臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來薄膜生物處理程序(MBR)在處理廢水之上有很好的效果，但要廣泛的應用MBR需要控制薄膜產生積垢的問題。有研究指出薄膜在次臨界操作中，能有效降低薄膜產生機構的現象。本研究針對中原大學薄膜中心所研發的PTFE薄膜，利用二種批次實驗，測試不同污泥濃度(MLSS)下不同親疏水性之通量與壓力變化，並以五種判斷臨界通量的方法推算薄膜之臨界通量。隨後將薄膜操作在MBR中，觀察五種判斷臨界通量的方法是否能貼近長期真實的次臨界操作，最後再利用不同污泥停留時間(SRT)改變污泥特性，觀察SRT對於臨界通量之影響。本研究發現在批次實驗中，五種判斷方法所決定之臨界通量皆有所不同，並隨MLSS濃度的提高而降低。親疏水性在MLSS濃度小於4,000 mg/L之下有些微影響，但當污泥濃度超過4,000 mg/L之後就無明顯差異。利用積垢速率與滲透性變化之判斷臨界通量的方法，操作30天之後，通量與壓力之比值依然保持穩定，可進行長期操作；但其他三種方法在真實操作之下皆會產生嚴重積垢，操作天數皆低於10天。而MBR操作在高SRT下，雖然MLSS濃度較高，但是薄膜較不易產生積垢；操作在低SRT下，雖然MLSS濃度較低，但薄膜會產生積垢而阻塞。本研究同時發現在長的SRT之下有較大的顆粒與較少的EPS，因此可能是造成薄膜較不易阻塞之原因。

The application of membrane bioreactor (MBR) for the wastewater treatment has gain more advantages recently. However, membrane fouling need to be consider for it’s industrial application. The major parameter which controls the fouling rate.Many study indicated that membrane fouling can be effectively decrease by operating MBR system below critical flux. In the study , the experiment was done uder two batch condition to study the effect of different hydrophobicity of PTFE membrane (CYCU R&D Center for Membrane Technology) and different MLSS concentration on TMP and flux. Long-term performance of reactor was tested using five methods evaluate critical flux under real operation.The effect of different SRT on sludge characteristics and critical flux was also studied.The result showed that the critical flux determined using different methods was different.The critical flux was slighty affected by membrane hydrophobicity at lower MLSS concentration ( <4,000 mg/L) and it was negative at higher MLSS concentration ( >4,000 mg/L). The MBR system can be operated over 30 days by fouling rate and permeability methods due to it’s low fouling rate and below 10 days by other methods. The membrane fouling was observed to be much higher at a short SRT as compared to longer SRT. The result showed that longer SRT the rate of fouling was lower maybe due to lower EPS concentration and higher particle size distribution.

目錄
中文摘要................................................................................................................... I
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………………... II
誌 謝................................................................................................................... Ⅲ
目 錄…………………………………………………………………………... Ⅳ
圖 目 錄................................................................................................................... Ⅵ
表 目 錄................................................................................................................... Ⅸ
第一章 緒論.......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 研究動機.................................................................................................... 1
1.2 研究目的與內容........................................................................................ 3
1.3 研究架構.................................................................................................... 3
第二章 文獻回顧................................................................................................ 5
2.1薄膜生物處理程序(Membrane Bioreactor, MBR)..................................... 5
2.1.1 薄膜分類…………….…………….................................................. 5
2.1.2 薄膜過濾機制…….…………………….………..………………... 8
2.1.3 生物處結合薄膜…………………….…………………………….. 12
2.2 MBR操作指標………………………………….……………………….. 12
2.2.1 臨界通量(critical flux)….……….………………………………… 16
2.2.2 影響臨界通量之因數...…………………………………………… 18
2.2.3長期與短期之次臨界操作………………………………………… 18
2.3 薄膜積垢……………………………………...…………………………. 20
2.3.1 減少積垢之方法…………………………………………………... 21
2.3.2 積垢因子…………………………………………………………... 22
2.3.3 胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS) …...……… 25
第三章 實驗設備與方法………………………….……………………….… 27
3.1 批次實驗…………………………...………………………….………… 27
3.1.1 污泥來源………………………….……………..………………… 27
3.1.2 批次實驗方法…………………….…………..…………………… 27
3.2 連續實驗………………………….……………………………………... 31
3.2.1 不同方法決定次臨界通量之長期操作…………..………………. 32
3.2.2 不同SRT於次臨界通量下之長期操作………………………….. 34
3.3 實驗分析方法……………………………………………………….…... 35
3.4 實驗分析設備….………………………………………………………... 36
第四章 結果與討論………………………….……………………………….. 37
4.1 臨界通量之決定與比較.………………………………………………... 37
4.1.1 以透膜壓力與通量之圖形決定臨界通量…………...…………… 37
4.1.2 以滲透性之變化決定臨界通量…..………………………………. 41
4.1.3 以積垢速率之變化決定臨界通量……………...…….…………... 46
4.1.4 以壓力差之變化決定臨界通量……………...…………….……... 50
4.1.5 以滯後作用決定臨界通量…………………………...…………… 54
4.1.6 五種方法之綜合比較……………………………………………... 56
4.2 不同判斷方式之長期操作……..…………….…………………………. 60
4.2.1 五種分析方法之結果………………..……………………………. 60
4.2.2分析五種方法之差異性……………………………………………. 68
4.3 不同SRT之長期次臨界操作…………………………………………… 72
4.3.1 不同SRT下之水質分析………………………………………….. 72
4.3.2 不同SRT下之TMP及Flux變化……….………………………. 80
4.3.3 長期操作批次試驗決定之臨界通量………..……………………. 87
第五章 結論與建議………………………….……………………………….. 89
5.1 結論………………………….…………………………………………... 89
5.2 建議………………………….…………………………………………... 90
參考文獻………………………….……………………………………………… 91










圖 目 錄
圖 1.1 研究架構………………………………..………………..………………... 4
圖 2.1 薄膜孔徑與分離物之關係圖……………………………………………... 6
圖 2.2 薄膜過濾機制……………………………………………………..…..…... 9
圖 2.3 不同的過濾方式………………………………….………………...…...… 9
圖 2.4 傳統活性污泥程序與MBR程序之比較…………………………..…….. 11
圖 2.5 臨界通量之階梯試驗……………………………………...………...……. 13
圖 2.6 長期操作與階梯試驗之相關圖………………………...………….……... 19
圖 3.1 階梯試驗模廠示意圖………………………………………………...….... 29
圖 3.2 參數示意圖……………………………………….…………………..…… 30
圖 3.3 長期實驗模廠配置圖(固定MLSS濃度)……………..……………..…… 33
圖 3.4 長期實驗模廠配置圖(控制SRT)…………….…………………………... 34
圖 4.1 薄膜接觸角90度操作在MLSS=6,000 mg/L之TMP變化示意圖…….. 39
圖 4.2 薄膜接觸角70度在不同MLSS濃度下TMP和Flux之變化圖……….. 39
圖 4.3 薄膜接觸角90度在不同MLSS濃度下TMP和Flux之變化圖……….. 40
圖 4.4 薄膜接觸角130度在不同MLSS濃度下TMP和Flux之變化................ 40
圖 4.5 以TMP-Flux之方法在不同污泥濃度下各角度之臨界通量……… 41
圖 4.6 薄膜接觸角=70度之單位時間K值變化………………………….…….. 44
圖 4.7 薄膜接觸角=90度之單位時間K值變化…………………….…….….… 44
圖 4.8 薄膜接觸角=130度之單位時間K值變化……………………………….. 45
圖 4.9 以Permeability之方法在不同污泥濃度下各角度之臨界通量…… 45
圖 4.10 薄膜接觸角70度在不同MLSS濃度之通量與dP/dt變化圖……........... 48
圖 4.11 薄膜接觸角90度在不同MLSS濃度之通量與dP/dt變化圖….……….. 48
圖 4.12 薄膜接觸角130度在不同MLSS濃度之通量與dP/dt變化圖…………. 49
圖 4.13 以Fouling rate之方法在不同污泥濃度下各角度之臨界通量……. 49
圖 4.14 薄膜接觸角70度在不同MLSS濃度下通量與ΔTMP0變化圖.……….. 52
圖 4.15 薄膜接觸角90度在不同MLSS濃度下通量與ΔTMP0變化圖………... 52
圖 4.16 薄膜接觸角130度在不同MLSS濃度下通量與ΔTMP0變化圖……….. 53
圖 4.17 以ΔTMP0之方法在不同污泥濃度下各角度之臨界通量………….. 53
圖 4.18 薄膜接觸角為130度在MLSS= 4,000 mg/L之TMP-Flux圖形……….. 55
圖 4.19 以Hysteresis loop之方法在不同污泥濃度下各角度之臨界通量… 56
圖 4.20 薄膜接觸角70度在各污泥濃度下不同判斷方式之臨界通量…………. 58
圖 4.21 薄膜接觸角90度在各污泥濃度下不同判斷方式之臨界通量…………. 58
圖 4.22 薄膜接觸角130度在各污泥濃度下不同判斷方式之臨界通量………... 59
圖 4.23 二片薄膜利用TMP-Flux決定通量之TMP變化圖………………….…. 61
圖 4.24 二片薄膜利用滲透性決定通量之TMP變化圖……………………….… 62
圖 4.25 利用滲透性判斷方法之薄膜阻抗值……………………………………... 63
圖 4.26 二片薄膜利用dP/dt決定通量之TMP變化圖…………………….…….. 64
圖 4.27 利用積垢速率判斷方法之薄膜阻抗值………………………………..…. 64
圖 4.28 二片薄膜利用ΔPo決定通量之TMP變化圖……………………………. 65
圖 4.29 利用壓力差判斷臨界通量之薄膜阻抗值……………………………..…. 66
圖 4.30 三片薄膜利用滯後作用決定通量之TMP變化圖…………………….… 67
圖 4.31 利用滯後作用決定通量之薄膜阻抗值…………………………….…….. 67
圖 4.32 五種判斷方式之TMP變化圖……. ………………………………….….. 69
圖 4.33 通量與壓力變化速度斜率之關係圖………………………………….….. 69
圖 4.34 五種方法與積垢速率比值和操作天數關係圖………………………...… 71
圖 4.35 各SRT下之COD監控圖………………………………………………… 73
圖 4.36 各SRT下之MLSS濃度………………………………………………….. 73
圖 4.37 各 SRT下之污泥增殖率……………………………………………...….. 74
圖 4.38 各SRT下之粒徑分佈……………………………………………...……… 75
圖 4.39 不同SRT下之EPS……………………………………………….….……. 76
圖 4.40 不同SRT下之P/C比…………………………………………………...… 77
圖 4.41 EPS濃度對於TMP之影響…………………………………………….…. 77
圖 4.42 EPS濃度對於Flux之影響………………………………………………... 78
圖 4.43 反沖洗前之壓力與反沖洗後之壓力差…………………………………... 79
圖 4.44 反沖洗前之通量與反沖洗後之通量差………………………………..…. 79
圖 4.45 薄膜接觸角70度之壓力與通量之變化圖…………………………..…… 81
圖 4.46 薄膜接觸角90度之壓力與通量之變化圖…………………………..…… 82
圖 4.47 薄膜接觸角130度之壓力與通量之變化圖…………………………..….. 82
圖 4.48 各角度之壓力變化圖…………………………………………………...… 84
圖 4.49 各角度之通量變化圖………………………………………………...…… 84
圖 4.50 各角度之總阻抗變化圖…………………………………………………... 85
圖 4.51 接觸角實驗示意圖………………………………………………...……… 85
圖 4.52 改質後薄膜角度監測圖…………………………………………………... 85





表目錄


表 2.1 各種薄膜材料之優缺點…………………………………………………... 7
表 2.2 判斷臨界通量之方法……………………………………………………... 15
表 2.3 階梯試驗文獻……………………………………………………………... 16
表 3.1 合成基質成份……………………………………………………………... 31
表 3.2 合成廢水之水質………………………………………………..…………. 31
表 4.1 薄膜接觸角130度之臨界通量實驗數據…………………….…………... 43
表 4.2 薄膜接觸角130度在不同MLSS濃度下之dP/dt圖…………..………... 47
表 4.3 各污泥濃度下之壓力差…………………………………………………... 51
表 4.4 滯後作用實驗恢復原通量時壓力差百分比………………………….….. 55
表 4.5 利用TMP-Flux判斷方法之薄膜阻抗值…………………..……………... 61
表 4.6 五種方式決定之臨界通量………………………………..………………. 70
表 4.7 五種方法與積垢速率之比值…………………………………………....... 71

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