臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

The field of magnetic nanocomposites is fascinating from the aspect of integrating the key features of both polymers and magnetic nanoparticles into an attractive new generation hybrid material. The sustainable biopolymers such as cellulose, chitin and chitosan were used for this study. The synthesis of biopolymers-based magnetic nanocomposites was accomplished through co-precipitation method. Biopolymers homogenized with ferric and ferrous mixture followed by adjusting the homogenate to alkaline pH generates desired nanocomposites. Magnetic-bacterial cellulose (MBC), magnetic chitin (MCT) soaked in dopamine solution will be coated with an adherent self-polymerized multifunctional polydopamine layer on the surface of MBC and MCT. Polydopamine coated magnetic-bacterial cellulose contains multifunctional groups, which acts as a reducing agent for in situ preparation of reusable antibacterial Ag-nanocomposites. The Ag nanocomposite holds a high antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Its application for in situ fermentation medium sterilization is also demonstrated. Further, polydopamine functionalized MCT also served as α-amylase immobilization matrix, starch hydrolysis efficiency was enhanced over wider pH and temperature ranges. The magnetically retrievable immobilized α-amylase retained over 70% of its original activity after six times of repeated use. Magnetite particles present in the PMBC can also serve as mimic peroxidase and polydopamine surface can immobilize glucose oxidase (GOX) to determine glucose concentration or remove glucose in the solution. MBC and PMBC are showed mimic peroxidase activity over wide pH and temperature range. Further, MBC magnetic-chitosan (MCTS) is modified with resacetophenone (RATP) formed Schiff- base can be utilized as immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) carrier for model poly-histidine tagged green fluorescent protein (GFP) purification. Likewise, under supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) condition ethanolic BC gel also acts as reducing agent to generate silver nanoparticle incorporated in the light-weight BC aerogels.

The field of magnetic nanocomposites is fascinating from the aspect of integrating the key features of both polymers and magnetic nanoparticles into an attractive new generation hybrid material. The sustainable biopolymers such as cellulose, chitin and chitosan were used for this study. The synthesis of biopolymers-based magnetic nanocomposites was accomplished through co-precipitation method. Biopolymers homogenized with ferric and ferrous mixture followed by adjusting the homogenate to alkaline pH generates desired nanocomposites. Magnetic-bacterial cellulose (MBC), magnetic chitin (MCT) soaked in dopamine solution will be coated with an adherent self-polymerized multifunctional polydopamine layer on the surface of MBC and MCT. Polydopamine coated magnetic-bacterial cellulose contains multifunctional groups, which acts as a reducing agent for in situ preparation of reusable antibacterial Ag-nanocomposites. The Ag nanocomposite holds a high antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Its application for in situ fermentation medium sterilization is also demonstrated. Further, polydopamine functionalized MCT also served as α-amylase immobilization matrix, starch hydrolysis efficiency was enhanced over wider pH and temperature ranges. The magnetically retrievable immobilized α-amylase retained over 70% of its original activity after six times of repeated use. Magnetite particles present in the PMBC can also serve as mimic peroxidase and polydopamine surface can immobilize glucose oxidase (GOX) to determine glucose concentration or remove glucose in the solution. MBC and PMBC are showed mimic peroxidase activity over wide pH and temperature range. Further, MBC magnetic-chitosan (MCTS) is modified with resacetophenone (RATP) formed Schiff- base can be utilized as immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) carrier for model poly-histidine tagged green fluorescent protein (GFP) purification. Likewise, under supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) condition ethanolic BC gel also acts as reducing agent to generate silver nanoparticle incorporated in the light-weight BC aerogels.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


TITLE COVER I
RECOMMENDATON LETTER III
APPROVAL LETTER IV
DEDICATION V
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS VI
ABSTRACT VII
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IX
TABLE OF CONTENTS X
LIST OF FIGURES……. XV
LIST OF TABLES XVII
I INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General Introduction 1
1.2 Cellulose, Chitin and Chitosan 2
1.3 Nanoscale Magnetic Particles 4
1.3.1 Superparamagnetism 5
1.3.2 Preparation of magnetic nanoparticles 6
1.3.3 Functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles 6
1.3.4 Magnetic nanocomposites 7
1.4 Polydopamine Coating 7
1.5 Resacetophenone modification 10
1.6 Motivation and Objective 11
1.7 Structure of the Dissertation 11
1.8 References 13


II MAGNETIC ANTIMICROBIAL NANOCOMPOSITE BASED ON BACTERIAL CELLULOSE AND SILVER NANOPARTICLES 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Experimental Section 23
2.2.1 Materials and Bacterial Strains 23
2.2.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Silver Nanoparticles Nanocomposite 24
2.2.3 Characterization 26
2.2.4 AntibacterialActivity of Silver Nanocomposite 26
2.2.4.1 Colony Forming Efficiency 27
2.2.4.2 Repeated use of Ag Nanocomposite 27
2.2.4.3 Bacterial Growth Curve 27
2.2.4.4 Fermentation medium sterilization 28
2.3 Results and Discussion 28
2.3.1 Characterization of magnetic Ag Nanocomposite 28
2.3.2 Assessment of Antibacterial Activity of Magnetic Ag Nanocomposite 38
2.3.2.1 Antimicrobial Efficacy 38
2.3.2.2 Repeated use of Ag Nanocomposite 40
2.2.4.3 Bacterial Growth Inhibition 41
2.2.4.4 Fermentation medium sterilization 43
2.4 Summary 45
2.5 References 46

III POLYDOPAMINE COATED MAGNETIC-CHITIN (MCT) PARTICLES AS A NEW MATRIX FOR ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Experimental Section 57
3.2.1 Materials 57
3.2.2 Preparation of Polydopamine Coated Magnetic-chitin (PMCT) 58
3.2.3 Characterization of MCT, PMCT and PMCT-GA 58
3.2.4 Immobilization of α-amylase onto PMCT 59
3.2.4.1 Activity of the Free and Immobilized α-amylase 59
3.2.4.2 Optimum Conditions for α-amylase Activity 61
3.2.4.3 Reusability of Immobilized α-amylase 61
3.3 Results and Discussion 61
3.3.1 Characterization of Enzyme Immobilization Matrix 61
3.3.2 α-Amylase Immobilization 67
3.3.2.1 Starch Hydrolysis 67
3.3.2.2 Optimum Conditions for α-amylase Activity 68
3.3.3.3 Reusability of Immobilized α-amylase 71
3.4 Summary 72
3.5 References 72

IV MAGNETIC NANOCOMPOSITE AS A MIMETIC PEROXIDASE AND ITS APPLICATION FOR GLUCOSE ASSAY 78
4.1 Introduction 78
4.2 Experimental Section 82
4.2.1 Materials and Bacterial Strains 82
4.2.2 Preparation of MBC and PMBC 82
4.2.3 Measurement of Peroxidase-like Activity 82
4.2.3.1 Optimum Condition for Mimic Peroxidae Activity 84
4.2.3.2 Reusablity of Mimic Peroxidase 84
4.2.4 Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase 85
4.2.4.1 Glucose measurement 85
4.3 Results and Discussion 86
4.3.1 Characterization of MBC and PMBC 86
4.3.2 Optimum Reaction Condition 86
4.3.3 Resusablity 88
4.3.4 Glucose Detection 90
4.4 Summary 92
4.5 References 92

VI RESACETOPHENONE MODIFIED MAGNETIC-CHITOSAN PARTICLES FOR HIS-TAG PROTEIN PURIFICATION 97
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 Experimental Section 106
6.2.1 Materials 106
6.2.2 Preparation of Magnetic-chitosan 106
6.2.3 Functionalization of Magnetic-chitosan with Resacetophenone 106
6.2.4 Determination of the number of amino groups on the particles 107
6.2.5 Adsorption studies 107
6.2.6 Characterization 107
6.2.7 Production and Purification of GFP 108
6.3 Results and Discussion 109
6.3.1 Characterization of Enzyme Purification Matrix 109
6.3.2 Estimation of Amino Group 113
6.3.3 Metal Adsorption 114
6.3.4 Protein Purification 115
6.4 Summary 117
6.5 References 117

VI PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES INCOPORATED BACTERIAL CELLULOSE (BC) AEROGELS 126
6.1 Introduction 126
6.2 Experimental Section 131
6.2.1 Materials and Bacterial Strain 131
6.2.2 Ag Nanoparticles impregnated light-weight BC 131
6.2.3 Characterization 132
6.3 Results and Discussion 132
6.3.1 FE-SEM of Ag nanoparticle incorporated BC aerogel 132
6.3.2 SPR of Ag nanoparticle incorporated BC aerogel 133
6.3.3 XRD of Ag nanoparticle incorporated BC aerogel 134
6.3.4 TGA of Ag nanoparticle incorporated BC aerogel 135
6.4 Summary 136
6.5 References 137
VII CONCLUSION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 143
7.1 Conclusion 143
7.2 Future Outlook 145

CURRICULUM VITAE 146
COPY RIGHT 148

Chapter I

1.Currall SC, King EB, Lane N, Madera J, Turner S. What drives public acceptance of nanotechnology? Nature Nanotechnology 2006;1(3):153-155.
2.Hullmann A. Who is winning the global nanorace? Nature Nanotechnology 2006;1(2):81-83.
3.Tabuchi M. Nanobiotech versus synthetic nanotech? Nature biotechnology 2007;25(4):389-390.
4.Dios AS, Diaz-Garcia ME. Multifunctional Nanoparticles: Analytical Prospects. Analytica Chimica Acta 2010;666(1-2):1-22.
5.Gao J, Gu H, Xu B. Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles: design, synthesis, and biomedical applications. Acc Chem Res 2009;42(8):1097-1107.
6.Liong M, Lu J, Kovochich M, Xia T, Ruehm SG, Nel AE, et al. Multifunctional inorganic nanoparticles for imaging, targeting, and drug delivery. ACS nano 2008;2(5):889-896.
7.McCarthy JR, Weissleder R. Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles for targeted imaging and therapy. Advanced drug delivery reviews 2008;60(11):1241-1251.
8.Sanvicens N, Marco MP. Multifunctional nanoparticles-properties and prospects for their use in human medicine. Trends in Biotechnology 2008;26(8):425-433.
9.Islam T, Josephson L. Current state and future applications of active targeting in malignancies using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Cancer Biomarkers 2009;5(2):99-107.
10.Park B, editor. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, Nanotechnology: consequences for human health and the environment: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007.
11.Sahoo SK, Parveen S, Panda JJ. The present and future of nanotechnology in human health care. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2007;3(1):20-31.
12.Payne GF. Biopolymer-based materials: the nanoscale components and their hierarchical assembly. Current opinion in chemical biology 2007;11(2):214-219.
13.Darder M, Aranda P, Ruiz-Hitzky E. Bionanocomposites: a new concept of ecological, bioinspired, and functional hybrid materials. Advanced Materials 2007;19(10):1309-1319.
14.Oksman K, Mathew AP, Sain M. Novel bionanocomposites: processing, properties and potential applications. Plastics, Rubber and Composites, 38 2009;9(10):396-405.
15.Ruiz-Hitzky E, Darder M, Aranda P, del Burgo M, del Real G. Bionanocomposites as New Carriers for Influenza Vaccines. Advanced Materials 2009;21(41):4167-4171.
16.Sorrentino A, Gorrasi G, Vittoria V. Potential perspectives of bio-nanocomposites for food packaging applications. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2007;18(2):84-95.
17.Paul DR, Robeson LM. Polymer nanotechnology: nanocomposites. Polymer 2008;49(15):3187-3204.
18.Vaia RA, Maguire JF. Polymer nanocomposites with prescribed morphology: going beyond nanoparticle-filled polymers. Chem Mater 2007;19(11):2736-2751.
19.Kogan G, Šoltes L, Stern R, Gemeiner P. Hyaluronic acid: a natural biopolymer with a broad range of biomedical and industrial applications. Biotechnology letters 2007;29(1):17-25.
20.Oh JK, Lee DI, Park JM. Biopolymer-based microgels/nanogels for drug delivery applications. Progress in Polymer Science 2009;34(12):1261-1282.
21.Rehm BHA. Bacterial polymers: biosynthesis, modifications and applications. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2010.
22.Song E, Yeon Kim S, Chun T, Byun HJ, Lee YM. Collagen scaffolds derived from a marine source and their biocompatibility. Biomaterials 2006;27(15):2951-2961.
23.Aytekin O, Elibol M. Cocultivation of Lactococcus lactis and Teredinobacter turnirae for biological chitin extraction from prawn waste. Bioprocess and biosystems engineering;33(3):393-399.
24.Lim LT, Auras R, Rubino M. Processing technologies for poly (lactic acid). Progress in Polymer Science 2008;33(8):820-852.
25.Moran JI, Alvarez VA, Cyras VP, Vazquez A. Extraction of cellulose and preparation of nanocellulose from sisal fibers. Cellulose 2008;15(1):149-159.
26.Bai W, Holbery J, Li K. A technique for production of nanocrystalline cellulose with a narrow size distribution. Cellulose 2009;16(3):455-465.
27.Kim J, Yun S, Ounaies Z. Discovery of cellulose as a smart material. Macromolecules 2006;39(12):4202-4206.
28.Capadona JR, Shanmuganathan K, Trittschuh S, Seidel S, Rowan SJ, Weder C. Polymer Nanocomposites with Nanowhiskers Isolated from Microcrystalline Cellulose. Biomacromolecules 2009;10(4):712-716.
29.Czaja WK, Young DJ, Kawecki M, Brown Jr RM. The future prospects of microbial cellulose in biomedical applications. Biomacromolecules 2007;8(1):1-12.
30.Leschine S. MICROBIAL FERMENTATION OF ABUNDANT BIOPOLYMERS: CELLULOSE AND CHITIN: University of Massachusetts, Amherst; 2009.
31.Rinaudo M. Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications. Progress in Polymer Science 2006;31(7):603-632.
32.Li L, Hsieh YL. Chitosan bicomponent nanofibers and nanoporous fibers. Carbohydrate research 2006;341(3):374-381.
33.Berry CC, Curtis ASG. Functionalisation of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 2003;36:R198.
34.Bucak S, Jones DA, Laibinis PE, Hatton TA. Protein separations using colloidal magnetic nanoparticles. Biotechnology progress 2003;19(2):477-484.
35.Ito A, Shinkai M, Honda H, Kobayashi T. Medical application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 2005;100(1):1-11.
36.Lu AH, Salabas EL, Schuth F. Magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis, protection, functionalization, and application. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2007;46(8):1222-1244.
37.Pankhurst QA, Connolly J, Jones SK, Dobson J. Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 2003;36:R167.
38.Šafařik IŠ, M. Magnetic nanoparticles and biosciences. Monatshefte fur Chemie/Chemical Monthly 2002;133(6):737-759.
39.Huber DL. Synthesis, properties, and applications of iron nanoparticles. Small 2005;1(5):482-501.
40.Hyeon T. Chemical synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles. Chemical Communications 2003;2003(8):927-934.
41.Ngo AT, Bonville P, Pileni MP. Nanoparticles of: Synthesis and superparamagnetic properties. The European Physical Journal B-Condensed Matter and Complex Systems 1969;9(4):583-592.
42.Sun S, Zeng H. Size-controlled synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2002;124(28):8204-8205.
43.Gao L, Zhuang J, Nie L, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Gu N, et al. Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Nature Nanotechnology 2007;2(9):577-583.
44.Dyal A, Loos K, Noto M, Chang SW, Spagnoli C, Shafi K, et al. Activity of Candida rugosa lipase immobilized on -Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2003;125(7):1684-1685.
45.Mornet S, Vasseur S, Grasset F, Duguet E. Magnetic nanoparticle design for medical diagnosis and therapy. Journal of Materials Chemistry 2004;14(14):2161-2175.
46.Sun S, Anders S, Hamann HF, Thiele JU, Baglin JEE, Thomson T, et al. Polymer mediated self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2002;124(12):2884-2885.
47.Castro C, Ramos J, Millan A, Gonzalez-Calbet J, Palacio F. Production of magnetic nanoparticles in imine polymer matrixes. Chem Mater 2000;12(12):3681-3688.
48.Corr SA, Rakovich YP, Gun’ko YK. Multifunctional magnetic-fluorescent nanocomposites for biomedical applications. Nanoscale Research Letters 2008;3(3):87-104.
49.Yi DK, Lee SS, Ying JY. Synthesis and applications of magnetic nanocomposite catalysts. Chem Mater 2006;18(10):2459-2461.
50.Ortega D, Garitaonandia JS, Ramirez-del-Solar M, Barrera-Solano C, Dominguez M. Relationship between nanoparticle growth and magnetic properties of magnetic nanocomposites. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 2008;354(47-51):5213-5215.
51.Satarkar NS, Hilt JZ. Magnetic hydrogel nanocomposites for remote controlled pulsatile drug release. Journal of Controlled Release 2008;130(3):246-251.
52.Bernsmann F, Ponche A, Ringwald C, Hemmerle J, Raya J, Bechinger B, et al. Characterization of Dopamine- Melanin Growth on Silicon Oxide. Langmuir 2009;25(13):7368-7374.
53.Bernsmann F, Ponche A, Ringwald C, Hemmerle J, Raya J, Bechinger B, et al. Characterization of Dopamine- Melanin Growth on Silicon Oxide. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2009;113(19):8234-8242.
54.Fei B, Qian B, Yang Z, Wang R, Liu WC, Mak CL, et al. Coating carbon nanotubes by spontaneous oxidative polymerization of dopamine. Carbon 2008;46(13):1795-1797.
55.Ge B, Tan Y, Xie Q, Ma M, Yao S. Preparation of chitosan–dopamine-multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite for electrocatalytic oxidation and sensitive electroanalysis of NADH. Sensors & Actuators: B Chemical 2009;137(2):547-554.
56.Gutierrez-Tauste D, Domenech X, Domingo C, Ayllon JA. Dopamine/TiO2 hybrid thin films prepared by the liquid phase deposition method. Thin Solid Films 2008;516(12):3831-3835.
57.Herlinger E, Jameson RF, Linert W. Spontaneous autoxidation of dopamine. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2 1995;1995(2):259-263.
58.LaVoie MJ, Hastings TG. Dopamine quinone formation and protein modification associated with the striatal neurotoxicity of methamphetamine: evidence against a role for extracellular dopamine. Journal of Neuroscience 1999;19(4):1484-1491.
59.Li B, Liu W, Jiang Z, Dong X, Wang B, Zhong Y. Ultrathin and Stable Active Layer of Dense Composite Membrane Enabled by Poly (dopamine). Langmuir 2009;25(13):7368-7374.
60.Yin XB, Liu DY. Polydopamine-based permanent coating capillary electrochromatography for auxin determination. Journal of Chromatography A 2008;1212(1-2):130-136.
61.Yu B, Wang DA, Ye Q, Zhou F, Liu W. Robust polydopamine nano/microcapsules and their loading and release behavior. Chemical Communications 2009;2009(44):6789-6791.
62.Lee H, Dellatore S, Miller W, Messersmith P. Mussel-inspired surface chemistry for multifunctional coatings. Science 2007;318(5849):426.
63.Lee H, Rho J, Messersmith PB. Facile conjugation of biomolecules onto surfaces via mussel adhesive protein inspired coatings. Advanced materials 2009;21(4):431-434.
64.Postma A, Yan Y, Wang Y, Zelikin AN, Tjipto E, Caruso F. Self-Polymerization of Dopamine as a Versatile and Robust Technique to Prepare Polymer Capsules. Chem Mater 2009;21(14):3042-3044.
65.Ben-Valid S, Botka B, Kamaras K, Zeng A, Yitzchaik S. Spectroscopic and electrochemical study of hybrids containing conductive polymers and carbon nanotubes. Carbon 2010;48(10):2773-2781.
66.Cassimjee KE, Trummer M, Branneby C, Berglund P. Silica-immobilized His6-tagged enzyme: Alanine racemase in hydrophobic solvent. Biotechnology and bioengineering 2008;99(3):712-716.
67.Goswami A, Singh AK. Silica gel functionalized with resacetophenone: synthesis of a new chelating matrix and its application as metal ion collector for their flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination. Analytica Chimica Acta 2002;454(2):229-240.

Chapter II

1.Shad TC, Elghanian R, Thomas AD, Stoeva SI, Lee JS, Smith ND, et al. Nanoparticle-based bio-barcode assay redefines" undetectable" PSA and biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009;106(44):18437-18442.
2.Davis ME, Chen Z, Shin DM. Nanoparticle therapeutics: an emerging treatment modality for cancer. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2008;7(9):771-782.
3.Gao J, Gu H, Xu B. Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles: Design, Synthesis, and Biomedical Applications. Acc Chem Res 2009;42(8):1097-1107.
4.Zhang L, Gu FX, Chan JM, Wang AZ, Langer RS, Farokhzad OC. Nanoparticles in medicine: therapeutic applications and developments. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2007;83(5):761-769.
5.Zhou J, Ralston J, Sedev R, Beattie DA. Functionalized gold nanoparticles: Synthesis, structure and colloid stability. Journal of colloid and interface science 2009;331(2):251-262.
6.Pinto RJB, Marques P, Martins MA, Neto CP, Trindade T. Electrostatic assembly and growth of gold nanoparticles in cellulosic fibres. Journal of colloid and interface science 2007;312(2):506-512.
7.Pal A. Preparation of ultrafine colloidal gold particles using a bioactive molecule. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2004;6(1):27-34.
8.Newman JDS, Blanchard GJ. Formation of gold nanoparticles using amine reducing agents. Langmuir 2006;22(13):5882-5887.
9.Han G, Ghosh P, Rotello VM. Functionalized gold nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nanomedicine 2007;2(1):113-123.
10.Chithrani BD, Chan WCW. Elucidating the mechanism of cellular uptake and removal of protein-coated gold nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes. Nano Lett 2007;7(6):1542-1550.
11.Chin SF, Iyer KS, Raston CL. Facile and Green Approach To Fabricate Gold and Silver Coated Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles. Crystal Growth & Design 2009;9(6):2685-2689.
12.Yang J, Sun D, Li J, Yang X, Yu J, Hao Q, et al. In situ deposition of platinum nanoparticles on bacterial cellulose membranes and evaluation of PEM fuel cell performance. Electrochimica Acta 2009;54(26):6300-6305.
13.Narayanan R, El-Sayed MA. Shape-dependent catalytic activity of platinum nanoparticles in colloidal solution. Nano Letters 2004;4(7):1343-1348.
14.Laudenslager MJ, Schiffman JD, Schauer CL. Carboxymethyl Chitosan as a Matrix Material for Platinum, Gold, and Silver Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2008;9(10):2682-2685.
15.Kang X, Mai Z, Zou X, Cai P, Mo J. Glucose biosensors based on platinum nanoparticles-deposited carbon nanotubes in sol-gel chitosan/silica hybrid. Talanta 2008;74(4):879-886.
16.Esumi K, Suzuki A, Yamahira A, Torigoe K. Role of poly (amidoamine) dendrimers for preparing nanoparticles of gold, platinum, and silver. Langmuir 2000;16(6):2604-2608.
17.Kumar A, Vemula PK, Ajayan PM, John G. Silver-nanoparticle-embedded antimicrobial paints based on vegetable oil. Nat Mater 2008;7(3):236-241.
18.Liu L, Xu K, Wang H, Jeremy Tan PK, Fan W, Venkatraman SS, et al. Self-assembled cationic peptide nanoparticles as an efficient antimicrobial agent. Nat Nano 2009;4(7):457-463.
19.Weir E, Lawlor A, Whelan A, Regan F. The use of nanoparticles in anti-microbial materials and their characterization. The Analyst 2008;133(7):835-845.
20.Ruparelia JP, Chatterjee AK, Duttagupta SP, Mukherji S. Strain specificity in antimicrobial activity of silver and copper nanoparticles. Acta Biomaterialia 2008;4(3):707-716.
21.Zhang Y, Peng H, Huang W, Zhou Y, Yan D. Facile preparation and characterization of highly antimicrobial colloid Ag or Au nanoparticles. Journal of colloid and interface science 2008;325(2):371-376.
22.Ghule K, Ghule AV, Chen BJ, Ling YC. Preparation and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles coated paper and its antibacterial activity study. Green Chemistry 2006;8(12):1034-1041.
23.Zhang H, Chen G. Potent antibacterial activities of Ag/TiO2 nanocomposite powders synthesized by a one–pot sol–gel method. Environmental science & technology 2009;43(8):2905-2910.
24.Zhang F, Wu X, Chen Y, Lin H. Application of silver nanoparticles to cotton fabric as an antibacterial textile finish. Fibers and Polymers 2009;10(4):496-501.
25.Wei D, Sun W, Qian W, Ye Y, Ma X. The synthesis of chitosan-based silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity. Carbohydrate Research 2009.
26.Tang FAN, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Cheng Z, Zhu X. Cellulose Filter Paper with Antibacterial Activity from Surface-Initiated ATRP. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 2009;46(10):989-996.
27.Sondi I, Salopek-Sondi B. Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: a case study on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. Journal of colloid and interface science 2004;275(1):177-182.
28.Damm C, Munstedt H, Rosch A. Long-term antimicrobial polyamide 6/silver-nanocomposites. Journal of Materials Science 2007;42(15):6067-6073.
29.Panyala NR, Pena-Mendez EM, Havel J. Silver or silver nanoparticles: a hazardous threat to the environment and human health. J Appl Biomed 2008;6:47–59.
30.Elechiguerra JL, Burt JL, Morones JR, Camacho-Bragado A, Gao X, Lara HH, et al. Interaction of silver nanoparticles with HIV-1. Journal of Nanobiotechnology 2005;3(6):1-10.
31.Lu L, Sun RW, Chen R, Hui CK, Ho CM, Luk JM, et al. Silver nanoparticles inhibit hepatitis B virus replication. Antiviral therapy 2008;13(2):253.
32.Lee D, Cohen RE, Rubner MF. Antibacterial properties of Ag nanoparticle loaded multilayers and formation of magnetically directed antibacterial microparticles. Langmuir 2005;21(21):9651-9659.
33.Sanvicens N, Marco MP. Multifunctional nanoparticles-properties and prospects for their use in human medicine. Trends in Biotechnology 2008;26(8):425-433.
34.Alt V, Bechert T, Steinrucke P, Wagener M, Seidel P, Dingeldein E, et al. An in vitro assessment of the antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity of nanoparticulate silver bone cement. Biomaterials 2004;25(18):4383-4391.
35.Hakim LF, Portman JL, Casper MD, Weimer AW. Aggregation behavior of nanoparticles in fluidized beds. Powder Technology 2005;160(3):149-160.
36.Zhu C, Xue J, He J. Controlled In-Situ Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles in Natural Cellulose Fibers Toward Highly Efficient Antimicrobial Materials. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 2009;9(5):3067-3074.
37.Mezzenga R, Ruokolainen J. Nanocomposites: Nanoparticles in the right place. Nature Materials 2009;8(12):926-928.
38.Balazs AC, Emrick T, Russell TP. Nanoparticle Polymer Composites: Where Two Small Worlds Meet. Science 2006 November 17, 2006;314(5802):1107-1110.
39.Kong H, Jang J. Antibacterial properties of novel poly (methyl methacrylate) nanofiber containing silver nanoparticles. Langmuir: the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 2008;24(5):2051.
40.Sambhy V, MacBride MM, Peterson BR, Sen A. Silver bromide nanoparticle/polymer composites: dual action tunable antimicrobial materials. J Am Chem Soc 2006;128(30):9798-9808.
41.Sun D, Yang J, Wang X. Bacterial cellulose/TiO2 hybrid nanofibers prepared by the surface hydrolysis method with molecular precision. Nanoscale 2010;DOI: 10.1039/b9nr00158a:-.
42.Yano S, Maeda H, Nakajima M, Hagiwara T, Sawaguchi T. Preparation and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose nanocomposites loaded with silica nanoparticles. Cellulose 2008;15(1):111-120.
43.Maneerung T, Tokura S, Rujiravanit R. Impregnation of silver nanoparticles into bacterial cellulose for antimicrobial wound dressing. Carbohydrate Polymers 2008;72(1):43-51.
44.Ifuku S, Tsuji M, Morimoto M, Saimoto H, Yano H. Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Templated by TEMPO-Mediated Oxidized Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers. Biomacromolecules 2009:1082-1086.
45.Hu W, Chen S, Li X, Shi S, Shen W, Zhang X, et al. In situ synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles into bacterial cellulose membranes. Materials Science & Engineering C 2009;29(4):1216-1219.
46.de Santa Maria LC, Santos ALC, Oliveira PC, Barud HS, Messaddeq Y, Ribeiro SJL. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles impregnated into bacterial cellulose. Materials Letters 2009;63(9-10):797-799.
47.Barud HS, Barrios C, Regiani T, Marques RFC, Verelst M, Dexpert-Ghys J, et al. Self-supported silver nanoparticles containing bacterial cellulose membranes. Materials Science & Engineering C 2008;28(4):515-518.
48.Setyawati MI, Chien LJ, Lee CK. Expressing Vitreoscilla hemoglobin in statically cultured Acetobacter xylinum with reduced O2 tension maximizes bacterial cellulose pellicle production. Journal of Biotechnology 2007;132(1):38-43.
49.Romling U. Molecular biology of cellulose production in bacteria. Research in microbiology 2002;153(4):205-212.
50.Nakagaito AN, Iwamoto S, Yano H. Bacterial cellulose: the ultimate nano-scalar cellulose morphology for the production of high-strength composites. Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 2005;80(1):93-97.
51.Embuscado ME, Marks JS, Bemiller JN. Bacterial cellulose. I. Factors affecting the production of cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum. Food Hydrocolloids 1994;8(5):407-418.
52.Pinto RJB, Marques P, Neto CP, Trindade T, Daina S, Sadocco P. Antibacterial activity of nanocomposites of silver and bacterial or vegetable cellulosic fibers. Acta Biomaterialia 2009;5(6):2279-2289.
53.Jung R, Kim Y, Kim HS, Jin HJ. Antimicrobial Properties of Hydrated Cellulose Membranes With Silver Nanoparticles. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition 2009;20(3):311-324.
54.Raveendran P, Fu J, Wallen SL. A simple and “green” method for the synthesis of Au, Ag, and Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles. Green Chemistry 2006;8(1):34-38.
55.Jacob JA, Mahal HS, Biswas N, Mukherjee T, Kapoor S. Role of Phenol Derivatives in the Formation of Silver Nanoparticles. Langmuir 2008;24(2):528-533.
56.Waite JH. Surface chemistry: Mussel power. Nature Materials 2008;7(1):8-9.
57.Fei B, Qian B, Yang Z, Wang R, Liu WC, Mak CL, et al. Coating carbon nanotubes by spontaneous oxidative polymerization of dopamine. Carbon 2008;46(13):1795-1797.
58.Sureshkumar M, Lee CK. Polydopamine coated magnetic-chitin (MCT) particles as a new matrix for enzyme immobilization. Carbohydrate Polymers;doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.03.036
59.Ahamed M, Karns M, Goodson M, Rowe J, Hussain SM, Schlager JJ, et al. DNA damage response to different surface chemistry of silver nanoparticles in mammalian cells. Toxicology and applied pharmacology 2008;233(3):404-410.
60.Liao Y, Cao B, Wang WC, Zhang L, Wu D, Jin R. A facile method for preparing highly conductive and reflective surface-silvered polyimide films. Applied Surface Science 2009;255(19):8207-8212.
61.Lee H, Dellatore SM, Miller WM, Messersmith PB. Mussel-inspired surface chemistry for multifunctional coatings. Science 2007;318(5849):426-430.
62.Sourty E, Ryan DH, Marchessault RH. Ferrite-loaded membranes of microfibrillar bacterial cellulose prepared by in situ precipitation. Chem Mater 1998;10(7):1755-1757.
63.Yin XB, Liu DY. Polydopamine-based permanent coating capillary electrochromatography for auxin determination. Journal of Chromatography A 2008;1212(1-2):130-136.
64.Cai J, Kimura S, Wada M, Kuga S. Nanoporous cellulose as metal nanoparticles support. Biomacromolecules 2009;10(1):87.
65.Bernsmann F, Ponche A, Ringwald C, Hemmerle J, Raya J, Bechinger B, et al. Characterization of Dopamine- Melanin Growth on Silicon Oxide. Langmuir 2009;25(13):7368-7374.
66.Zhou J, Li R, Liu S, Li Q, Zhang L, Guan J. Structure and magnetic properties of regenerated cellulose/Fe3O4 nanocomposite films. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2009;111(5):2477-2484.
67.Eby DM, Schaeublin NM, Farrington KE, Hussain SM, Johnson GR. Lysozyme Catalyzes the Formation of Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2009;3(4):984-994.
68.Peng H, Zhang X, Huang K, Xu H. Modification of Fe3O 4 magnetic nanoparticles by L-dopa or dopamine as an enzyme support. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology--Materials Science Edition 2008;23(4):480-485.
69.Das M, Mishra D, Maiti TK, Basak A, Pramanik P. Bio-functionalization of magnetite nanoparticles using an aminophosphonic acid coupling agent: new, ultradispersed, iron-oxide folate nanoconjugates for cancer-specific targeting. Nanotechnology 2008;19:415101.
70.Li X, Chen S, Hu W, Shi S, Shen W, Zhang X, et al. In situ synthesis of CdS nanoparticles on bacterial cellulose nanofibers. Carbohydrate Polymers 2009;76(4):509-512.
71.Martinez-Castanon GA, Nino-Martinez N, Martinez-Gutierrez F, Martinez-Mendoza JR, Ruiz F. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles with different sizes. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2008;10(8):1343-1348.
72.Pal S, Tak Y, Song J. Does the Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Depend on the Shape of the Nanoparticle? A Study of the Gram-Negative Bacterium Escherichia coli? Applied and environmental microbiology 2007;73(6):1712-1720.
73.Yoon K, Hoon Byeon J, Park J, Hwang J. Susceptibility constants of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis to silver and copper nanoparticles. Science of the Total Environment, The 2007;373(2-3):572-575.


Chapter III
1.Jane J. Starch properties, modifications, and applications. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 1995;32(4):751-757.
2.Synowiecki J, Al-Khateeb NA. Production, properties, and some new applications of chitin and its derivatives. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 2003;43(2):145-171.
3.Shahidi F, Arachchi JKV, Jeon YJ. Food applications of chitin and chitosans. Trends in Food Science & Technology 1999;10(2):37-51.
4.Rinaudo M. Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications. Progress in Polymer Science 2006;31(7):603-632.
5.Ravi Kumar M. A review of chitin and chitosan applications. Reactive and functional polymers 2000;46(1):1-27.
6.Kurita K. Chemistry and application of chitin and chitosan. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1998;59(1-3):117-120.
7.Kumar R, Majeti NV. A review of chitin and chitosan applications* 1. Reactive and functional polymers 2000;46(1):1-27.
8.Krajewska B. Application of chitin-and chitosan-based materials for enzyme immobilizations: a review. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 2004;35(2-3):126-139.
9.Hirano S. Chitin biotechnology applications. Biotechnology annual review 1996;2:237-258.
10.Goosen MFA. Applications of chitin and chitosan: CRC, 1996.
11.Reddy N, Yang Y. Properties and potential applications of natural cellulose fibers from cornhusks. Green Chemistry 2005;7(4):190-195.
12.Klemm D, Heublein B, Fink HP, Bohn A. Cellulose: fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2005;44(22):3358-3393.
13.Czaja WK, Young DJ, Kawecki M, Brown Jr RM. The future prospects of microbial cellulose in biomedical applications. Biomacromolecules 2007;8(1):1-12.
14.Abdou ES, Nagy KSA, Elsabee MZ. Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from local sources. Bioresource technology 2008;99(5):1359-1367.
15.Stankiewicz B, Briggs D, Evershed R, Flannery M, Wuttke M. Preservation of chitin in 25-million-year-old fossils. Science 1997;276(5318):1541.
16.Wu Y, Sasaki T, Irie S, Sakurai K. A novel biomass-ionic liquid platform for the utilization of native chitin. Polymer 2008;49(9):2321-2327.
17.Khor E. Chitin: fulfilling a biomaterials promise: Elsevier Science, 2001.
18.Lee H, Scherer NF, Messersmith PB. Single-molecule mechanics of mussel adhesion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2006;103(35):12999.
19.Lee H, Dellatore S, Miller W, Messersmith P. Mussel-inspired surface chemistry for multifunctional coatings. Science 2007;318(5849):426.
20.Yin XB, Liu DY. Polydopamine-based permanent coating capillary electrochromatography for auxin determination. Journal of Chromatography A 2008;1212(1-2):130-136.
21.Xu C, Xu K, Gu H, Zheng R, Liu H, Zhang X, et al. Dopamine as a robust anchor to immobilize functional molecules on the iron oxide shell of magnetic nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2004;126(32):9938-9939.
22.Xi ZY, Xu YY, Zhu LP, Wang Y, Zhu BK. A facile method of surface modification for hydrophobic polymer membranes based on the adhesive behavior of poly (DOPA) and poly (dopamine). Journal of Membrane Science 2009;327(1-2):244-253.
23.Shultz MD, Reveles JU, Khanna SN, Carpenter EE. Reactive nature of dopamine as a surface functionalization agent in iron oxide nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2007;129(9):2482-2487.
24.Li B, Liu W, Jiang Z, Dong X, Wang B, Zhong Y. Ultrathin and stable active layer of dense composite membrane enabled by poly (dopamine). Langmuir 2009;25(13):7368-7374.
25.Waite JH. Surface chemistry: Mussel power. Nature Materials 2008;7(1):8-9.
26.Lee H, Rho J, Messersmith PB. Facile conjugation of biomolecules onto surfaces via mussel adhesive protein inspired coatings. Advanced Materials 2009;21(4):431-434.
27.Lee H, Dellatore SM, Miller WM, Messersmith PB. Mussel-inspired surface chemistry for multifunctional coatings. Science 2007;318(5849):426-430.
28.Bourmaud A, Riviere J, Le Duigou A, Raj G, Baley C. Investigations of the use of a mussel-inspired compatibilizer to improve the matrix-fiber adhesion of a biocomposite. Polymer Testing 2009;28(6):668-672.
29.Safarik I, Safararikova M. Batch isolation of hen egg white lysozyme with magnetic chitin. Journal of biochemical and biophysical methods 1993;27(4):327-330.
30.Safarik I. Magnetic biospecific affinity adsorbents for lysozyme isolation. Biotechnology Techniques 1991;5(2):111-114.
31.Jobling S. Improving starch for food and industrial applications. Current opinion in plant Biology 2004;7(2):210-218.
32.Ellis RP, Cochrane MP, Dale MFB, Duffus CM, Lynn A, Morrison IM, et al. Starch production and industrial use. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 1998;77(3):289-311.
33.Bryjak J. Glucoamylase, -amylase and -amylase immobilisation on acrylic carriers. Biochemical Engineering Journal 2003;16(3):347-355.
34.Bachler MJ, Strandberg GW, Smiley KL. Starch conversion by immobilized glucoamylase. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1970;12(1):85-92.
35.Roy I, Gupta MN. Hydrolysis of starch by a mixture of glucoamylase and pullulanase entrapped individually in calcium alginate beads. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 2004;34(1):26-32.
36.Chakrabarti AC, Storey KB. Co-immobilization of amyloglucosidase and pullulanase for enhanced starch hydrolysis. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 1990;33(1):48-50.
37.Sheldon RA. Enzyme immobilization: the quest for optimum performance. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 2007;349(8-9):1289-1307.
38.Mateo C, Palomo JM, Fernandez-Lorente G, Guisan JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Improvement of enzyme activity, stability and selectivity via immobilization techniques. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 2007;40(6):1451-1463.
39.Tumturk H, Aksoy S, HasIrcI N. Covalent immobilization of [alpha]-amylase onto poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly (styrene-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) microspheres and the effect of Ca2+ ions on the enzyme activity. Food Chemistry 2000;68(3):259-266.
40.Salt WB, Schenker S. Amylase-its clinical significance: A review of the literature. Medicine 1976;55(4):269.
41.Kokubu T, Karube I, Suzuki S. -Amylase production by immobilized whole cells of Bacillus subtilis. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 1978;5(4):233-240.
42.Kahraman MV, Bayramoglu G, Kayaman-Apohan N, Gungor A. [alpha]-Amylase immobilization on functionalized glass beads by covalent attachment. Food Chemistry 2007;104(4):1385-1392.
43.Kahraman M, Bayramo lu G, Kayaman-Apohan N, Gungor A. -Amylase immobilization on functionalized glass beads by covalent attachment. Food Chemistry 2007;104(4):1385-1392.
44.Paulino A, Simionato J, Garcia J, Nozaki J. Characterization of chitosan and chitin produced from silkworm crysalides. Carbohydrate Polymers 2006;64(1):98-103.
45.Fei B, Qian B, Yang Z, Wang R, Liu WC, Mak CL, et al. Coating carbon nanotubes by spontaneous oxidative polymerization of dopamine. Carbon 2008;46(13):1795-1797.
46.Cardenas G, Cabrera G, Taboada E, Miranda S. Chitin characterization by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and 13C cross polarization/mass angle spinning NMR. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2004;93(4).
47.Gutierrez-Tauste D, Dom nech X, Domingo C, Ayllon JA. Dopamine/TiO2 hybrid thin films prepared by the liquid phase deposition method. Thin Solid Films 2008;516(12):3831-3835.
48.Ge B, Tan Y, Xie Q, Ma M, Yao S. Preparation of chitosan-dopamine-multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite for electrocatalytic oxidation and sensitive electroanalysis of NADH. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2009;137(2):547-554.
49.Adriano W, Filho E, Silva J, Giordano R, Goncalves L. Stabilization of penicillin G acylase by immobilization on glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2005;22:529-538.
50.Konsoula Z, Liakopoulou-Kyriakides M. Starch hydrolysis by the action of an entrapped in alginate capsules -amylase from Bacillus subtilis. Process Biochemistry 2006;41(2):343-349.
51.Konieczna-Molenda A, Kochanowski A, Walaszek A, Bortel E, Tomasik P. Immobilization of -amylase on poly (vinylamine) and poly (vinylformamide) supports and its performance. Chemical Engineering Journal 2009;146(3):515-519.
52.Chang M, Juang R. Activities, stabilities, and reaction kinetics of three free and chitosan–clay composite immobilized enzymes. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 2005;36(1):75-82.

Chapter IV

1.Powell KA, Ramer SW, del Cardayre SB, Stemmer WPC, Tobin MB, Longchamp PF, et al. Directed evolution and biocatalysis. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2001;40(21):3948-3959.
2.Wandrey C, Liese A, Kihumbu D. Industrial biocatalysis: Past, present, and future. 2000.
3.Bornscheuer UT. Immobilizing enzymes: how to create more suitable biocatalysts. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2003;42(29):3336-3337.
4.Schmid A, Dordick JS, Hauer B, Kiener A, Wubbolts M, Witholt B. Industrial biocatalysis today and tomorrow. Nature 2001;409(6817):258-268.
5.Schoemaker HE, Mink D, Wubbolts MG. Dispelling the myths--biocatalysis in industrial synthesis. Science 2003;299(5613):1694.
6.Berglund GI, Carlsson GH, Smith AT, Szoke H, Henriksen A, Hajdu J. The catalytic pathway of horseradish peroxidase at high resolution. Nature 2002;417(6887):463-468.
7.Li F, Chen W, Tang C, Zhang S. Development of hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on in situ covalent immobilization of horseradish peroxidase by one-pot polysaccharide-incorporated sol-gel process. Talanta 2009;77(4):1304-1308.
8.Antipov E, Cho AE, Klibanov AM. How a single-point mutation in horseradish peroxidase markedly enhances enantioselectivity. J Am Chem Soc 2009;131(31):11155-11160.
9.Szigeti K, Smeller L, Osvath S, Majer Z, Fidy J. The structure of horseradish peroxidase C characterized as a molten globule state after Ca2+ depletion. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Proteins & Proteomics 2008;1784(12):1965-1974.
10.Song HY, Liu JZ, Weng LP, Ji LN. Activity, stability, and unfolding of reconstituted horseradish peroxidase with modified heme. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 2009;57(1-4):48-54.
11.Zhang HL, Lai GS, Han DY, Yu AM. An amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on immobilization of horseradish peroxidase on an electrode modified with magnetic dextran microspheres. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2008;390(3):971-977.
12.Scavetta E, Ballarin B, Tonelli D. A Cheap Amperometric and Optical Sensor for Glucose Determination. Electroanalysis;22(4):427-432.
13.Fossati P, Prencipe L. Chromogenic System for Measuring Hydrogen Peroxide: The Enzymatic Uric Acid Assay. Clinical Chemistry;56(5):865.
14.Hynninen PH, Kaartinen V, Kolehmainen E. Horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of chlorophyll a with hydrogen peroxide:: Characterization of the products and mechanism of the reaction. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Bioenergetics.
15.Azevedo AM, Martins VC, Prazeres DMF, Vojinovi V, Cabral J, Fonseca LP. Horseradish peroxidase: a valuable tool in biotechnology. Biotechnology annual review 2003;9:199-247.
16.Grieshaber D, MacKenzie R, Voeroes J, Riemhult E. Electrochemical biosensors-Sensor principles and architectures. Sensors 2008;8(3):1440–1168.
17.Xu F. Applications of oxidoreductases: recent progress. Industrial Biotechnology 2005;1(1):38-50.
18.Veitch NC. Horseradish peroxidase: a modern view of a classic enzyme. Phytochemistry 2004;65(3):249-259.
19.Karyakin AA, Karyakina EE, Gorton L. Amperometric biosensor for glutamate using Prussian blue-based “artificial peroxidase” as a transducer for hydrogen peroxide. Anal Chem 2000;72(7):1720-1723.
20.Huang Y, Cai R, Mao L, Liu Z, Huang H. Spectrophotometric Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide Using -CD-Hemin as a Mimetic Enzyme of Peroxidase. Analytical Sciences 1999;15(9):889-894.
21.Breslow R. Biomimetic chemistry and artificial enzymes: catalysis by design. Accounts of Chemical Research 1995;28(3):146-153.
22.Motherwell WB, Bingham MJ, Six Y. Recent progress in the design and synthesis of artificial enzymes. Tetrahedron 2001;57(22):4663-4686.
23.Murakami Y, Kikuchi J, Hisaeda Y, Hayashida O. Artificial enzymes. Chem Rev 1996;96(2):721-758.
24.Wang Q, Yang Z, Zhang X, Xiao X, Chang C, Xu B. A Supramolecular-Hydrogel-Encapsulated Hemin as an Artificial Enzyme to Mimic Peroxidase This work was partially supported by RGC of Hong Kong (HKU2/05C, 604905, 600504) and EHIA (HKUST). Angewandte Chemie 2007;119(23).
25.Dai Z, Liu S, Bao J, Ju H. Nanostructured FeS as a Mimic Peroxidase for Biocatalysis and Biosensing. Chemistry-A European Journal 2009;15(17):4321-4326.
26.Li Y, He N, Ci Y. Mimicry of peroxidase by immobilization of hemin on N-isopropylacrylamide-based hydrogel. The Analyst 1998;123(2):359-364.
27.Wang X, Li Y, Chang W. Mimicry of peroxidase by co-immobilization of 1-allylimidazole and hemin on N-isopropylacrylamide-based hydrogel. Analytica Chimica Acta 1999;400(1-3):135-142.
28.Gao L, Zhuang J, Nie L, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Gu N, et al. Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Nature Nanotechnology 2007;2(9):577-583.
29.Song Y, Qu K, Zhao C, Ren J, Qu X. Graphene Oxide: Intrinsic Peroxidase Catalytic Activity and Its Application to Glucose Detection. Advanced Materials;22(19):2206-2210.
30.Umakoshi H, Morimoto K, Ohama Y, Nagami H, Shimanouchi T, Kuboi R. Liposome Modified with Mn- Porphyrin Complex Can Simultaneously Induce Antioxidative Enzyme-like Activity of Both Superoxide Dismutase and Peroxidase. Langmuir 2008;24(9):4451-4455.
31.Tohjo M, Nakamura Y, Kurihara K, Samejima T, Hachimori Y, Shibata K. Peroxidase activity of hemoproteins. IV. Hematin complexes as model enzymes of peroxidase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1962;99(2):222-240.
32.Bjerre J, Rousseau C, Marinescu L, Bols M. Artificial enzymes,“Chemzymes”: current state and perspectives. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2008;81(1):1-11.
33.Dolphin D, Forman A, Borg DC, Fajer J, Felton RH. Compounds I of catalase and horse radish peroxidase: -cation radicals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1971;68(3):614.
34.Lu AH, Salabas EL, Schuth F. Magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis, protection, functionalization, and application. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2007;46(8):1222-1244.
35.Pankhurst QA, Connolly J, Jones SK, Dobson J. Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 2003;36:R167.
36.Yang H, Zhang S, Chen X, Zhuang Z, Xu J, Wang X. Magnetite-containing spherical silica nanoparticles for biocatalysis and bioseparations. Anal Chem 2005;77(1):354.
37.Wei H, Wang E. Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles as peroxidase mimetics and their applications in H2O2 and glucose detection. Anal Chem 2008;80(6):2250-2254.
38.Chalkias NG, Kahawong P, Giannelis EP. Activity increase of horseradish peroxidase in the presence of magnetic particles. J Am Chem Soc 2008;130(10):2910-2911.
39.Zhang S, Zhao X, Niu H, Shi Y, Cai Y, Jiang G. Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles as catalysts for the catalytic oxidation of phenolic and aniline compounds. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2009.
40.Wong CM, Wong KH, Chen XD. Glucose oxidase: natural occurrence, function, properties and industrial applications. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2008;78(6):927-938.
41.Cui G, Kim SJ, Choi SH, Nam H, Cha GS, Paeng KJ. A disposable amperometric sensor screen printed on a nitrocellulose strip: a glucose biosensor employing lead oxide as an interference-removing agent. Anal Chem 2000;72(8):1925-1929.

Chapter V
1.Baneyx F. Recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 1999;10(5):411-421.
2.Cuatrecasas P. Protein purification by affinity chromatography. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1970;245(12):3059.
3.Lichty JJ, Malecki JL, Agnew HD, Michelson-Horowitz DJ, Tan S. Comparison of affinity tags for protein purification. Protein expression and purification 2005;41(1):98-105.
4.Rege K, Pepsin M, Falcon B, Steele L, Heng M. High-throughput process development for recombinant protein purification. Biotechnology and bioengineering 2006;93(4):618-630.
5.Walker PA, Louis ECL, Ng PWP, Tan SH, Waller S, Murphy D, et al. Efficient and rapid affinity purification of proteins using recombinant fusion proteases. Nature Biotechnology 1994;12(6):601-605.
6.Anspach FB, Curbelo D, Hartmann R, Garke G, Deckwer WD. Expanded-bed chromatography in primary protein purification. Journal of Chromatography A 1999;865(1-2):129-144.
7.Langlotz P, Kroner KH. Surface-modified membranes as a matrix for protein purification. Journal of Chromatography A 1992;591(1-2):107-113.
8.Zhang CM, Reslewic SA, Glatz CE. Suitability of immobilized metal affinity chromatography for protein purification from canola. Biotechnology and bioengineering 2000;68(1):52-58.
9.Righetti PG, Wenisch E, Faupel M. Preparative protein purification in a multi-compartment electrolyser with immobiline membranes. Journal of Chromatography A 1989;475(2):293-309.
10.Ros A, Faupel M, Mees H, van Oostrum J, Ferrigno R, Reymond F, et al. Protein purification by off-gel electrophoresis. Proteomics 2002;2(2):151-156.
11.Feins M, Sirkar KK. Novel internally staged ultrafiltration for protein purification. Journal of Membrane Science 2005;248(1-2):137-148.
12.Ghosh R, Cui ZF. Protein purification by ultrafiltration with pre-treated membrane. Journal of Membrane Science 2000;167(1):47-53.
13.Cuatrecasas P, Wilchek M, Anfinsen CB. Selective enzyme purification by affinity chromatography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1968;61(2):636-643.
14.Gopalakrishna R, Anderson WB. Ca2+-induced hydrophobic site on calmodulin: application for purification of calmodulin by phenyl-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1982;104(2):830-836.
15.Lee WC, Lee KH. Applications of affinity chromatography in proteomics. Analytical biochemistry 2004;324(1):1-10.
16.March SC, Parikh I, Cuatrecasas P. A simplified method for cyanogen bromide activation of agarose for affinity chromatography. Analytical biochemistry 1974;60(1):149-152.
17.Porath J. Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. Protein expression and purification 1992;3(4):263-281.
18.Porath J, Carlsson JAN, Olsson I, Belfrage G. Metal chelate affinity chromatography, a new approach to protein fractionation. Nature 1975;258:598-599.
19.Gaberc-Porekar V, Menart V. Perspectives of immobilized-metal affinity chromatography. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 2001;49(1-3):335-360.
20.Porath J. IMAC--Immobilized metal ion affinity based chromatography. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 1988;7(7):254-259.
21.Hemdan ES, Zhao YJ, Sulkowski E, Porath J. Surface topography of histidine residues: a facile probe by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1989;86(6):1811.
22.Smith MC, Furman TC, Ingolia TD, Pidgeon C. Chelating peptide-immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. A new concept in affinity chromatography for recombinant proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1988;263(15):7211.
23.Chaga GS. Twenty-five years of immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography: past, present and future. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 2001;49(1):313-334.
24.Andersson L, Porath J. Isolation of phosphoproteins by immobilized metal (Fe3+) affinity chromatography. Analytical biochemistry 1986;154(1):250-254.
25.Hochuli E, Dobeli H, Schacher A. New metal chelate adsorbent selective for proteins and peptides containing neighbouring histidine residues. Journal of Chromatography A 1987;411:177-184.
26.Cuatrecasas P, Illiano G. Purification of neuraminidases from Vibrio Cholerae, Clostridium Perfringens and influenza virus by affinity chromatography. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1971;44(1):178-184.
27.Ey PL, Prowse SJ, Jenkin CR. Isolation of pure IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b immunoglobulins from mouse serum using protein A-sepharose. Immunochemistry 1978;15(7):429-436.
28.Tomita M, Kurokawa T, Onozaki K, Ichiki N, Osawa T, Ukita T. Purification of galactose-binding phytoagglutinins and phytotoxin by affinity column chromatography using sepharose. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 1972;28(1):84-85.
29.Terpe K. Overview of tag protein fusions: from molecular and biochemical fundamentals to commercial systems. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2003;60(5):523-533.
30.Nordstrom T, Senkas A, Eriksson S, Pontynen N, Nordstrom E, Lindqvist C. Generation of a new protein purification matrix by loading ceramic hydroxyapatite with metal ions--demonstration with poly-histidine tagged green fluorescent protein. Journal of biotechnology 1999;69(2-3):125-133.
31.Caga G, Bochkariov DE, Jokhadze GG, Hopp J, Nelson P. Natural poly-histidine affinity tag for purification of recombinant proteins on cobalt (II)-carboxymethylaspartate crosslinked agarose. Journal of Chromatography A 1999;864(2):247-256.
32.Franzreb M, Siemann-Herzberg M, Hobley TJ, Thomas ORT. Protein purification using magnetic adsorbent particles. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2006;70(5):505-516.
33.Tong XD, Xue B, Sun Y. A novel magnetic affinity support for protein adsorption and purification. Biotechnology progress 2001;17(1):134-139.
34.Bucak S, Jones DA, Laibinis PE, Hatton TA. Protein separations using colloidal magnetic nanoparticles. Biotechnology progress 2003;19(2):477-484.
35.Safarik I, Safarikova M. Magnetic techniques for the isolation and purification of proteins and peptides. BioMagnetic Research and Technology 2004;2(1):7.
36.Ma ZY, Guan YP, Liu XQ, Liu HZ. Preparation and characterization of micron-sized non-porous magnetic polymer microspheres with immobilized metal affinity ligands by modified suspension polymerization. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2005;96(6):2174-2180.
37.Liu X, Guan Y, Liu H, Ma Z, Yang Y, Wu X. Preparation and characterization of magnetic polymer nanospheres with high protein binding capacity. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 2005;293(1):111-118.
38.Khng HP, Cunliffe D, Davies S, Turner NA, Vulfson EN. The synthesis of sub-micron magnetic particles and their use for preparative purification of proteins. Biotechnology and bioengineering 1998;60(4):419-424.
39.Zhang B, Xing J, Liu H. Preparation and application of magnetic microsphere carriers. Frontiers of Chemical Engineering in China 2007;1(1):96-101.
40.Yamaura M, Camilo RL, Sampaio LC, Mac do MA, Nakamura M, Toma HE. Preparation and characterization of (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane-coated magnetite nanoparticles. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 2004;279(2-3):210-217.
41.Berensmeier S. Magnetic particles for the separation and purification of nucleic acids. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2006;73(3):495-504.
42.Gao J, Gu H, Xu B. Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles: design, synthesis, and biomedical applications. Acc Chem Res 2009;42(8):1097-1107.
43.De M, Rana S, Rotello VM. Nickel-Ion-Mediated Control of the Stoichiometry of His-Tagged Protein/Nanoparticle Interactions. Macromolecular bioscience 2009;9(2):174-178.
44.Zeng X, Ruckenstein E. Cross-linked macroporous chitosan anion-exchange membranes for protein separations. Journal of Membrane Science 1998;148(2):195-205.
45.Kumar R, Majeti NV. A review of chitin and chitosan applications* 1. Reactive and functional polymers 2000;46(1):1-27.
46.Rinaudo M. Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications. Progress in Polymer Science 2006;31(7):603-632.
47.Rujiravanit R, Kruaykitanon S, Jamieson AM, Tokura S. Preparation of crosslinked chitosan/silk fibroin blend films for drug delivery system. Macromolecular bioscience 2003;3(10):604-611.
48.Kurita K. Chemistry and application of chitin and chitosan. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1998;59(1-3):117-120.
49.Tsigos I, Martinou A, Kafetzopoulos D, Bouriotis V. Chitin deacetylases: new, versatile tools in biotechnology. Trends in biotechnology 2000;18(7):305-312.
50.Xi F, Wu J. Macroporous chitosan layer coated on non-porous silica gel as a support for metal chelate affinity chromatographic adsorbent. Journal of Chromatography A 2004;1057(1-2):41-47.
51.Shi QH, Tian Y, Dong XY, Bai S, Sun Y. Chitosan-coated silica beads as immobilized metal affinity support for protein adsorption. Biochemical Engineering Journal 2003;16(3):317-322.
52.Xi F, Wu J. Preparation of macroporous chitosan layer coated on silica gel and its application to affinity chromatography for trypsin inhibitor purification. Reactive and functional polymers 2006;66(6):682-688.
53.Guibal E. Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorbents: a review. Separation and Purification Technology 2004;38(1):43-74.
54.Harish Prashanth KV, Tharanathan RN. Chitin/chitosan: modifications and their unlimited application potential--an overview. Trends in food science & technology 2007;18(3):117-131.
55.Mourya VK, Inamdar NN. Chitosan-modifications and applications: Opportunities galore. Reactive and functional polymers 2008;68(6):1013-1051.
56.Tang ZX, Qian JQ. Use of chitosan gel for the purification of protein. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 2007;50:299-309.
57.Donia AM, Atia AA, Elwakeel KZ. Selective separation of mercury (II) using magnetic chitosan resin modified with Schiff's base derived from thiourea and glutaraldehyde. Journal of hazardous materials 2008;151(2-3):372-379.
58.dos Santos JE, Dockal ER, Cavalheiro ETG. Synthesis and characterization of Schiff bases from chitosan and salicylaldehyde derivatives. Carbohydrate Polymers 2005;60(3):277-282.
59.Hirano S, Nagamura K, Zhang M, Kim SK, Chung BG, Yoshikawa M, et al. Chitosan staple fibers and their chemical modification with some aldehydes. Carbohydrate Polymers 1999;38(4):293-298.
60.Varma AJ, Deshpande SV, Kennedy JF. Metal complexation by chitosan and its derivatives: a review. Carbohydrate Polymers 2004;55(1):77-93.
61.Gupta KC, Sutar AK. Catalytic activities of Schiff base transition metal complexes. Coordination Chemistry Reviews 2008;252(12-14):1420-1450.
62.Rosen H. A modified ninhydrin colorimetric analysis for amino acids. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1957;67(1):10-15.
63.Curotto E, Aros F. Quantitative determination of chitosan and the percentage of free amino groups. Analytical biochemistry 1993;211(2):240-241.
64.Lee OS, Ha BJ, Park SN, Lee YS. Studies on the pH-dependent swelling properties and morphologies of chitosan/calcium-alginate complexed beads. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 1997;198(9):2971-2976.
65.Chang YC, Chang SW, Chen DH. Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles: studies on chitosan binding and adsorption of Co (II) ions. Reactive and functional polymers 2006;66(3):335-341.
66.Jiang DS, Long SY, Huang J, Xiao HY, Zhou JY. Immobilization of Pycnoporus sanguineus laccase on magnetic chitosan microspheres. Biochemical Engineering Journal 2005;25(1):15-23.
67.Denkba EB, Kilicay E, Birlikseven C, Ozturk E. Magnetic chitosan microspheres: preparation and characterization. Reactive and functional polymers 2002;50(3):225-232.
68.Li GY, Huang KL, Jiang YR, Yang DL, Ding P. Preparation and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles. International journal of biological macromolecules 2008;42(5):405-412.
69.Goswami A, Singh AK. Silica gel functionalized with resacetophenone: synthesis of a new chelating matrix and its application as metal ion collector for their flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination. Analytica Chimica Acta 2002;454(2):229-240.


Chapter VI
1.Davis ME. Ordered porous materials for emerging applications. Nature 2002;417(6891):813-821.
2.Cooper AI. Porous materials and supercritical fluids. Advanced Materials 2003;15(13):1049-1059.
3.Barton TJ, Bull LM, Klemperer WG, Loy DA, McEnaney B, Misono M, et al. Tailored porous materials. Chem Mater 1999;11(10):2633-2656.
4.Bryning MB, Milkie DE, Islam MF, Hough LA, Kikkawa JM, Yodh AG. Carbon nanotube aerogels. Advanced Materials 2007;19(5):661-664.
5.Ayers MR, Hunt AJ. Synthesis and properties of chitosan-silica hybrid aerogels. J Non-Cryst Solids 2001;285:123-127.
6.Hoepfner S, Ratke L, Milow B. Synthesis and characterisation of nanofibrillar cellulose aerogels. Cellulose 2008;15(1):121-129.
7.Yoda S, Ohshima S. Supercritical drying media modification for silica aerogel preparation. J Non-Cryst Solids 1999;248(2-3):224-234.
8.Fricke J, Emmerling A. Aerogels—Preparation, properties, applications. Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Applications of Sol-Gel Glasses 1992:37-87.
9.Schmidt M, Schwertfeger F. Applications for silica aerogel products. J Non-Cryst Solids 1998;225(1):364-368.
10.Pierre AC, Pajonk GM. Chemistry of aerogels and their applications. Chem Rev 2002;102(11):4243-4266.
11.Moreno-Castilla C, Maldonado-Hodar FJ. Carbon aerogels for catalysis applications: An overview. Carbon 2005;43(3):455-465.
12.Hrubesh LW. Aerogel applications. J Non-Cryst Solids 1998;225(1):335-342.
13.Fricke J, Tillotson T. Aerogels: production, characterization, and applications. Thin Solid Films 1997;297(1-2):212-223.
14.Fricke J, Emmerling A. Aerogels—Recent progress in production techniques and novel applications. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 1998;13(1):299-303.
15.Akimov YK. Fields of Application of Aerogels (Review). Instruments and Experimental Techniques 2003;46(3):287-299.
16.Kistler SS, Fischer EA, Freeman IR. Sorption and surface area in silica aerogel. J Am Chem Soc 1943;65(10):1909-1919.
17.Kistler SS. Coherent expanded-aerogels. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 1932;36(1):52-64.
18.Kistler SS. Coherent Expanded Aerogels and Jellies. Nature 1931;127(3211):741.
19.Kistler SS. The relation between heat conductivity and structure in silica aerogel. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 1935;39(1):79-86.
20.Tsionsky M, Gun G, Glezer V, Lev O. Sol-gel-derived ceramic-carbon composite electrodes: introduction and scope of applications. Anal Chem 1994;66(10):1747-1753.
21.Deshpande R, Hua DW, Smith DM, Brinker CJ. Pore structure evolution in silica gel during aging/drying. III. Effects of surface tension*. J Non-Cryst Solids 1992;144:32-44.
22.Tamon H, Ishizaka H, Yamamoto T, Suzuki T. Preparation of mesoporous carbon by freeze drying. Carbon 1999;37(12):2049-2055.
23.Tamon H, Ishizaka H, Yamamoto T, Suzuki T. Freeze drying for preparation of aerogel-like carbon. Drying Technol 2001;19(2):313-324.
24.Van Bommel MJ, De Haan AB. Drying of silica aerogel with supercritical carbon dioxide. J Non-Cryst Solids 1995;186:78-82.
25.Tewari PH, Hunt AJ, Lofftus KD. Ambient-temperature supercritical drying of transparent silica aerogels. Mater Lett 1985;3(9-10):363-367.
26.Morley KS, Licence P, Marr PC, Hyde JR, Brown PD, Mokaya R, et al. Supercritical fluids: A route to palladium-aerogel nanocomposites. J Mater Chem 2004;14(7):1212-1217.
27.Leng YL, Shen XD, Cui S, Teng KM. Optimized Technics of Supercritical Drying of SiO 2 Aerogel. Jingxi Huagong(Fine Chemicals) 2008;25(3):209-211.
28.Kocon L, Despetis F, Phalippou J. Ultralow density silica aerogels by alcohol supercritical drying. J Non-Cryst Solids 1998;225(1):96-100.
29.Estella J, Echeverria JC, Laguna M, Garrido JJ. Effect of supercritical drying conditions in ethanol on the structural and textural properties of silica aerogels. J Porous Mater 2008;15(6):705-713.
30.Mukhopadhyay M, Rao BS. Modeling of supercritical drying of ethanol-soaked silica aerogels with carbon dioxide. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2008;83(8):1101-1109.
31.Leitner W. Supercritical carbon dioxide as a green reaction medium for catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2002;35(9):746-756.
32.Knittel D, Saus W, Schollmeyer E. Application of supercritical carbon dioxide in finishing processes. Journal of the Textile Institute 1993;84(4):534-552.
33.Nalawade SP, Picchioni F, Janssen L. Supercritical carbon dioxide as a green solvent for processing polymer melts: Processing aspects and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2006;31(1):19-43.
34.Licence P, Ke J, Sokolova M, Ross SK, Poliakoff M. Chemical reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide: from laboratory to commercial plant. Green Chemistry 2003;5(2):99-104.
35.DeSimone JM. Practical approaches to green solvents. Science 2002;297(5582):799.
36.Cooper AI. Porous materials and supercritical fluids. Advanced Materials 2003;15:1049-1059.
37.Cooper AI. Polymer synthesis and processing using supercritical carbon dioxide. J Mater Chem 2000;10(2):207-234.
38.McClain JB, Betts DE, Canelas DA, Samulski ET, DeSimone JM, Londono JD, et al. Design of nonionic surfactants for supercritical carbon dioxide. Science 1996;274(5295):2049.
39.DeSimone JM, Guan Z, Elsbernd CS. Synthesis of fluoropolymers in supercritical carbon dioxide. Science 1992;257(5072):945.
40.Kazarian SG, Vincent MF, Bright FV, Liotta CL, Eckert CA. Specific intermolecular interaction of carbon dioxide with polymers. J Am Chem Soc 1996;118(7):1729-1736.
41.Kendall JL, Canelas DA, Young JL, DeSimone JM. Polymerizations in supercritical carbon dioxide. Chem Rev 1999;99(2):543-564.
42.Phisalaphong M, Suwanmajo T, Sangtherapitikul P. Novel Nanoporous Membranes from Regenerated Bacterial Cellulose. J Appl Polym Sci 2008;107:292-299.
43.Phisalaphong M, Suwanmajo T, Tammarate P. Synthesis and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose/Alginate Blend Membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2008;107:3419-3424.
44.Woods HM, Silva M, Nouvel C, Shakesheff KM, Howdle SM. Materials processing in supercritical carbon dioxide: surfactants, polymers and biomaterials. J Mater Chem 2004;14(11):1663-1678.
45.Gebert B, Saus W, Knittel D, Buschmann HJ, Schollmeyer E. Dyeing natural fibers with disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide. Textile Research Journal 1994;64(7):371.
46.Ozcan AS, Clifford AA, Bartle KD, Lewis DM. Solubility of disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide. J Chem Eng Data 1997;42(3):590-592.
47.Saus W, Knittel D, Schollmeyer E. Dyeing of textiles in supercritical carbon dioxide. Textile Research Journal 1993;63(3):135.
48.Aaltonen O, Jauhiainen O. The preparation of lignocellulosic aerogels from ionic liquid solutions. Carbohydr Polym 2009;75(1):125-129.
49.Wang M, Liu X, Ji S, Risen WM. A New Hybrid Aerogel Approach to Modification of Bioderived Polymers for Materials Applications. 2002: Warrendale, Pa.; Materials Research Society; 1999; 2002. p. 77-86.
50.Gavillon. R, Budtova T. Aerocellulose: New Highly Porous Cellulose Prepared from Cellulose-NaOH Aqueous Solutions. Biomacromolecules 2008;9:269–277.
51.Liebner F, Haimer E, Wendland M, Neouze MA, Schlufter K, Miethe P, et al. Aerogels from Unaltered Bacterial Cellulose: Application of scCO2 Drying for the Preparation of Shaped, Ultra-Lightweight Cellulosic Aerogels. Macromol Biosci;10(4):349-352.
52.Fischer F, Rigacci A, Pirard R, Berthon-Fabry S, Achard P. Cellulose-based aerogels. Polymer 2006;47(22):7636-7645.
53.Innerlohinger J, Weber HK, Kraft G. Aerocellulose: aerogels and aerogel-like materials made from cellulose. 2006: John Wiley & Sons; 2006. p. 126-135.
54.Jin H, Nishiyama Y, Wada M, Kuga S. Nanofibrillar cellulose aerogels. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Aspects 2004;240(1-3):63-67.
55.Weatherwax RC, Caulfield DF. Cellulose Aerogels: An improved method for preparing a highly expanded form of dry cellulose. Tappi 1971;54(6):985-986.
56.Tan C, Fung BM, Newman JK, Vu C. Organic aerogels with very high impact strength. Advanced Materials 2001;13(9):644-646.
57.Chao Y, Ishida T, Sugano Y, Shoda M. Bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum in a 50-L internal-loop airlift reactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000;68(3):345-352.
58.Okiyama A, Shirae H, Kano H, Yamanaka S. Bacterial cellulose I. Two-stage fermentation process for cellulose production by Acetobacter aceti. Food Hydrocolloids 1992;6(5):471-477.
59.Vandamme EJ, De Baets S, Vanbaelen A, Joris K, De Wulf P. Improved production of bacterial cellulose and its application potential. Polym Degradation Stab 1998;59(1-3):93-99.
60.Yoshinaga F, Tonouchi N, Watanabe K. Research progress in production of bacterial cellulose by aeration and agitation culture and its application as a new industrial material. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1997;61(2):219-224.
61.Benaissi K, Johnson L, Walsh DA, Thielemans W. Synthesis of platinum nanoparticles using cellulosic reducing agents. Green Chemistry;12(2):220-222.
62.Cai J, Kimura S, Wada M, Kuga S. Nanoporous Cellulose as Metal Nanoparticles Support. Biomacromolecules 2009;10(1):87-94.
63.Maneerung T, Tokura S, Rujiravanit R. Impregnation of silver nanoparticles into bacterial cellulose for antimicrobial wound dressing. Carbohydr Polym 2008;72(1):43-51.