臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

木蝨所造之癭可以簡單分為開放式與封閉式兩大類，開放式癭以凹穴狀最多，而造凹穴狀癭木蝨以Trioza 一屬最多。本研究針對台灣中北部常見的凹穴狀蟲癭木蝨的外部形態及對寄主植物之專一性進行探討，共蒐集了4科11種寄主植物上的造瘿木蝨及其凹穴狀蟲癭，作形態及生物學比較。在調查中發現了兩種造穴狀蟲癭木蝨新種，包括寄主為土肉桂的Trioza osmophloea sp. nov. 及高山新木薑子上的Trioza acuminatissima sp. nov.，及舊紀錄之樟樹Trioza camphorae Sasaki、香楠及霧社楨楠的Trioza inoptata Fang、日本楨楠及紅楠的Trioza machilicola Miyatake、蒲桃及蓮霧的Trioza syzgii Li and Yang、虎皮楠的Cecidotrioza sozanica Boselli及烏皮九芎的Trioza nigra Kuwayama等6種；其中以Trioza屬佔有七種最多。比較同屬的寄主植物上造癭木蝨，形態特徵上相似性極高，同科但不同屬的樟屬、楨楠屬及新木薑子屬之造癭木蝨，形態特徵上則有極為明顯之差異；而科與科間的造癭木蝨在外觀及形態上差異性更大於同科但不同屬間木蝨，因此可以證明一種木蝨通常僅取食一種或數種同屬近緣的植物。就蟲癭外觀形式，木蝨所造的凹穴狀蟲癭應是由造癭木蝨將現有的植物器官修飾而來的器官癭（organoid galls），和不具有組織特化的現象的退變癭（kataplasmatic galls）。蟲癭依排列型式可分成三種類型，第一類型：蟲癭間彼此獨立分離，包括樟樹、土肉桂、香楠、霧社楨楠、日本楨楠、紅楠、蓮霧、蒲桃、烏皮九芎等九種；第二類型：在中脈兩側，兩兩相鄰形成連續雙排緊鄰的蟲癭，只有高山新木薑子一種；第三類型：蟲癭間彼此相鄰並形成一個更大的凹穴狀蟲癭，只有奧氏虎皮楠一種。烏皮九芎之蟲癭外型有別於其它蟲癭，因與正常葉片部份相較之下它所造之凹穴並不特別突顯，且外觀顏色並無變化，因此在演化學上角度推測，烏皮九芎木蝨可能為介於自由生活木蝨與造凹穴狀瘿木蝨的中間型。相對的，奧氏虎皮楠的聚合性的凹穴狀蟲癭，則推測可能為簡單開放式單蟲室穴狀蟲癭與複雜的封閉式多蟲室的蟲癭之中間型。分析不同寄主葉片上蟲癭之生物學，發現造癭之部位偏好在葉肉 ( 76.6% )，同枝條上造癭葉片序位偏好在基部起第1 ~ 5片葉子，葉片長、寬大小與蟲癭數量無相關性、正常組織氣孔數量大於蟲癭組織氣孔數量。

Galls of psyllids could be generally divided into two major categories, the open and the enclosed types. The majority of open-type galls are pit-like and they are mostly formed by the psyllid genus Trioza. The focus of this study is the morphology, gall-forming biology and host specificity of pit gall-forming psyllids that generally found in central and northern Taiwan. Galls from 11 host species, belonging to 4 families, were collected. Fifth instar nymphs and adults of pit-gall forming psyllids that collected and reared from each host were examined. A total of eight species are determined and seven of them belong to Trioza. Two of them are new species, i.e.T. osmophloe sp. nov. on Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira and T. acuminatissima sp. nov. on Neolitsea acuminatissima Hayata. The other six are recorded species, T. camphorae Sasaki on C. camphora (L.), T. inoptata Fang on Machilus zuihoensis Hayata and M. zuihoensis var. mushaensis (Lu), T. machilicola Miyatake on M. japonica Sieb. & Zucc. and M. thunbergii Sieb. & Zucc., T. syzgii Li and Yang on Syzygium jambos（L.）and S. samarangense Merr. et Perry, Cecidotrioza sozanica Boselli on Daphniphyllum glaucescens Blume. var. oldhamii and T. nigra Kuwayama on Styrax formosana Matsum. var . formosana. Distinct morphological differences are obviously found among psyllids from different host families or genera. However, psyllids from different host species belonging to a same genus are similar to each other, such as those pit gall formers from various host species of Machilus. It is evident that species of psyllids feed on a narrow range of host plants, usually within a single plant genus. Pit galls, which are less differentiated, could be classified as organoid or kataplasmatic galls. In addition to the above histological classification, three types of pit galls could be categorized based on their arrangement on the leaf lamina. The first type is that each gall is isolated and independent; most galls of the current study belong to this category. Galls of the second type are close to each other and forming a row on each side of the vein; the only member of this type is the pit gall on Neolitsea acuminatissima. Galls of the third type are close to each other on a leaf and formed a larger compound pit gall; the only member is the galls on Daphniphyllum glaucescens var. oldhamii. Pit galls on Styrax formosana var. formosana are unobvious and less modified in shape and color. Its gall former, Trioza nigra, is not absolutely sedentary like other pit-gall formers and may move about when disturbed. It is hypothesized that galls of T. nigra could be an intermediate stage between free-living and gall-forming ones. On the other hand, galls of Cecidotrioza sozanica of Daphniphyllum glaucescens var. oldhami formed a compound and nearly sub-globular galls which suggests that it might be a transition stage between monothalamous and polythalamous galls. There is a preference of gall-forming site on the leaf blade (76.6%) rather than on leaf margin or mid-rib. Most of the galls are distributed on the leaves numbered 1 ~ 5 counted from the base of a twig. There is no correlation between the number of galls and the leaf length, neither of that to the leaf width. The number of stomas on normal tissue is significantly higher than that of the pit gall tissue.

目 次
頁數
摘要---------------------------------------------------------------------------------i
Abstract---------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
目次--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v
圖次-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vii
一、前言-----------------------------------------------------------------------------1
二、前人研究-----------------------------------------------------------------------3
(一) 蟲癭特性-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
(二) 造癭木蝨-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
三、材料與方法-------------------------------------------------------------------11
(一) 材料---------------------------------------------------------------------11
(二) 方法---------------------------------------------------------------------12
四、結果與討論----------------------------------------------------------------------------15
(一) 造癭木蝨特徵及蟲癭生物學描述---------------------------------------------------15
1. Trioza camphorae Sasaki 於樟樹 --------------------------------------------------15
2. Trioza osmophloea sp. nov. 於土肉桂 ---------------------------------------------19
3. Trioza inoptata Fang 於香楠 --------------------------------------------------------22
4. Trioza inoptata Fang 於霧社楨楠 --------------------------------------------------26
5. Trioza machilicola Miyatake 於日本楨楠 ----------------------------------------30
6. Trioza machilicola Miyatake 於紅楠 ----------------------------------------------34
7. Trioza acuminatissima sp. nov. 於高山新木薑子---------------------------------37
8. Trioza syzgii Li and Yang 於蒲桃 --------------------------------------------------41
9. Trioza syzgii Li and Yang 於蓮霧 -----------------------------------------------45
10. Cecidotrioza sozanica Boselli 於虎皮楠 -----------------------------------------49
11. Trioza nigra Kuwayama 於烏皮九芎---------------------------------------------53
(二) 造癭木蝨形態特徵分析---------------------------------------------------------------57
(三) 蟲癭特性分析---------------------------------------------------------------------------59
五.結論----------------------------------------------------------------------------64
六.參考文獻----------------------------------------------------------------------66
圖.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------72
表 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------110
附錄. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------113

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