臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　土壤處理法是利用土壤中的物理、化學與生物作用，去除污水中污染物質之方法，可以不需要複雜之裝置以處理污染物質，而且具有效率高、動力及能源需求低及維護費用低廉等優點。
　　本研究藉由設於嘉義地區之模型場，探討土壤處理法對於生活污水中各類污染物的去除機制與處理效率。三種濾料配比方式之處理槽，分別用來檢視其處理效率，第一處理槽採用該地區之的現地土壤(k值= 7.91×10-4 cm/sec)；第二處理槽則採用砂土比例1：4的改良土壤(k值= 1.66×10-3 cm/sec)，並增加磷吸附層(粉碎蚵殼)；第三處理槽亦採用改良土壤，但調整砂土比例為1：6 (k值= 1.05×10-3 cm/sec)，亦增加磷吸附層。污水進流採用次表層施灌方式，經由管線導入處理槽之散水層，並以重力入滲至濾料層中進行處理。污水處理量由初始之1 CMD調整至0.25 CMD。
　　試驗結果顯示，處理效果以第一處理槽之放流水質狀況最為良好，其餘兩槽均未能符合預期之效果。而第一槽中各污染物處理狀況分別為：BOD5放流濃度低於23 mg/L以下，最佳去除率為76%；SS放流濃度低於9.4 mg/L，最佳去除率為89.5%；氨氮之放流濃度介於2.22~ 18.78 mg/L，去除率為36~ 93%，但處理效率逐日降低；而磷於放流水中幾乎無法檢測，去除率約90~ 100%；放流水之pH值均在中性的範圍，其水溫與室溫相近。依據現行法規標準而言，土壤處理法對於BOD5、SS與磷之去除均能達放流標準；至於氮污染物方面，目前尚未完全符合法規標準。建議由提高前處理效率來降低進流污染負荷，並且以增加曝氣來提高系統對氮的去除能力。
　　綜合模型場初步的試驗結果顯示，土壤處理法對於生活污水具有良好的淨化能力，極具實場推廣之可行性。

　　Land treatment was a kind of way to deal with wastewater on the strength of the physical, chemical and biological characters of the soil. We could use it to treat sewage without complicated equipment. Land treatment has the advantage including high efficiency, low power consumption and low upkeep costs on wastewater treatment.
　　The efficiency and mechanisms of land treatment on household sewage was the purpose of this research. Results obtained from a model of soil absorption system in Chiayi County. In order to survey the difference in efficiency among the treatment tanks, we select three kinds of the filter materials. NO.1 treatment tank was stuffed with natural soil, and its k value = 7.91×10-4 cm/sec. No.2 and NO.3 tanks were both stuffed with ameliorative soil, and we added 15cm "phosphorous absorption layer" over the filter layer. The sand/soil ratio of the filter layer in NO.2 treatment tank was 1:4(k value = 1.66×10-3 cm/sec), and 1:6(k value = 1.05×10-3 cm/sec) was for NO.3. Wastewater could be discharged to the distribution layer in treatment tanks by means of the subsurface irrigation. In treatment tanks influent could be distributed to the leaching layer using gravity flow distribution to carry out further treatment. We altered the wastewater flow from 1CMD to 0.25CMD in the operating period.
　　The experiment results in this study reveal that NO.1 was the most efficient component. The No.2 and NO.3 treatment tanks have not satisfied the expected efficiency. The NO.1 tank’s concentration of effluent BOD5 was less than 23 mg/L, and the best removal efficiency was 76%. The concentration of effluent suspended solid less than 9.4 mg/L, and the optimum removal efficiency was 89.5%. The concentration of effluent nitrogen was 2.22~ 18.78 mg/L，and the progressively worse removal efficiency was 36~ 93%. The removal efficiency of phosphorous was about 90~ 100%. The effluent pH was in the range of neutrality. The effluent temperature was close to atmospheric temperature. The concentration of effluent BOD5、SS and phosphorous have been conformed to the Effluent Standard(2001). Nonetheless, the effluent nitrogen can’t pass muster exactly with the standard. If the pretreating equipment could be ameliorated and add some aerating apparatus, the nitrogen removal mechanism of the system might be raised.
　　The experiment results reveal that land treatment was not only an efficient wastewater treatment method, but also a feasible system.

中文摘要.....................................i
Abstract.....................................iii
目錄.........................................v
圖目錄.......................................ix
表目錄.......................................xi
第一章 緒論..................................1
1.1前言......................................1
1.2研究動機與目的............................3
第二章 文獻回顧..............................4
2.1 土壤.....................................4
2.1.1 土壤化育作用與土壤分類.................4
2.1.2 土壤功能...............................9
2.2 土壤處理.................................11
2.2.1 地面灌施法.............................14
2.2.2 快速滲透法.............................15
2.2.3 地面漫流法.............................17
2.2.4 溼地處理法.............................18
2.2.5 水生植物處理法.........................19
2.2.6 次表層施灌法...........................19
2.3 污染去除機制.............................21
2.3.1 氮去除機制.............................21
2.3.2 磷去除機制.............................25
2.3.3 有機物去除機制.........................26
2.4 土壤中的氧化還原反應.....................31
2.5 土壤處理之實際案例.......................35
2.6 設計規範.................................41
2.6.1 相關設計規範...........................41
2.6.2 模型場設計參數.........................46
第三章 研究方法..............................48
3.1 研究流程.................................48
3.2 背景資料收集.............................50
3.3 模型場設定...............................52
3.3.1 處理槽規格說明.........................52
3.3.2 處理設施說明...........................55
3.4 模型場運作程序...........................57
3.5 水質採樣.................................60
3.6結果分析與效率評估........................63
第四章 結果與討論............................64
4.1 模型場試驗結果...........................64
4.1.1 現場水質監測...........................64
4.1.2 各處理槽水質分析結果...................71
4.2 模型場之污染物處理效率探討...............79
4.2.1 生化需氧量.............................79
4.2.2 懸浮固體量.............................83
4.2.3 氮.....................................88
4.2.4 磷.....................................102
4.2.5 油脂...................................104
4.3 處理槽試驗結果討論.......................106
4.4.1 濾料層調配比例的影響...................106
4.4.2 設置磷吸附層之影響.....................107
4.4.3 前處理修正後的影響.....................108
第五章 結論與建議............................109
5.1 結論.....................................109
5.2 建議.....................................111
參考文獻.....................................114
附錄A 現場水質採樣作業規劃...................附-1
A.1 採樣器材.................................附-2
A.2 現場採樣作業流程.........................附-2
A.3 採樣記錄表...............................附-3
附錄B 水質分析作業規劃.......................附-4
B.1 九十年放流水標準.........................附-5
B.2 水質分析方法.............................附-6
B.2.1 水中生化需氧量檢測方法.................附-6
B.2.2 總懸浮固體檢測方法- 103℃~105℃乾燥....附-7
B.2.3 溶解性硝酸鹽氮與亞硝酸鹽氮檢測方法.....附-9
B.2.4 氨氮檢測方法-酚藍法....................附-12
B.2.5 凱氏氮檢測方法.........................附-13
B.2.6 水中磷檢測方法-分光光度計/維生素丙法...附-17
B.2.7 水中總油脂檢測方法-萃取重量法..........附-20
B.3 水質分析記錄表格.........................附-22
附錄C 現場監測資料...........................附-29
C.1 水溫.....................................附-30
C.2 酸鹼值...................................附-31
C.3 溶氧值...................................附-32
附錄D 水質分析結果...........................附-33
附錄E 污染物去除效率分析.....................附-54
E.1 BOD5去除效率.............................附-55
E.2 SS去除效率...............................附-55
E.3 NH3-N去除效率............................附-56
E.4 總氮去除效率.............................附-56
E.5 正磷酸鹽去除效率.........................附-57
E.6 總磷酸鹽去除效率.........................附-57
附錄F 進流水油脂分析結果.....................附-58

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