臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

日本鰻為東北亞國家的重要養殖魚類，然而所需之鰻苗皆來自於野外採捕。自1970 年代以來，日本鰻的資源量急遽下降，導致鰻苗產量減少，近年來玻璃鰻之交易價格更屢創新高，使得鰻魚養殖業面臨嚴重的困境。因此，瞭解日本鰻的早期生活史及其入添動態，可提供鰻苗資源的利用、管理、保育以及未來更進一步研究作為重要的參考依據。根據過去的研究發現，一般而言，日本鰻玻璃鰻的全長在聖嬰現象時大多位在趨勢線的上方，在反聖嬰現象時則大多位在趨勢線
的下方。換言之，日本鰻玻璃鰻之體長的年間波動變化，與聖嬰及反聖嬰現象互有關聯。因此，本研究之目的為進一步探討聖嬰-南方濤動事件與日本鰻玻璃鰻漂送時間長短之關係。本研究所使用之樣本為自2002-2013 年中，聖嬰、反聖嬰及正常事件各挑選三個年度，每個年度的11 月份至翌年3 月份在台灣及中國大陸河口所採集之日本鰻玻璃鰻。測量其體長全長及色素階段後，再進行耳石的採集，藉由耳石所記載之日周輪判讀其自孵化至發生變態所歷經之天數。分析結果
發現，日本鰻玻璃鰻平均體長在VA 時，正常年之體長為最長（56.7±2.6）、反聖嬰年之體長為最短（55.4±2.5）；而在VB 時，聖嬰年及正常年之體長為最長（55.6±2.7 及55.6±2.6）、反聖嬰年之體長為最短（54.8±2.4）。在耳石日周輪部分，在各色素階段皆呈現聖嬰年之日周輪為最長（146.11±12.4）、正常年及反聖嬰年之日周輪為最短的趨勢（127.22±6.53 及127.10±8.49）。此結果顯示，日本鰻玻
璃鰻之日周輪的年間波動變化，亦受到聖嬰及反聖嬰現象之影響。此外，根據浮標的模式模擬結果，發現浮標在北緯14°東經139°的位置釋放時，漂流至台灣東部河口所需時間顯著較長(Duncan, p < 0.05)；反之，在浮標北緯13°東經139°的位置釋放時，所需時間顯著較短(Duncan, p < 0.05)。意即日本鰻玻璃鰻之漂送時間與其漂送起始緯度之不同有明顯的關聯。總結而言，聖嬰-南方濤動事件造成北赤道洋流分支緯度之波動，會使洋流輸送速度發生改變，可能影響日本鰻之漂送動態。然而，本研究更進一步發現，聖嬰-南方濤動事件對於日本鰻玻璃鰻之入添動態所造成之最關鍵影響為改變其漂送之起始位置，進而影響柳葉鰻期長短，乃至鰻苗到達河口時體型。

The Japanese eel Anguilla japonica (Temminck & Schlegel) is an important aquaculture species in East Asia countries. However all of the eel fry needed for aquaculture depends on the wild capture. The Japanese eel stock has declined rapidly since 1970s, and the price of A. japonica glass eels has a large increase, thus the eel aquaculture industry is facing serious problems. Therefore, understanding the recruitment dynamics of the Japanese eel is expected to lead to proposals for the utilization, preservation, management, and further study of A. japonica glass eels. On the basis of previous experiments in our laboratory, the total length (TL) of A. japonica glass eels during El Nino periods is usually above the regression line. In contrast, the TL of A. japonica glass eels during La Nina periods is usually below the regression line. In other words, the fluctuation of mean TL oscillation appears to be related to El Nino and La Nina events. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the relationship between ENSO events and Japanese eel larval duration. This study used the A. japonica glass eels that had been collected from estuaries in Taiwan and China between 2002 and 2013, encompassing three El Nino, three normal, and three La Nina events.
After measuring the TL and observing the pigmentation stages of the eel larvae, the otoliths were extracted. The daily increments on the otoliths provide information about larval duration. The results showed that the total length (TL) was longest for A. japonica glass eels during stage VA in normal years (56.7±2.6), while the shortest TL was recorded in La Nina year (55.4±2.5). During stage VB, TL was longest in El Nino years and shortest in La Nina years (55.6±2.7 and 55.6±2.6). The results of the otolith daily increments indicated that, for each pigmentation stage, LD was longer in El Nino years (146.11±12.4) and shorter in normal/ La Nina years (127.22±6.5 and 127.10±8.49). These results indicate that fluctuations in mean TL and mean LD oscillation appear to be related to El Nino and La Nina events. In addition, the tracer experiments indicated that tracers released at 139°E and 14°N took longer to drift to the east coast of Taiwan (Duncan, p < 0.05), whereas tracers released from 139°E and 13°N required a significantly shorter time (Duncan, p < 0.05). This result showed that the A. japonica glass eels drift from different latitude might cause effect on their drifting time. In conclusion, ENSO events are correlate to the latitude shifting of the North Equatorial Current (NEC) bifurcation, then impact the transportation velocity of NEC current and Kuroshio; this might cause some effects to the recruitment dynamics of Japanese eel. However, this study further display that the changing of the starting latitude where the A. japonica drift from was the critical factor which caused by ENSO events that influence the larval duration, thus influence the size of the estuarine glass eels of Japanese eel.

致謝 i
中文摘要 ii
Abstract iv
Contents vii
Table legend viii
Figure contents ix
Appendix table xi
Introduction 1
Materials and methods 10
Sample collection for total length analysis 10
Glass eel measurement 10
Sample collection for daily increments analysis 10
Otolith preparation 11
Scaning Electron Microscope 12
Otolith increment analysis 12
Data source of ENSO events 13
Numerical model description 13
Tracer experiments 14
Statistical analysis 14
Results 16
The relationship between mean total length and larval duration 16
Long-term annual variation in LD of A. japonica glass eel 16
The influence of El Nino and La Nina events on the LD of A. japonica glass eel 16
Long-term annual variation in TL of A. japonica glass eel 17
The influence of El Nino and La Nina events on the drifting time of the tracers 18
Discussion 20
Conclusion 28
References 29
References in Chinese 35

Aoyama, J. (2009). Life history and evolution of migration in catadromous eels (Genus Anguilla). Aqua-BioSci Monogr, 2(1), 1-42.
Arai, T., Limbong, D., & Tsukamoto, K. (2000). Validation of otolith daily increments in the tropical eel Anguilla celebesensis. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78(6), 1078-1084.
Arai, T., Otake T., Tsukamoto K. (2000). Timing of metamorphosis and larval segregation of the Atalantic eels Anguilla rostrata and A. anguilla, as revealed by otolith microstructure and microchemistry. Marine Biology, 137, 39-45.
Beamish, R.J., & Bouillon, D.R. (1993). Pacific salmon production trends in relation to climate. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 50(5), 1002-1016.
Begg, G.A., Campana, S.E., Fowler, A.J., & Suthers, I.M. (2005). Otolith research and application: current directions in innovation and implementation. Marine and Freshwater Research, 56(5), 477-483.
Bonhommeau, S., Chassot, E., Planque, B., Rivot, E., Knap, A.H., & Le Pape, O. (2008). Impact of climate on eel populations of the Northern Hemisphere. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 373, 71-80.
Brothers, E.B., & McFarland, W.N. (1981). Correlations Between Otolith Microstructure, Growth, and Life History Transitions in Newly Recruited French Grunts(Haemulon flavolineatum(Desmarest), Haemulidae).
Campana, S.E. (1983). Feeding periodicity and the production of daily growth increments in otoliths of steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) and starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61(7), 1591-1597.
Campana, S.E., & Neilson, J.D. (1985). Microstructure of fish otoliths. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42(5), 1014-1032.
Campana, S.E. (1999). Chemistry and composition of fish otoliths: pathways, mechanisms and applications. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 188, 263-297.
Campana, S.E. (2005). Otolith science entering the 21st century. Marine and Freshwater Research, 56(5), 485-495.
Carlstrom, D. (1963). A crystallographic study of vertebrate otoliths. Biological bulletin, 125(3), 441-463.
Chen, H.L., & Tzeng, W.N. (2006). Daily growth increment formation in otoliths of Pacific tarpon Megalops cyprinoides during metamorphosis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 312, 255-263.
Cheng, P.W., & Tzeng, W.N. (1996). Timing of metamorphosis and estuarine arrival across the dispersal range of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. Marine ecology progress series. Oldendorf, 131(1), 87-96.
Cieri, M.D., & McCleave, J.D. (2000). Discrepancies between otoliths of larvae and juveniles of the American eel: is something fishy happening at metamorphosis? Journal of Fish Biology, 57(5), 1189-1198.
Degens, E.T., Deuser, W.G., & Haedrich, R.L. (1969). Molecular structure and composition of fish otoliths. Marine Biology, 2(2), 105-113.
Fossum, P., Kalish, J., & Moksness, E. (2000). Foreword. Fisheries Research, 46(1), 1-2.
Friedland, K.D., Miller, M.J., & Knights, B. (2007). Oceanic changes in the Sargasso Sea and declines in recruitment of the European eel. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 64(3), 519-530.
Han, Y.S., Tzeng, W.N., Huang, Y.S., & Liao, I.C. (2000). The silvering of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica: season, age, size and fat, 8(1&2), 37-45.
Han, Y.S., Tzeng, W.N., & Liao, I.C. (2009). Time series analysis of Taiwanese catch data of Japanese glass eels Anguilla japonica: possible effects of the reproductive cycle and El Nino events. Zoological Studies, 48, 632-639.
Han, Y.S., Zhang, H., Tseng, Y.H., & Shen, M.L. (2012). Larval Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) as sub‐surface current bio‐tracers on the East Asia continental shelf. Fisheries Oceanography.
Hsin, Y.C., Wu, C.R., & Chao, S.Y. (2012). An updated examination of the Luzon Strait transport. Journal of Geophysical Research. 117, C03022.
Ishikawa, S., Suzuki, K., Inagaki, T., Watanabe, S., Kimura, Y., Okamura, A., Hasumoto, H. (2002). Spawning time and place of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica in the North Equatorial Current of the western North Pacific Ocean. Fisheries Science, 67(6), 1097-1103.
Jacobson, L.D., De Oliveira, J.A.A., Barange, M., Cisneros-Mata, M.A., Felix-Uraga, R., Hunter, J.R., Porteiro, C. (2001). Surplus production, variability, and climate change in the great sardine and anchovy fisheries. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58(9), 1891-1903.
Kalish, J.M. (1989). Otolith microchemistry: validation of the effects of physiology, age and environment on otolith composition. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 132(3), 151-178.
Kashino Y., Espana N., Syamsudin F., Richards K.J., Jensen T., Dutrieux P., Ishida A. (2009). Observation of the North Equatorial Current, Mindanao Current, and Kuroshio Current Systen during the 2006/07 El Nino and 2007/08 La Nina. Journal of Oceanography, 65, 325-333.
Kettle, A.J., Bakker, D.C.E., & Haines, K. (2008). Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the trans-Atlantic migrations of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(G3), G03004.
Kim, H., Kimura, S., Shinoda, A., Kitagawa, T., Sasai, Y., & Sasaki, H. (2007). Effect of El Nino on migration and larval transport of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 64(7), 1387-1395.
Kim, H., Qu, T., Jensen, T., Miyama, T., Mitsudera, H., Kang, H.W., & Ishida, A. (2004). Seasonal and interannual variations of the North Equatorial Current bifurcation in a high-resolution OGCM. Journal of geophysical research, 109(C3), C03040.
Kimura, S., Doos, K., & Coward, A.C. (1999). Numerical simulation to resolve the issue of downstream migration of the Japanese eel. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 186, 303-306.
Kimura, S., Inoue, T., & Sugimoto, T. (2008). Fluctuation in the distribution of low‐salinity water in the North Equatorial Current and its effect on the larval transport of the Japanese eel. Fisheries Oceanography, 10(1), 51-60.
Kimura, S., & Tsukamoto, K. (2006). The salinity front in the North Equatorial Current: A landmark for the spawning migration of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) related to the stock recruitment. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 53(3), 315-325.
Kimura, S., Tsukamoto, K., & Sugimoto, T. (1994). A model for the larval migration of the Japanese eel: roles of the trade winds and salinity front. Marine Biology, 119(2), 185-190.
Knights, B. (2003). A review of the possible impacts of long-term oceanic and climate changes and fishing mortality on recruitment of anguillid eels of the Northern Hemisphere. Science of the Total Environment, 310(1), 237-244.
Kotake, A., Arai, T., Okamura, A., Yamada, Y., Utoh, T., Oka, H.P., Tsukamoto, K. (2007). Ecological aspects of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, collected from coastal areas of Japan. Zoological science, 24(12), 1213-1221.
Kuroki, M., Aoyama, J., Miller, M.J., Arai, T., Sugeha, H.Y., Minagawa, G., Tsukamoto, K. (2005). Correspondence between otolith microstructual changes and early life history events in Anguilla marmorata leptocephali and glass eels. Costal Marine Science, 29(2),154-161.
Kuroki, M., Aoyama, J., Miller, M.J., Yoshinaga, T., Shinoda, A., Hagihara, S., & Tsukamoto, K. (2009). Sympatric spawning of Anguilla marmorata and Anguilla japonica in the western North Pacific Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology, 74(9), 1853-1865.
Lehodey, P., Alheit, J., Barange, M., Baumgartner, T., Beaugrand, G., Drinkwater, K., Perry, RI. (2006). Climate variability, fish, and fisheries. Journal of Climate, 19(20), 5009-5030.
Lehodey, P., Bertignac, M., Hampton, J., Lewis, A., & Picaut, J. (1997). El Nino Southern Oscillation and tuna in the western Pacific. Nature, 389(6652), 715-718.
Liao, I.C. (2001). A general review on aquaculture in Asia: a focus on anguillid eel. 5th and 6th Asian Fisheries Forums. Chiang Mai, Thailand: AFS Special Publication(11), 39-54.
Maillet, G.L., & Checkley Jr, D.M. (1990). Effects of starvation on the frequency of formation and width of growth increments in sagittae of laboratory-reared Atlantic menhaden Brevootia tyrannus larvae. Fishery Bulletin, 88(1), 155-165.
Marshall, J., Johnson, H., & Goodman, J. (2001). A study of the interaction of the North Atlantic Oscillation with ocean circulation. Journal of Climate, 14(7), 1399-1421.
Martin, M.H. (1995). Validation of daily growth increments in otoliths of Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur) elvers. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 73(1), 208-211.
Matsui, I. (1972). Unagigaku: eel biology. Kosei-sha Kosei-Kaku, Tokyo.
McCleave, J.D. (2008). Contrasts between spawning times of Anguilla species estimated from larval sampling at sea and from otolith analysis of recruiting glass eels. Marine Biology, 155(3), 249-262.
McCleave, J.D., & Wippelhauser, G.S. (1987). Behavioral aspects of selective tidal stream transport in juvenile American eels. Paper presented at the American Fisheries Society Symposium.
McCleave, J.D., Brickley, P.J., O''brien, K.M., Kistner, D.A., Wong, M.W., Gallagher, M., & Watson, S.M. (1998). Do leptocephali of the European eel swim to reach continental waters? Status of the question. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 78(01), 285-306.
Miller, M.J., Kimura, S., Friedland, K.D., Knight, B., & Kim, H. (2009). Review of ocean-atmospheric factors in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans influencing spawning and recruitment of anguillid eels. Paper presented at the Challenges for diadromous fishes in a dynamic global environment: proceedings of the international symposium" Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment" held in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, June 18-21, 2007.
Miller, M.J. (2009). Ecology of anguilliform leptocephali: remarkable transparent fish larvae of the ocean surface layer. Aqua BioSci Monogr, 2(4), 1-94.
Nitani, H. (1972). Beginning of the Kuroshio. Kuroshio, its physical aspects, 129-163.
Panfili, J., De Pontual, H., Troadec, H., & Wrigh, P.J. (2002). Manual of fish sclerochronology. IFREMER. IRD, Plouzane, France.
Pannella, G. (1971). Fish otoliths: daily growth layers and periodical patterns. Science, 173, 1124-1127.
Powles, P.M., Hare, J.A., Laban, E.H., & Warlen, S.M. (2006). Does eel metamorphosis cause a breakdown in the tenets of otolith applications? A case study using the speckled worm eel (Myrophis punctatus, Ophichthidae). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 63(7), 1460-1468.
Qiu, B., & Lukas, R. (1996). Seasonal and interannual variability of the North Equatorial Current, the Mindanao Current, and the Kuroshio along the Pacific western boundary. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101(C5), 12,315-312,330.
Qiu, B., & Chen, S. (2010). Interannual-to-decadal variability in the bifurcation of the North Equatorial Current off the Philippines. Journal of physical oceanography, 40(11), 2525-2538.
Radtke, R.L., & Targett, T.E. (1984). Rhythmic structural and chemical patterns in otoliths of the Antarctic fish Notothenia larseni: their application to age determination. Polar biology, 3(4), 203-210.
Secor. (1995). Recent developments in fish otolith research (Vol. 19).
Sheu, W.J., Wu, C.R. & Oey, L.Y. (2010) Blocking and westward passage of eddies in the Luzon strait. Deep Sea Res, II(57), 1783-1791.
Smith, D.C. (1992). Age determination and growth in fish and other aquatic animals: CSIRO Australia.
Stenseth, N.C., Mysterud A., Ottersen G., Hurrell J.W., Chan K.S., Lima M. (2002). Ecological effects of climate fluctuations. Science, 297(5585), 1292-1296.
Sugeha, H.Y., Arai, T., Miller, M.J., Limbongz D., & Tsukamotol, K. (2001). Inshore migration oi the tropical eels Anguilla spp. recruiting to the Poigar River estuary on north Sulawesi Island. Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 221, 233-243.
Tatsukawa, K. (2003). Eel resources in East Asia. Eel biology. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, 293-298.
Tesch, F.W., & White, R.J. (2008). The eel: Wiley-Blackwell.
Toole, J.M., Millard, R.C., Wang, Z., & Pu, S. (1990). Observations of the Pacific North Equatorial Current Bifurcation at the Philippine Coast. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 20, 307-318.
Townsend, C.R., & Hildrew, A.G. (1980). Foraging in a patchy environment by a predatory net-spinning caddis larva: a test of optimal foraging theory. Oecologia, 47(2), 219-221.
Trenberth, K.E. (1997). The definition of el nino. Bulletin of the american Meteorological Society, 78(12), 2771-2777.
Tsukamoto, K. (1989). Otolith daily increments in the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 55.
Tsukamoto, K. (1992). Discovery of the spawning area for Japanese eel. Nature, 356(6372), 789-791.
Tsukamoto, K. (2006). Oceanic biology: spawning of eels near a seamount. Nature, 439(7079), 929-929.
Tsukamoto, K. (2009). Oceanic migration and spawning of anguillid eels. Journal of Fish Biology, 74(9), 1833-1852.
Tzeng, W.N. (1985). Immigration timing and activity rhythms of the eel, Anguilla japonica, elvers in the estuary of northern Taiwan, with emphasis on environmental influences. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Fisheries Oceanography, 47.48, 11-28.
Tzeng, W.N. (1990). Relationship between growth rate and age at recruitment of Anguilla japonica elvers in a Taiwan estuary ad inferred from otolith growth increments. Marine Biology, 107, 75-81.
Tzeng, W.N. (2003). The processes of onshore migration of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica as revealed by otolith microstructure.
Tzeng, W.N., Tzeng Y.H., Han Y.S., Hsu C.C., Chang C.W., Lorenzo E.D., Hsieh C.H. (2012). Evaluation of multi-scale climate effects on annual recruitment levels of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, to Taiwan. PLoS ONE 7(2), e30805.
Umezawa, A., Tsukamoto, K., Tabeta, O., & Yamakawa, H. (1989). Daily growth increments in the larval otolith of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Ichthyological Research, 35(4), 440-444.
Wu, C.R., & Chiang, T.L. (2007) Mesoscale eddies in the northern South China Sea. Deep Sea Res. II, 54, 1575-1588.
Wu, C.R., & Hsin, Y.C. (2005). Volume transport through the Taiwan Strait: a numerical study. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. 16, 377-391.
Wu, C.R. (2012). Interannual modulation of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on the low-latitude western North Pacific. Progress In Oceanography.
Zenimoto, K., Kitagawa, T., Miyazaki, S., Sasai, Y., Sasaki, H., & Kimura, S. (2009). The effects of seasonal and interannual variability of oceanic structure in the western Pacific North Equatorial Current on larval transport of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. Journal of Fish Biology, 74(9), 1878-1890.
Aoyama, J. (2009). Life history and evolution of migration in catadromous eels (Genus Anguilla). Aqua-BioSci Monogr, 2(1), 1-42.
Arai, T., Limbong, D., & Tsukamoto, K. (2000). Validation of otolith daily increments in the tropical eel Anguilla celebesensis. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78(6), 1078-1084.
Arai, T., Otake T., Tsukamoto K. (2000). Timing of metamorphosis and larval segregation of the Atalantic eels Anguilla rostrata and A. anguilla, as revealed by otolith microstructure and microchemistry. Marine Biology, 137, 39-45.
Beamish, R.J., & Bouillon, D.R. (1993). Pacific salmon production trends in relation to climate. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 50(5), 1002-1016.
Begg, G.A., Campana, S.E., Fowler, A.J., & Suthers, I.M. (2005). Otolith research and application: current directions in innovation and implementation. Marine and Freshwater Research, 56(5), 477-483.
Bonhommeau, S., Chassot, E., Planque, B., Rivot, E., Knap, A.H., & Le Pape, O. (2008). Impact of climate on eel populations of the Northern Hemisphere. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 373, 71-80.
Brothers, E.B., & McFarland, W.N. (1981). Correlations Between Otolith Microstructure, Growth, and Life History Transitions in Newly Recruited French Grunts(Haemulon flavolineatum(Desmarest), Haemulidae).
Campana, S.E. (1983). Feeding periodicity and the production of daily growth increments in otoliths of steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) and starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61(7), 1591-1597.
Campana, S.E., & Neilson, J.D. (1985). Microstructure of fish otoliths. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42(5), 1014-1032.
Campana, S.E. (1999). Chemistry and composition of fish otoliths: pathways, mechanisms and applications. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 188, 263-297.
Campana, S.E. (2005). Otolith science entering the 21st century. Marine and Freshwater Research, 56(5), 485-495.
Carlstrom, D. (1963). A crystallographic study of vertebrate otoliths. Biological bulletin, 125(3), 441-463.
Chen, H.L., & Tzeng, W.N. (2006). Daily growth increment formation in otoliths of Pacific tarpon Megalops cyprinoides during metamorphosis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 312, 255-263.
Cheng, P.W., & Tzeng, W.N. (1996). Timing of metamorphosis and estuarine arrival across the dispersal range of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. Marine ecology progress series. Oldendorf, 131(1), 87-96.
Cieri, M.D., & McCleave, J.D. (2000). Discrepancies between otoliths of larvae and juveniles of the American eel: is something fishy happening at metamorphosis? Journal of Fish Biology, 57(5), 1189-1198.
Degens, E.T., Deuser, W.G., & Haedrich, R.L. (1969). Molecular structure and composition of fish otoliths. Marine Biology, 2(2), 105-113.
Fossum, P., Kalish, J., & Moksness, E. (2000). Foreword. Fisheries Research, 46(1), 1-2.
Friedland, K.D., Miller, M.J., & Knights, B. (2007). Oceanic changes in the Sargasso Sea and declines in recruitment of the European eel. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 64(3), 519-530.
Han, Y.S., Tzeng, W.N., Huang, Y.S., & Liao, I.C. (2000). The silvering of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica: season, age, size and fat, 8(1&2), 37-45.
Han, Y.S., Tzeng, W.N., & Liao, I.C. (2009). Time series analysis of Taiwanese catch data of Japanese glass eels Anguilla japonica: possible effects of the reproductive cycle and El Nino events. Zoological Studies, 48, 632-639.
Han, Y.S., Zhang, H., Tseng, Y.H., & Shen, M.L. (2012). Larval Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) as sub‐surface current bio‐tracers on the East Asia continental shelf. Fisheries Oceanography.
Hsin, Y.C., Wu, C.R., & Chao, S.Y. (2012). An updated examination of the Luzon Strait transport. Journal of Geophysical Research. 117, C03022.
Ishikawa, S., Suzuki, K., Inagaki, T., Watanabe, S., Kimura, Y., Okamura, A., Hasumoto, H. (2002). Spawning time and place of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica in the North Equatorial Current of the western North Pacific Ocean. Fisheries Science, 67(6), 1097-1103.
Jacobson, L.D., De Oliveira, J.A.A., Barange, M., Cisneros-Mata, M.A., Felix-Uraga, R., Hunter, J.R., Porteiro, C. (2001). Surplus production, variability, and climate change in the great sardine and anchovy fisheries. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58(9), 1891-1903.
Kalish, J.M. (1989). Otolith microchemistry: validation of the effects of physiology, age and environment on otolith composition. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 132(3), 151-178.
Kashino Y., Espana N., Syamsudin F., Richards K.J., Jensen T., Dutrieux P., Ishida A. (2009). Observation of the North Equatorial Current, Mindanao Current, and Kuroshio Current Systen during the 2006/07 El Nino and 2007/08 La Nina. Journal of Oceanography, 65, 325-333.
Kettle, A.J., Bakker, D.C.E., & Haines, K. (2008). Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the trans-Atlantic migrations of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(G3), G03004.
Kim, H., Kimura, S., Shinoda, A., Kitagawa, T., Sasai, Y., & Sasaki, H. (2007). Effect of El Nino on migration and larval transport of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 64(7), 1387-1395.
Kim, H., Qu, T., Jensen, T., Miyama, T., Mitsudera, H., Kang, H.W., & Ishida, A. (2004). Seasonal and interannual variations of the North Equatorial Current bifurcation in a high-resolution OGCM. Journal of geophysical research, 109(C3), C03040.
Kimura, S., Doos, K., & Coward, A.C. (1999). Numerical simulation to resolve the issue of downstream migration of the Japanese eel. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 186, 303-306.
Kimura, S., Inoue, T., & Sugimoto, T. (2008). Fluctuation in the distribution of low‐salinity water in the North Equatorial Current and its effect on the larval transport of the Japanese eel. Fisheries Oceanography, 10(1), 51-60.
Kimura, S., & Tsukamoto, K. (2006). The salinity front in the North Equatorial Current: A landmark for the spawning migration of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) related to the stock recruitment. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 53(3), 315-325.
Kimura, S., Tsukamoto, K., & Sugimoto, T. (1994). A model for the larval migration of the Japanese eel: roles of the trade winds and salinity front. Marine Biology, 119(2), 185-190.
Knights, B. (2003). A review of the possible impacts of long-term oceanic and climate changes and fishing mortality on recruitment of anguillid eels of the Northern Hemisphere. Science of the Total Environment, 310(1), 237-244.
Kotake, A., Arai, T., Okamura, A., Yamada, Y., Utoh, T., Oka, H.P., Tsukamoto, K. (2007). Ecological aspects of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, collected from coastal areas of Japan. Zoological science, 24(12), 1213-1221.
Kuroki, M., Aoyama, J., Miller, M.J., Arai, T., Sugeha, H.Y., Minagawa, G., Tsukamoto, K. (2005). Correspondence between otolith microstructual changes and early life history events in Anguilla marmorata leptocephali and glass eels. Costal Marine Science, 29(2),154-161.
Kuroki, M., Aoyama, J., Miller, M.J., Yoshinaga, T., Shinoda, A., Hagihara, S., & Tsukamoto, K. (2009). Sympatric spawning of Anguilla marmorata and Anguilla japonica in the western North Pacific Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology, 74(9), 1853-1865.
Lehodey, P., Alheit, J., Barange, M., Baumgartner, T., Beaugrand, G., Drinkwater, K., Perry, RI. (2006). Climate variability, fish, and fisheries. Journal of Climate, 19(20), 5009-5030.
Lehodey, P., Bertignac, M., Hampton, J., Lewis, A., & Picaut, J. (1997). El Nino Southern Oscillation and tuna in the western Pacific. Nature, 389(6652), 715-718.
Liao, I.C. (2001). A general review on aquaculture in Asia: a focus on anguillid eel. 5th and 6th Asian Fisheries Forums. Chiang Mai, Thailand: AFS Special Publication(11), 39-54.
Maillet, G.L., & Checkley Jr, D.M. (1990). Effects of starvation on the frequency of formation and width of growth increments in sagittae of laboratory-reared Atlantic menhaden Brevootia tyrannus larvae. Fishery Bulletin, 88(1), 155-165.
Marshall, J., Johnson, H., & Goodman, J. (2001). A study of the interaction of the North Atlantic Oscillation with ocean circulation. Journal of Climate, 14(7), 1399-1421.
Martin, M.H. (1995). Validation of daily growth increments in otoliths of Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur) elvers. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 73(1), 208-211.
Matsui, I. (1972). Unagigaku: eel biology. Kosei-sha Kosei-Kaku, Tokyo.
McCleave, J.D. (2008). Contrasts between spawning times of Anguilla species estimated from larval sampling at sea and from otolith analysis of recruiting glass eels. Marine Biology, 155(3), 249-262.
McCleave, J.D., & Wippelhauser, G.S. (1987). Behavioral aspects of selective tidal stream transport in juvenile American eels. Paper presented at the American Fisheries Society Symposium.
McCleave, J.D., Brickley, P.J., O''brien, K.M., Kistner, D.A., Wong, M.W., Gallagher, M., & Watson, S.M. (1998). Do leptocephali of the European eel swim to reach continental waters? Status of the question. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 78(01), 285-306.
Miller, M.J., Kimura, S., Friedland, K.D., Knight, B., & Kim, H. (2009). Review of ocean-atmospheric factors in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans influencing spawning and recruitment of anguillid eels. Paper presented at the Challenges for diadromous fishes in a dynamic global environment: proceedings of the international symposium" Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment" held in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, June 18-21, 2007.
Miller, M.J. (2009). Ecology of anguilliform leptocephali: remarkable transparent fish larvae of the ocean surface layer. Aqua BioSci Monogr, 2(4), 1-94.
Nitani, H. (1972). Beginning of the Kuroshio. Kuroshio, its physical aspects, 129-163.
Panfili, J., De Pontual, H., Troadec, H., & Wrigh, P.J. (2002). Manual of fish sclerochronology. IFREMER. IRD, Plouzane, France.
Pannella, G. (1971). Fish otoliths: daily growth layers and periodical patterns. Science, 173, 1124-1127.
Powles, P.M., Hare, J.A., Laban, E.H., & Warlen, S.M. (2006). Does eel metamorphosis cause a breakdown in the tenets of otolith applications? A case study using the speckled worm eel (Myrophis punctatus, Ophichthidae). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 63(7), 1460-1468.
Qiu, B., & Lukas, R. (1996). Seasonal and interannual variability of the North Equatorial Current, the Mindanao Current, and the Kuroshio along the Pacific western boundary. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101(C5), 12,315-312,330.
Qiu, B., & Chen, S. (2010). Interannual-to-decadal variability in the bifurcation of the North Equatorial Current off the Philippines. Journal of physical oceanography, 40(11), 2525-2538.
Radtke, R.L., & Targett, T.E. (1984). Rhythmic structural and chemical patterns in otoliths of the Antarctic fish Notothenia larseni: their application to age determination. Polar biology, 3(4), 203-210.
Secor. (1995). Recent developments in fish otolith research (Vol. 19).
Sheu, W.J., Wu, C.R. & Oey, L.Y. (2010) Blocking and westward passage of eddies in the Luzon strait. Deep Sea Res, II(57), 1783-1791.
Smith, D.C. (1992). Age determination and growth in fish and other aquatic animals: CSIRO Australia.
Stenseth, N.C., Mysterud A., Ottersen G., Hurrell J.W., Chan K.S., Lima M. (2002). Ecological effects of climate fluctuations. Science, 297(5585), 1292-1296.
Sugeha, H.Y., Arai, T., Miller, M.J., Limbongz D., & Tsukamotol, K. (2001). Inshore migration oi the tropical eels Anguilla spp. recruiting to the Poigar River estuary on north Sulawesi Island. Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 221, 233-243.
Tatsukawa, K. (2003). Eel resources in East Asia. Eel biology. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, 293-298.
Tesch, F.W., & White, R.J. (2008). The eel: Wiley-Blackwell.
Toole, J.M., Millard, R.C., Wang, Z., & Pu, S. (1990). Observations of the Pacific North Equatorial Current Bifurcation at the Philippine Coast. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 20, 307-318.
Townsend, C.R., & Hildrew, A.G. (1980). Foraging in a patchy environment by a predatory net-spinning caddis larva: a test of optimal foraging theory. Oecologia, 47(2), 219-221.
Trenberth, K.E. (1997). The definition of el nino. Bulletin of the american Meteorological Society, 78(12), 2771-2777.
Tsukamoto, K. (1989). Otolith daily increments in the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 55.
Tsukamoto, K. (1992). Discovery of the spawning area for Japanese eel. Nature, 356(6372), 789-791.
Tsukamoto, K. (2006). Oceanic biology: spawning of eels near a seamount. Nature, 439(7079), 929-929.
Tsukamoto, K. (2009). Oceanic migration and spawning of anguillid eels. Journal of Fish Biology, 74(9), 1833-1852.
Tzeng, W.N. (1985). Immigration timing and activity rhythms of the eel, Anguilla japonica, elvers in the estuary of northern Taiwan, with emphasis on environmental influences. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Fisheries Oceanography, 47.48, 11-28.
Tzeng, W.N. (1990). Relationship between growth rate and age at recruitment of Anguilla japonica elvers in a Taiwan estuary ad inferred from otolith growth increments. Marine Biology, 107, 75-81.
Tzeng, W.N. (2003). The processes of onshore migration of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica as revealed by otolith microstructure.
Tzeng, W.N., Tzeng Y.H., Han Y.S., Hsu C.C., Chang C.W., Lorenzo E.D., Hsieh C.H. (2012). Evaluation of multi-scale climate effects on annual recruitment levels of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, to Taiwan. PLoS ONE 7(2), e30805.
Umezawa, A., Tsukamoto, K., Tabeta, O., & Yamakawa, H. (1989). Daily growth increments in the larval otolith of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Ichthyological Research, 35(4), 440-444.
Wu, C.R., & Chiang, T.L. (2007) Mesoscale eddies in the northern South China Sea. Deep Sea Res. II, 54, 1575-1588.
Wu, C.R., & Hsin, Y.C. (2005). Volume transport through the Taiwan Strait: a numerical study. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. 16, 377-391.
Wu, C.R. (2012). Interannual modulation of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on the low-latitude western North Pacific. Progress In Oceanography.
Zenimoto, K., Kitagawa, T., Miyazaki, S., Sasai, Y., Sasaki, H., & Kimura, S. (2009). The effects of seasonal and interannual variability of oceanic structure in the western Pacific North Equatorial Current on larval transport of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. Journal of Fish Biology, 74(9), 1878-1890.

Refereces in Chinese
李國添、王凱毅、邱暉玉 (2010) 氣候變遷對台灣海域日本鰻(Anguilla japonica)
鰻苗來游量變動之衝擊。水產月刊，5：1=661，13-22。
何敏 (2012) 日本鰻玻璃鰻體長之時空變異分析。臺灣大學漁業科學研究所碩士論文。