mosquitofish (Gambusia
  affinis) inhabiting a small southeastern U.S. river
  receiving treated domestic sewage effluent, Environ.
  Toxicol. Chem., 21: 1404-1409.
Arukwe, A. 2001. Cellular and molecular responses to endocrine-
  modulators and the impact on fish reproduction, Mar.
  Pollut. Bull., 42: 643-655.
Arukwe, A. and GoksØyr, A. 1998. Xenobiotics, xenoestrogens
  and reproduction disturbances in fish, Sarsia, 83: 225-241.
Arukwe, A., Celius, T., Walther, B.T. and Goksøyr, A. 2000.
  Effects of xenoestrogen treatment on zona radiata protein
  and vitellogenin expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo
  salar), Aquat. Toxicol., 49: 159-170.
Arukwe, A., Knudsen, F.R. and Goksøyr, A. 1997. Fish zona
  radiata (Eggshell) protein: A sensitive biomarker for
  environmental estrogens, Environ. Health Perspect., 105:
  418-422.
Baatrup, E. and Junge, M. 2001. Antiandrogenic pesticides
  disrupt sexual characteristics in the adult male guppy
  (Poecilia reticulata), Environ. Health Perspect., 109: 1063-
  1070.
Batty, T. and Lim, R. 1999. Morphological and reproductive
  characteristics of male mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis
  holbrooki) inhabiting sewage-contaminated waters in New
  South Wales, Australia, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.,
  36: 301-307.
Bayley, M., Nielsen, J.R. and Baatrup, E. 1999. Guppy sexual
  behavior as an effect biomarker of estrogen mimics,
  Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 43: 68-73.
Blackburn, M. A. and Waldock, M. J. 1995. Concentrations of
  alkylphenols in rivers and estuaries in England and Wales,
  Water Res., 29: 1623-1629.
Bortone S.A., Davis, W.P. and Bundrick, C.M. 1989.
  Morphological and behavioral characters in mosquitofish as
  potential bioindication of exposure to kraft mill effluent,
  Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 43: 370-377.
Bortone, S.A. and Davis, W.P. 1994. Fish intersexuality as
  indicator of environmental stress, Bioscience, 44: 165-172.
Colborn, T., vom Saal, F.S. and Soto, M.A. 1993. Developmental
  effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and
  humans, Environ. Health Perspect., 101: 378-384.
Desbrow, C., Routledge, E.J., Brighty, G.C., Sumpter, J.P. and
  Waldock, M. 1998. Identification of estrogenic chemicals in
  STW effluent. 1. Chemical fractionation and in vitro
  biological screening, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32: 1549-1558.
Ding, W.H. and Tzing, S.H. 1998. Analysis of nonylphenol
  polyethoxylates and their degradation products in the river
  water and sewage effluent by gas chromatography-ion trap
  (tandem) mass spectrometry with electron impact and
  chemical ionization, J. Chromatogr. A, 824: 79-90.
Ding, W.H. and Wu, C.Y. 2000. Determination of estrogenic
  nonylphenol and bisphenol A in river water by solid-phase
  extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J.
  Chin. Chem. Soc. (Taipei), 47: 1155-1160.
Ding, W.H., Tzing S.H. and Lo, J.H. 1999. Occurrence and
  concentrations of aromatic surfactants and their
  degradation products in river waters of Taiwan,
  Chemosphere, 38: 2597-2606.
Donaldson, E.M. 1990. Reproductive indices as measures of the
  effects of environmental stressors in fish. In Biological
  Indicators of Stress in Fish, American Fisheries Society
  Symposium 8, ed. S.M. Adams, pp.1-8. Maryland.
Folmar, L.C., Denslow, N.D., Kroll, K., Orlando, E.F., Enblom,
  J., Marcino, J., Metcalfe, C. and Guillette L.J. Jr. 2001.
  Altered serum sex steroids and vitellogenin induction in
  walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) collected near a
  metropolitan sewage treatment plant, Arch. Environ. Contam.
  Toxicol., 40: 392-398.
Gray, M.A. and Metcalfe, C.D. 1997. Induction of testis-ova in
  Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to p-nonylphenol,
  Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16: 1082-1086.
Gronen, S., Denslow, N., Manning, S., Barnes, S., Barnes, D.
  and Brouwer, M. 1999. Serum vitellogenin levels and
  reproductive impairment of male Japanese medaka (Oryzias
  latipes) exposed to 4-tert-octylphenol, Environ. Health
  Perspect., 107: 385-390.
Guillette, L.J., Gross, T.S., Masson, G.R., Matter, M.J.,
  Percival, F.H. and Woodward, A.R. 1994. Developmental
  abnormalities of the gonad and abnormal sex hormone
  concentrations in juvenile alligators from contaminated and
  control lakes in Florida, Environ. Health Perspect., 102:
  680-688.
Hansen, P.D., Dizer, H., Hock, B., Marx, A., Sherry., Mcmaster,
  M. and Blaise, C. 1998. Vitellogenin — a biomarker for
  endocrine disruptors, Trends Anal. Chem., 17: 448-451.
Harries J.E., Sheahan, D.A., Jobling, S., Matthiessen, P.,
  Neall, P., Routledge, E.J., Rycroft, R., Sumpter, J.P. and
  Tylor, T. 1996. A survey of estrogenic activity in United
  Kingdom inland waters, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15: 1993-
  2002.
Harries, J.E., Sheahan, D.A, Jobling, S., Matthiessen, P,
  Neall, P., Sumpter, J.P., Tylor, T. and Zaman, N. 1997.
  Estrogenic activity in five United Kingdom rivers detected
  by measurement of vitellogenesis in caged male trout,
  Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16: 534-542.
Haubruge, E., Petit, F. and Gage, M.J.G. 2000. Reduced sperm
  counts in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) following exposure
  to low levels of tributyltin and bisphenol A, Proc. R. Soc.
  Lond. B, 267: 2333-2337.
Hecker, M., Tyler, C.R., Hoffmann, M. Maddix, S. and Karbe, L.
  2002. Plasma biomarkers in fish provide evidence for
  endocrine modulation in the Elbe River, Germany, Environ.
  Sci. Technol., 36: 2311-2321.
Hodgson, E. and Levi, P.E. 1997. 最新毒理學 (A textbook of
  modern toxicology) 2000; 陳吉平編譯, 台北市: 合記圖書出版
  社。
Huang, R.K. and Wang C.H. 2001. The effect of two alkylphenols
  on vitellogenin levels in male carp, Proc. Natl. Sci.
  Counc. ROC(B), 25: 248-252.
Hwang, U.G., Kagawa, N. and Mugiya, Y. 2000. Aluminium and
  cadmium inhibit vitellogenin and its mRNA induction by
  estradiol-17β in the primary culture of hepatocytes in the
  rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol.,
  119: 69-76.
Illinois EPA 1997. “ Illinois EPA endocrine disruptors
  strategy ”, National Institute of Health Sciences,
  http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/environ/illiepatable.htm
  (2002/4/14)
Janssen, P.A.H., Lambert, J.G.D., Vethaak, A.D. and Goos,
  H.J.Th. 1997. Environmental pollution caused elevated
  concentrations of oestradiol and vitellogenin in the female
  flounder, Platichthys flesus (L.) , Aquat. Toxicol., 39:
  195-214.
Jobling, S., Nolan, M., Tyler, C.R., Brighty, G. and Sumpter,
  J.P. 1998. Widespread sexual disruption in wild fish,
  Environ. Sci. Technol., 32: 2498-2506.
Jobling, S., Sheahan, D., Osborne, J.A., Matthiessen, P. and
  Sumpter, J.P. 1996. Inhibition of testicular growth in
  rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to estrogenic
  alkylphenolic chemicals, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15: 194-
  202.
Kime, D.E. 1999. A strategy for assessing the effects of
  xenobiotics on fish reproduction, Sci. Total Environ., 225:
  3-11.
Kime, D.E. and Nash, J.P. 1999. Gamete viability as an
  indicator of reproductive endocrine disruption in fish,
  Sci. Total Environ., 233: 123-129.
Kime, D.E., Nash, J.P. and Scott, A.P. 1999. Vitellogenesis as
  a biomarker of reproductive disruption by xenobiotics,
  Aquaculture, 177: 345-352.
Kinnberg, K., Korsgaard, B., Bjerregaard, P. and Jespersen, Å.
  2000. Effects of nonylphenol and 17β-estradiol on
  vitellogenin synthesis and testis morphology in male
  platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus), J. Exp. Boil., 203: 171-
  181.
Kirk, L.A., Tyler, C.R., Lye, C.M. and Sumpter, J.P. 2002.
  Changes in estrogenic and androgenic activities at
  different stages of treatment in wastewater treatment
  works, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21: 972-979.
Kitamura, S., Yoshida, M., Sugihara, K., Ohta, S. and Hara, A.
  1999 Effect of fenthion on the level of vitellogenin in
  goldfish, Carassius auratus, Journal of Health Science, 45:
  262-265.
Knudsen, F.R., Schou, A.E., Wiborg, M.L., Mona, E., Tollefsen,
  M.E., Stenersen, J. and Sumpter, J.P. 1997. Increase of
  plasma vitellogenin concentration in rainbow trout
  (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to effluents from oil
  refinery treatment works and municipal sewage, Bull.
  Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 59: 802-806.
Körner, W., Bolz, U., Süßmuth, W., Hiller, G., Schuller, W.,
  Hanf, V. and Hagenmaier, H. 2000. Input/ output balance of
  estrogenic active compounds in a major municipal sewage
  plant in Germany, Chemosphere, 40: 1131-1142.
Larsson, D.G.J., Kinnberg, K., Sturve, J., Stephensen, E.,
  SkÖn, M. and Förlin, L. 2002. Studies of masculinization,
  detoxification, and oxidative stress responses in guppies
  (Poecilia reticulata) exposed to effluent from a pulp mill,
  Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 52: 13-20.
Liber, K., Gangl, J.A., Corry, T.D., Heinis, L.J., and Stay,
  F.S. 1999. Lethality and bioaccumulation of 4-nonylphenol
  in bluegill sunfish in littoral enclosures, Environ.
  Toxicol. Chem., 18: 394-400.
McDonald, K.K., Gross, T.S., Denslow, N.D. and Blazer, V.S.
  2000. Reproductive indicators. In Biomonitoring of
  environmental status and trends (BEST) program: selected
  methods for monitoring chemical contaminants and their
  effects in aquatic ecosystems, eds. C.J. Schmitt and G.M.
  Dethloff, pp.30-42. U.S. Geological Survey.
McLachlan, J.A., Newbold, R.R., Teng, C.T. and Korach, K.S.
  1992. Environmental estrogens: orphan receptors and genetic
  imprinting. In Advances in modern environmental toxicology:
  chemically-induced alterations in sexual and functional
  development: the wildlife/ human connection, eds. T.
  Colborn and C. Clement, pp.107-122. New Jersey: Princeton
  Scientific Publishing Co.
Miller, G.T. 1993. Living in the Environment: principles,
  connections, and solutions, 8th ed., California: Wadsworth
  publishing company.
Mugiya, Y. and Tanahashi, A. 1998. Inhibit effects of aluminium
  on vitellogenin induction by estradiol-17β in the primary
  culture of hepatocytes in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus
  mykiss, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 109: 37-43.
National Research Council 1999. Hormonally Active Agents in the
  Environment, Washington: National Academy Press.
Nicolas, J.M. 1999. Vitellogenesis in fish and the effects of
  polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants, Aquat.
  Toxicol., 45: 77-90.
Nimrod, A.C. and Benson, W.H. 1996. Environmental estrogenic
  effects of alkylphenol ethoxylates, Crit. Rev. Toxicol.,
  26: 335-365.
Noaksson, E., Tjärnlund, U., Bosveld, A.T.C. and Balk, L.
  2001. Evidence for endocrine disruption in perch (Perca
  fluviatilis) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) in a remote
  Swedish lake in the vicinity of a public refuse dump,
  Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 174: 160-176.
O’Neill, R.V. 1988. Hierarchy theory and global change. In
  Scales and Global Change, eds. T. Rosswall, R.G. Woodmansee
  and P.G. Risser, pp.29-45. John Wiley & Sons Ltd..
Porter, C.M. and Janz, D.M. 2003. Treated municipal sewage
  discharge affects multiple levels of biological
  organization in fish, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 54: 199-
  206.
Purdom, C.E., Hardiman, P.A., Bye, V.J., Eno, N.C., Tyler, C.R.
  and Sumpter, J. 1994. Estrogenic effects from sewage
  treatment works, Chem. Ecol., 8: 275-285.
Rodgers-Gray, T.P., Jobling, S., Morris, S., Kelly, C., Kirby,
  S., Janbakhsh, A., Harries, J.E., Waldock, M.J., Sumpter,
  J.P. and Tyler, C.R. 2000. Long-term temporal changes in
  the estrogenic composition of treated sewage effluent and
  its biological effects on fish, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34:
  1521-1528.
Shackell, N.L., Freedman, B. and Staicer, C. 1993. National
  environmental monitoring: a case study of the Altantic
  Maritime region. In Ecological Integrity and the Management
  of Ecosystems, eds. S. Woodley, J. Kay and G. Francis,
  pp.131-153. St. Lucie. Press..
Shang, D.Y., Macdonald, R.W. and Ikonomou, M.G. 1999.
  Persistence of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants and their
  primary degradation products in sediments from near a
  municipal outfall in the strait of Georgia, British
  Columbia, Canada, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33: 1366-1372.
Sheahan, D.A., Brighty, G.C., Daniel, M., Kirby, S.J., Hurst,
  M.R., Kennedy, J., Morris, S., Routledge, E.J., Sumpter,
  J.P. and Waldock, M.J. 2002. Estrogenic activity measured
  in a sewage treatment works treating industrial inputs
  containing high concentrations of alkylphenolic compounds —
   a case study, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21: 507-514.
Shioda, T. and Wakabayashi, M. 2000. Effect of certain
  chemicals on the reproduction of medaka (Oryzias latipes),
  Chemosphere, 40: 239-243.
Solé, M., Porte, C. and Barceló, D. 2001. Analysis of the
  estrogenic activity of sewage treatment works and receiving
  waters using vitellogenin induction in fish as a biomarker,   Trends Anal. Chem., 20: 518-525.
Sumpter, J.P. 1995. Feminized responses in fish to
  environmental estrogens, Toxicol. Lett., 82-83: 737-742.
Sumpter, J.P. 1998. Xenoendocrine disruptorss - environmental
  impacts, Toxicol. Lett., 102-103: 337-342.
Thiele, B., Gunther, K. and Schwuger, M. J. 1997. Alkylphenol
  ethoxylates: trace analysis and environmental behavior,
  Chem. Rev., 97: 3247-3272.
Toft, G. and Baatrup, E. 2001. Sexual characteristics are
  altered by 4-tert-octylphenol and 17-β-estradiol in the
  adult male guppy, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 48: 76-84.
Tolar, F.J., Mehollin, A.R., Watson, R.D. and Angus, R.A. 2001.
  Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) vitellogenin:
  identification, purification, and immunoassay, Comp.
  Biochem. Physiol., 128C: 237-245.
Tsuda, T., Takino, A., Kojima, M., Harada, H., Muraki, K. and
  Tsuji, M. 2000. 4-Nonylphenols and 4-tert-octylphenol in
  water and fish from rivers flowing into Lake Biwa.,
  Chemosphere, 41: 757-762.
US EPA 1997. EPA special report on endocrine disruption: an
  affects assessment and analysis, Washington: US EPA.
Wester, P.W. 1991 Histopathological effects of environmental
  pollutants β-HCH and methyl mercury on reproductive organs
  in freshwater fish, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 100C: 237-239.
  White, R., Jobling, S., Hoare, S.A., Sumpter, J.P. and
  Parker, M.G. 1994. Environmentally persistent alkylphenolic
  compounds are estrogenic, Endocrinology, 135: 175-182.
Ying, G.G., Williams, B. and Kookana, R. 2002. Environmental
  fate of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates- a review,
  Environmental International, 28: 215-226.
QRCODE
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
1. 莊雅茹(民84)。電腦焦慮測驗題目之編制與發展。資訊與教育,45,18-27。
2. 張國恩(民88)。資訊融入各科教學之內涵與實施。資訊與教育,72,2-9。
3. 莊雅茹(民82)。台灣學生電腦焦慮之探討。教育研究資訊,1(5),115-127。
4. 莊雅茹(民81)。電腦焦慮與電腦行政。資訊與教育,31,34-36。
5. 林思伶(民82)。激發學習動機的空中教學節目設計-Keller系統化動機策略設計的應用。教學科技與媒體,9,15-22。
6. 李文瑞(民79)。介紹激發學習動機的ARCS模型 (阿課思) 教學策略。臺灣教育,479,22-24。
7. 吳美惠(民82)。在職成人電腦態度的特徵與成因之分析。社教雙月刊,55,48-52。。
8. 蔡明富(民84)。由Keller動機理論談書法教學設計策略。人文及社會學科教學通訊,6(2),126-136。
9. 吳仁芳(1993)。兒童繪畫造形與色彩表現特徵。國教月刊,40(1),9-17。
10. 吳昭容(1992)。畫人測驗與兒童性格之衡鑑。國民教育,32(11-12),18-29。
11. 呂桂生(1989)。國小一年級人物素描兒童的觀察與表現法。研習資訊,56期,19-22。
12. 呂燕卿(1996)。兒童繪畫發展之認識與實際。美育,69期,11-26。
13. 林玉山(1993)。葛德納兒童繪畫發展研究與認知發展之探討。國教月刊,39(7)(8),60-68。
14. 施炳煌。兒童眼中的"人"--國小低年級兒童人物畫常見之類型。國教之友,48(2),542期,9-18。
15. 范瓊方(1999)。兒童繪畫與自我調整的關係。美育,103期,9-14。