臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

膽固醇廣泛的分佈在動物性的食物來源中；而有些水產品中常含有高量的膽固醇和高度不飽和脂肪酸，此外亦含有牛磺酸。當此類水產品利用時，發生膽固醇及脂質的氧化是無可避免的。有些膽固醇氧化物可能會引起不良之生理作用，而氧化油亦會對動物體造成不良之影響。牛磺酸常被報導具有改善高膽固醇、高油脂等飲食者之血脂質或體內之膽固醇過高的現象，且亦具有抗氧化之特性，以及保護因脂質過氧化所引起之傷害。因此本研究乃探討牛磺酸對氧化膽固醇在大白鼠毒性的影響，進而探討牛磺酸對氧化膽固醇和氧化油在大白鼠毒性之影響。
實驗一為探討牛磺酸對氧化膽固醇在大白鼠毒性的影響。實驗分成五組，控制組、膽固醇組、膽固醇加5%牛磺酸組、氧化膽固醇組和氧化膽固醇加5%牛磺酸組，經飼養六週後，測其血液特性、生化指標和臟器之變化，另作肝臟組織切片，實驗結果發現，牛磺酸對於動物因食用膽固醇或氧化膽固醇所導致肝臟腫大具有良好改善效果，而牛磺酸亦對於血漿中Cholesterol、HDL-C（high density lipoprotein-cholesterol）、LDL-C（low density lipoprotein-cholesterol）、VLDL-C（very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol）、TG（triglyceride）、AST（aspartate transminase）、ALT（alanine transminase）和ALP（alkaline phosphatase）等生化指標異常情況具有良好的改善，同樣的牛磺酸對肝臟GSH（glutathione）、TBARS（thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances）及肝臟組織切片，均有顯著的預防或改善效果。綜合上述結果顯示，牛磺酸確實具有保護肝臟及降低膽固醇或氧化膽固醇所引起之傷害。
實驗二為探討牛磺酸對氧化膽固醇和氧化魚油在大白鼠毒性的影響。實驗分成五組，控制組、氧化魚油加膽固醇組、氧化魚油加膽固醇及5%牛磺酸組、氧化魚油加氧化膽固醇組和氧化魚油加氧化膽固醇及5%牛磺酸組，經飼養六週後，測其血液特性、生化指標和臟器之變化，另作肝臟組織切片，實驗結果發現，牛磺酸對於動物因氧化魚油加膽固醇或氧化魚油加氧化膽固醇所導致肝臟腫大具有良好改善效果，而牛磺酸亦對於血漿中AST（aspartate transminase）、ALT（alanine transminase）、ALP（alkaline phosphatase）、Cholesterol、HDL-C（high density lipoprotein-cholesterol）、LDL-C（low density lipoprotein-cholesterol）、VLDL-C（very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol）和TG（triglyceride）等生化指標異常情況具有良好的改善。同樣的，牛磺酸對肝臟GSH（glutathione）、TBARS（thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances）及肝臟組織切片，均有顯著的預防和改善效果。綜合上述結果顯示，牛磺酸確實具有保護肝臟和降低氧化魚油、膽固醇及氧化膽固醇所引起之毒害。

Cholesterol was widely distributed in foods of animal origin, however there were usually to contain high dose of cholesterol and high dose of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in marine foods, and furthermore there were also to contain taurine. When people make use of these kinds of marine foods, the oxidation of cholesterol and oil were not usually prevented. Some cholesterol oxides could cause harmful to our physiological reaction, and oxidized oil, too. On the other hand, it has been reported that taurine improves people who had hypercholesterolemia, and it also has the properties of antioxidant. Besides, it has be able to protect our liver against lipid peroxide. This prompted us to study the effect of taurine on the toxicity of oxidized cholesterol in rats, and then to investigate the effect of taurine on the toxicity of oxidized cholesterol and oxidized oil in rats.
In experimentⅠ, attempt was made to study the effect of taurine on the toxicity of oxidized cholesterol in rats. There were thirty rats divided into five groups. The diet regimen used in each group was as follows. Group A: rats were fed basal diet. Group B: rats were fed cholesterol diet. Group C: rats were fed cholesterol+taurine diet. Group D: rats were fed oxidized cholesterol diet. Group E: rats were fed oxidized cholesterol+taurine diet. After feeding diet for six weeks, we found that taurine could decrease the relative liver weight. Furthermore, it could reduce the activities of asparate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the level of HDL-C (high density lipoprotein-cholesterol), LDL-C (low density lipoprotein-cholesterol), cholesterol, TG (triglyceride) and VLDL-C (very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol) in the plasma of rats. Similarly, taurine could depress thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level and improve the glutathione (GSH) level in the liver of rats. It could ameliorate and prevent the harmful problem to the liver tissue section, too. Judging from these data, it indicated that taurine may play an important role in reducing the toxic effect of cholesterol and oxidized cholesterol in rats.
In experimentⅡ, we demonstrated the effect of taurine on the toxicity of oxidized cholesterol and oxidized fish oil in rats. There were also thirty rats divided into five groups. The diet regimen used in each group was as follows. Group A: rats were fed basal diet. Group B: rats were fed oxidized fish oil+cholesterol diet. Group C: rats were fed oxidized fish oil+cholesterol and taurine diet. Group D: rats were fed oxidized fish oil+oxidized cholesterol diet. Group E: rats were fed oxidized fish oil+oxidized cholesterol and taurine diet. After feeding diet for six weeks, we found that taurine could decrease the relative liver weight. Besides, it could reduce the activities of asparate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the level of HDL-C (high density lipoprotein-cholesterol), LDL-C (low density lipoprotein-cholesterol), VLDL-C (very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol), cholesterol and TG (triglyceride) in the plasma of rats caused by oxidized oil or oxidized cholesterol. Similarly, taurine could depress thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level and improve the glutathione (GSH) level in the liver of rats. It also could ameliorate and prevent the harmful problem to the liver tissue section. Judging from these data, it indicated that taurine may play an important role in reducing the toxic effect of oxidized oil and oxidized cholesterol in rats.

目 錄
頁 數 中文摘要-------------------------------------------------Ⅰ
英文摘要--------------------------------------------------Ⅲ壹、文獻整理--------------------------------------------------1一、膽固醇之生理意義------------------------------------------1二、膽固醇氧化物之形成----------------------------------------2三、食品加工過程膽固醇氧化物之形成----------------------------3四、水產品及一般食品中所含之膽固醇氧化物----------------------6五、膽固醇氧化物及氧化油對組織及生理之影響性------------------7
六、牛磺酸---------------------------------------------------11
附表---------------------------------------------------------18貳、研究內容----------------------------------------21
第一章 牛磺酸對氧化膽固醇在大白鼠毒性之影響-----------21 一、前言-----------------------------------------------------21二、材料與方法-----------------------------------------------21三、結果-----------------------------------------------------31四、討論-----------------------------------------------------36附圖與附表--------------------------------------------------40 第二章 牛磺酸對氧化膽固醇和氧化油在大白鼠毒性之影響---56 一、前言-----------------------------------------------------56二、材料與方法-----------------------------------------------56三、結果-----------------------------------------------------60四、討論-----------------------------------------------------65附圖與附表---------------------------------------------------70叁、參考文獻-------------------------------------------------85

參、參考文獻
Alvarez, J. G. and Storey, B. T. 1983. Taurine, hypotaurine, epinephrine and albumin inhibit lipid peroxidation in rabbit spermatozoa and product against loss of motility. Biol. Rep., 29:548-555.
Ammouche, A., Rouaki, F., Bitam, A. and Bellal, M. M. 2002. Effect of ingestion of thermally oxidized sunflower oil on the fatty acid composition and antioxidant enzymes of rat liver and brain in development. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 46:268-275.
An, H. V. and Fromageot, P. 1960. Dosage de la taurine echangeable des organes du rat. Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol., 42:221-226.
Andia, A. M. G. and Street, J. C. 1975. Dietary induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes by thermally oxidized fats. J. Agric. Food Chem., 23:173-177.
Arancibia, S. R., Martinez, C. D., Perez, G. B., Urdanivia, M. H., Diaz, L. V., Vazquez, A. D., Baranque, L. C. and Costa, M. R. A. 2000. Effects of taurine on ozone-induced memory deficits and lipid peroxidation levels in brains of young , mature, and old rats. Environ. Res. Section A, 82:7-17.
Artman, N. R. 1969. The chemical and biological properties of heated and oxidized fats. Adv. Lipid Res., 7:245-330.
Aruoma, O. I., Halliwell, B., Hoey, B. M. and Butler, J. 1988. The antioxidant action of taurine, hypotaurine and their metabolic precursors. Biochem. J., 256:251-255.
Associaation of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). 1996. Official Methods of Analysis, 16th edition, Arlington, VA, USA.
Baba, A. 1983. Neuropharmacology of taurine in the central nervous system (review). Folia Pharmacol. Japon., 81:1-12.
Balkan, J., Dogru-Abbasoglu, S., Kanbagli, O., Cevikbas, U., Aykac-Toker, G. and Uysal, M. 2001. Taurine has a protective effect against thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis by decreasing oxidative stress. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 20:251-254.
Balkan, J., Kanbagli, O., Aykac-Toker, G. and Uysal, M. 2002. Taurine treatment reduces hepatic lipids and oxidative stress in chronically ethanol-treated rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 25:1231-1233.
Baranowski, A., Adams, C. W. M., Bayliss, O. B. and Bowyer, D. B. 1982. Connective tissue responses to oxysterols. Atherosclerosis, 41:255-266.
Barnes, P. J. 2000. Reactive oxygen species in asthma. Eur. Respir. Rev., 10:240-243.
Bosinger, S., Luf, W. and Brandl, E. 1993. Oxysterols: Their occurrence and biological effects. Int. Dairy J., 3:1-33.
Brown, A. J. and Jessup, W. 1999. Oxysterols and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 142:1-28.
Cepinskas G., Kvietys P. R. and Aw T. Y. 1994. Omega 3-lipid peroxides CaCo-2 cells：relationship to the development of reduced glutathion antioxidant system. Gastroenterology, 107:80-86.
Chiba, Y., Ando, K. and Fujita, T. 2002. The protective effective of taurine against renal damage by salt loading in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. J. Hypertens., 20:2269-2274.
Chicoye, E., Powrie, W. D. and Fennema, O. 1968. Photooxidation of cholesterol in spray-dried egg yolk upon irradiation. J. Food Sci., 33:581-587.
Chien, J. T., Wang, H. C. and Chen, B. H. 1998. Kinetic model of the cholesterol oxidation during heating. J. Agric. Food Chem., 46:2571-2577.
Chow, C. K. 1991. Vitamin E and oxidative stress. Free Radical Res. Commun., 15:347-352.
Cooper, J. R., Bloom, F. E. and Roth, R. H. 1982. The biochemical basis of neuropharmacology. pp.249-294. Oxford University Press, New York.
Cortijo, J., Blesa, S., Martinez-Losa, M., Mata, M., Seda, E., Santangelo, F. and Morcillo, E. J. 2001. Effects of taurine on pulmonary responses to antigen in sensitized Brown-Norway rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 431:111-117.
Covarrubias, J. 1994. Taurine and the lung: pharmacological intervention by aerosol route. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 359:413-417.
Crampton, E. W., Farmer, F. A. and Berryhill, F. M. 1950. The effect of heat treatment on the nutritional value of some vegetable oil. J. Nutr., 40:431-440.
Cross, C. E., Reznick, A. Z., Packer, L., Davis, P. A., Susuki, Y. J. and Halliwell, B. 1992. Oxidative damage to human plasma proteins by ozone. Free Radical Res. Commun., 15:347-352.
Culter, M. G. and Schneider, R. 1973. Malformations produced in mice and rats by oxidized linoleate. Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 11:935-939.
Dawson, R. Jr., Pelleymounter, M. A., Cullen, M. J., Gollub, M. and Liu, S. 1999. An age-related decline in striatal taurine is correlated with a loss of dopaminergic markers. Brain Res. Bull., 48:319-324.
Echarte, M., Zulet, M. A. and Astiasaran, I. 2001. Oxidation process affecting fatty acids and cholesterol in fried and roasted salmon. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49:5662-5667.
Emanuel, H., Hassel, C. A., Addis, P. B., Bergmann, S. D. and Zavoral, J. H. 1991. Plasma cholesterol oxidation products (oxysterols) in human subjects fed a meal rich in oxysterols. J. Food Sci., 56:843-847.
Engberg, R. M., Lauridsen, C., Jensen, S. K. and Jakobsen, K. 1996. Inclusion of oxidized vegetable oil in broiler diets. Its influence on nutrient balance and on the antioxidative status of broilers. Poult. Sci., 75:1003-1011.
Finocchiaro, T. E., Lee, K. and Richarson, T. 1984. Identification and quantification of cholesterol oxides in grated cheese and bleached butteroil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 61:877-883.
Fioriti, J. A. and Sims, R. J. 1966. Autoxidation products from cholesterol. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 44:221-224.
Fungwe, T. V., Cagen, L. M., Cook, G. A., Wilcox, H. G. and Hermberg, M. 1993. Dietary cholesterol stimulates hepatic biosynthesis of triglyceride and reduces oxidation of fatty acid in the rats. J. Lipid Res., 34:933-941.
Gabriel, H. G., Alexander, J. C. and Valli, V. E. 1977. Biochemical and histological effects of feeding thermally oxidized rapeseed oil and lard to rats. Can. J. Comp. Med., 41:98-106.
Garrett, R. H. and Grisham, C. M. 1999. Lipid biosynthesis. In:Biochemistry, 2nd Edition. Garrett R. H. and Grisham C.M. pp.802-851. Saunders College Publishing. Co., Ltd., Florida.
Gordon, R. E. and Heller, R. 1992. Taurine protection of lungs in hamster models of oxidant injury: a morphologic time study of paraquat and bleomycin treatment. pp.319-323, Plenum Press, New York.
Griffith, D. W. 1985. Glutathione and glutathione disulphide. In : Methods of Enzymatic Analysis-Volume Ⅷ. Metabolites 3 : Lipids, Amino acid and Related Compounds, 3th edition (eds. by Berbmeyer, H. U. et al.), VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, pp.521-529.
Gurer, H., Ozgunes, H., Saygin, E. and Ercal, N. 2001. Antioxidant effect of taurine against lead-induced oxidative stress. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 41:397-402.
Gurujeyalakshmi, G., Wang, Y. and Giri, S. N. 2000. Taurine and niacin block lung injury and fibrosis by down-regulating bleomycin-induced activation of transcription nuclear factor in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 293:82-90.
Hayes, K. C. 1985. Taurine requirement in primates. J. Nutr., 43:65-70.
Herian, A. M. and Lee, K. 1985. 7α and 7β hydroxycholesterols formed in a dry egg mix exposed to fluorescent light. J. Food Sci., 50:267-277.
Hiesberger, J. and Luf, W. 2000. Oxidation of cholesterol in butter during storage effects of light and temperature. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 211:167-164.
Hino, T., Kawanishi, S., Yasui, H., Oka, S. and Sakurai, H. 1998. (HTHQ1-O-hexy-2,3,5-trimethlhydroquinone), an anti-lipid-peroxidative compound：its chemical and biochemical characterizations. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1425:47-60.
Hochgraf, E., Mokady, S. and Cogan, U. 1997. Dietary oxidized linoleic acid modifies lipid composition of rat liver microsomes and increases their fluidity. J. Nutr., 127:681-686.
Hodis, H. N., Crawford, D. W. and Sevanian, A. 1991. Cholesterol feeding increases plasma and aortic tissue cholesterol oxide levels in parallel: further evidence for the role of cholesterol oxidation in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 89:117-126.
Hu, P. C. and Chen, B. H. 2002. Effects of riboflavin and fatty acid methyl esters on cholesterol oxidation during illumination. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50:3572-3578.
Hung, S. S. O., Cho, C. O. and Slinger, S. J. 1981. Effect of oxidized fish oil, DL-α-tocopheryl acetate and ethoxyquin supplementation on the vitamin E nutrition of rainbow trout（Salmo gairdneri）fed practical diets. J. Nutr., 111:648-657.
Hussy, N., Deleuze, C., Desarmenien, M. G. and Moos, F. C. 2000. Osmotic regulation of neuronal activity: a new role for taurine and glial cells in a hypothalamic neuroendocrine structure. Prog. Neurobiol., 62:113-134.
Huxtable, R. J. 1992. Physiological actions of taurine. Physiol. Rev., 72:101-163.
Hwang, D. F., Hour, J. L. and Cheng, H. M. 2000. Effect of taurine on toxicity of oxidized fish oil in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 38:585-591.
Imao, K., Wang, H., Komatsu, M. and Hiramatsu, M. 1998. Free radical scavenging activity of fermented papaya preparation and its effect on lipid peroxide level and superoxide dismutase activity in iron-induced epileptic foci of rats. Biochem. Mol. Bio. Int., 45:11-23.
Izaki, Y., Yoshikawa, S. and Uchiyama, M. 1984. Effect of ingestion of thermally oxidized frying oil on peroxidative criteria in rats. Lipid, 19:324-331.
John, A. T., Vitor, S. and Catherine, J. W. 1995. The in vivo and in vitro protective properties of taurine. Gen. Pharmac., 26:453-462.
Kandutsch, A. A. and Chen, H. W. 1973. Inhibition of sterol synthesis in cultured mouse cells by 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, and 7-ketocholesterol. J. Biol. Chem., 248:8408-8417.
Kaunitz, H. and Johnson, R. E. 1972. Exacerbation of heart and liver lesions in rats by feeding of various mildly oxidized fats. Lipid, 8:329-336.
Kenyon S. H., Waterfield C. J., Asker D. S., Kudo M., Moss D. W., Bates T. E., Nicolaou A., Gibbons W. A. and Timbrell J. A. 1999. Effect of hydrazine upon vitamin B12-dependent methionine synthase activity and the sulphur amino acid pathway in isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol., 57:1311-1319.
Kim, S. K. and Nawar, W. W. 1991. Oxidation interactions of cholesterol with triacylglycerols. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., 68:931-934.
Kim, S. K. and Nawar, W. W. 1993. Parameters influencing cholesterol oxidation. Lipid, 28:917-922.
Kinsella, J. E. 1987. Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on factors related to cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Cardiol., 60:23G-32G.
Kishida, T., Akazawa, T. and Ebihara, K. 2001. Influence of age and ovariectomy on the hypocholesterolemic effects of dietary taurine in rats fed a cholesterol-free diet. Nutr. Res., 21:1025-1033.
Konosu, S. and Yamaguchi, K. 1987. The flavor components in fish and shellfish. In “Chemistry & Biochemistry of Marine Food Products”, Eds. Martin, R. E., Flick, G. J. and Ward, D. R. pp.367-372. AVI Publishing, Westport, CT.
Koshio, S., Ackmman, R. G. and Lall, S. P. 1994. Effects of oxidized herring and canola oil diets on growth survival and flavor of Atlantic salmon, Salmon salar. J. Agric. Food Chem., 42:1164-1169.
Kostos, V. J. and Kocsis, J. J. 1961. Effect of colchicine on taurine excretion. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 106:659.
Kulig, M. J. and Smith, L. L. 1973. Sterol Metabolism. XXV. Cholesterol oxidation by singlet molecular oxygen. J. Org. Chem., 38:3839-3642.
Kushwaha, R. S., VandeBerg, J. F., Jackson, E. M. and VandeBerg, J. L. 2001. High and low responding strains of laboratory opossums differ in sterol 27-hydroxylase and acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase activities on a high cholesterol diet. J. Nutr. Biochem., 12:664-673.
Laidlaw, S. A., Grosvenor, M. and Kopple, J. D. 1990. The taurine content of common foodstuffs. J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr., 14:183-188.
Lange, R. 1963. The osmotic function of amino acids and taurine in the mussel. Mytilus edulis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 10:173-179.
Lin, J. F. and Huang, C. J. 1995a. Effect of oxidized frying oil on the lipid metabolism in rats. Journal of the Chinese Nutrition Society, 20:303-316.
Lin, J. F. and Huang, C. J. 1995b. Tissue α-tocopherol retention in male rats is compromised by feeding diets containing oxidized frying oil. J. Nutr., 125:3701-3080.
Maellaro, E., Casini, A. F., Bello, B. D. and Comporti, M. 1990. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems in the liver injury produced by glutathione depleting agents. Biochem. Pharmacol., 39:1513-1521.
Maerker, G. 1987. Cholesterol autoxidation-current status. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 64:388-392.
Maerker, G. and Bunick, F. J. 1986. Cholesterol oxides Ⅱ. Measurement of the 5,6-epoxides during cholesterol oxidation in aqueous dispersion. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 63:771-777.
Magnusson, K. R. 1996. Distribution of taurine, glutamate, and glutamate receptors during post-natal development and plasticity in the rat brain. In ”Taurine”, pp.435-444. Plenum, New York/London.
Matsuo, M. 1997. Oxidative stress and aging. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi., 34:700-705.
McNamara, D. J. 1987. Diet and heart disease: The role of cholesterol and fat. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., 64:1565-1574.
Morin, R. J., Hu, B., Peng, S. K. and Sevanian, A. 1991. Cholesterol oxides and carcinogenesis. J. Clin. Lab. Anal., 5:219-225.
Murakami S., Kondo-Ohta Y. and Tomisawa K. 1999. Improvement in cholesterol metabolism in mice given chronic treatment of taurine and fed a high-fat diet. Life Sci., 64:83-91.
Nakashima, T., Takino, T. and Kuriyama, K. 1983. Therapeutic and prophylactic effects of taurine administration on experimental liver injury. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 125:449-459.
Nakashima, T., Taniko, T. and Kuriyama, K. 1982. Therapeutic effect of taurine administration on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury. Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 32:583-589.
Nanami, K., Oda, H. and Yokogoshi, H. 1996. Antihypercholesterolemic action of taurine on streptozotocin-diabetic rats or on rats fed a high cholesterol diet. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 403:561-568.
Naruszewicz, M., Wozny, E., Mirkiewicz, E., Nowicka, G. and Szotask, W. B. 1987. The effect of thermally oxidized soya bean oil on metabolism of chylomicrons. Increase uptake and degradation of oxidized chylomicrons in cultured mouse macrophages. Atherosclerosis, 66:45-53.
Nourooz-Zadeh, J. and Appelqvist, L. A. 1987. Cholesterol oxides in Swedish foods and ingredients: Fresh eggs and dehydrated egg products. J. Food Sci., 52:57-67.
Nwanguma, B. C., Achebe, A. C., Ezeanyika, L. U. S. and Eze, L. C. 1999. Toxicity of oxidized fatsⅡ: Tissue levels of lipid peroxides in rats fed a thermally oxidized corn oil diet. Food. Chem. Toxicol., 37:413-416.
Oja, S. S. and Piha, R. S. 1966. Changes in the concentration of free amino acids in the rat brain during post-natal development. Life Sci., 5:865-870.
Oja, S. S., Kontro, P. and Kahdesmaki, P. 1977. Amino acids ad inhibitory neurotransmitters. Progress in Pharmacology, 1:1-113.
Okumura, N., Otsuki, S. and Nasu, H. 1959. The influences of insulin hypoglycaemic coma, reported electroshocks, and chlorpromazine or α-phenyl-isopropylmethylamine administration on the free amino acids in the brain. J. Biochem., 46:247-252.
Osada, K., Kodama, T., Yamada, K. and Sugano, M. 1993. Oxidation of cholesterol by heating. J. Agric. Food Chem., 46:2572-2577.
Paniangvait, P., King, A. J., Jones, A. D. and German, B. G. 1995. Cholesterol oxides in foods of animal origin. J. Food Sci., 60:1159-1174.
Park, T., Lee, K. and Um, Y. 1998. Dietary taurine supplementation reduces plasma and liver cholesterol and triglyceride concentration in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Nutr. Res., 18:1559-1571.
Pasantes-Morales, H., Quesada, O., Alcocer, L. and Sanchez-Olea, R. 1989. Taurine content in foods. Nutr. Reports Intl., 40:793-801.
Pettersen, K. S., Boberg, K. M., Stabursvik, A. and Prydz, H. 1991. Toxicity of oxygenated cholesterol derivatives toward cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis, 11:423-428.
Pie, J. E., Spahis, K. and Seillan, C. 1991. Cholesterol oxidation in meat products during cooking and frozen storage. J. Agric. Food Chem., 39:250-254.
Puri S. C. and Mullen K. 1980. Multiple comparisons. In: Applied Statics for Food and Agricultural Scientists (ed. By Hall G. K.), Medcal Publishers, Bostor, MA, pp.146-162.
Rey, A. I., Kerry, J. P., Lynch, P. B., Lopez-Bote, C. J., Buckley, D. J. and Morrissey, P. A. 2001. Effect of dietary oils and alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on lipid (TBARS) and cholesterol oxidation in cooked pork. J. Anim. Sci., 79:1201-1208.
Rose, S. P. R. 1995. Glucoproteins and memory formation. Behav. Brain Res., 66:73-78.
Sakaguchi, M., Murata, M. and Kawai, A. 1982. Taurine levels in some tissues of yellowtail（Seriola quinqueradiata）and mackerel（Scomber japonicus）. Agric. Biol. Chem., 46:2857-2858.
Sander, B. D., Smith, D. E., Addis, P. B. and Park, S. W. 1989. Effects of prolonged and adverse storage conditions on levels of cholesterol oxidation products in dairy products. J. Food Sci., 54:874-879.
Savage, G. P., Dutta, P. C. and Rodriguez-Estrada, M. T. 2002. Cholesterol oxides: their occurrence and methods to prevent their generation in foods. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 11:72-78.
Schuller-Levis, G. B., Gordon, R. E. Park, E., Pendino, K. J. and Laskin, D. L. 1995. Taurine protects rat bronchioles from acute ozone-induced lung inflammation and hyperplasia. Exp. Lung Res., 21:877-888.
Sevanian, A. and Peterson, A. R. 1986. The cytotoxic and mutagenic properties of cholesterol oxidation products. Food Chem. Toxicol., 24:1103-1110.
Shiau, C. Y., Pong, Y. J., Chiou, T. K. and Chai, T. 1996. Free amino acids and nucleotide-related compounds in milkfish（Chanos chanos）muscle and viscera. J. Agric. Food Chem., 44:2650-2653.
Shibata. K., Onodera, M., Ashida, H. and Kanadawa, K. 1992. Effects of peroxidation products of linoleicacid on tryptophan-nicotinamide metabolism on rats. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 56:1270-1276.
Sies, H. and Murphy, M. E. 1991. Role of tocoferols in the protection of biological systems against oxidative damage. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. Biol., 8:211-224.
Simpson, J., Allen, K. and Awapara, J. 1959. Free amino acids in some aquatic invertebrates. Biol. Bull., 117:371-381.
Smith, L. L. 1981. Cholesterol Autoxidation. Plenum Press, New York, U.S.A.
Smith, L. L., 1992. The oxidation of cholesterol. In “Biological Effects of Cholesterol Oxides”. pp.7-31. Peng, S. K. and Morin, J. R. ed. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL., U.S.A
Stalenhoef., A. F., Kleinveld, H. A., Kosmeijer-Schuil, T. G., Demacker, P. N. and Katan, M. B. 1993. In vivo oxidised cholesterol in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 98:113-114.
Stapleton, P. P., O,Flaherty, L., Redmon, H. P. and Bouchier-Hayes, D. J. 1998. Host defense-A role for amino acid taurine？J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr., 23:366-367.
Staprans, I., Rapp, J. H., Pan, X. M., Hardman, D. A. and Feingold, K. R. 1996. Oxidized lipids in the diet accelerate the development of fatty streaks in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 16:533-538.
Sturman, J. A. 1988. Taurine in development. J. Nutr., 118:1169-1176.
Sturman, J. A., Messing, J. M., Hofmann, A. F. and Neuringer, M. J. 1988. Tissue taurine content and conjugated bile acid composition of rhesue monkey infants fed a human taurine supplementation for 3 months. Neurochem. Res., 13:311-316.
Suyama, M. and Kobayashi, H. 1980. Free amino acids and quaternary ammonium bases in mantle muscle of squids. Bull. Jan. Soc. Sci. Fish., 46:1261-1264.
Tai, C. Y., Chen, Y. C. and Chen, B. H. 2000a. Analysis, formation and inhibition of cholesterol oxidation products in foodsⅠ. J. Food Drug Anal., 7:243-257.
Tai, C. Y., Chen, Y. C. and Chen, B. H. 2000b. Analysis, formation and inhibition of cholesterol oxidation products in foodsⅡ. J. Food Drug Anal., 8:1-15.
Takehisa, F. and Suzuki, Y. 1990. Effect of guar gum cholesterol on plasma lipoportein cholesterol in rats. J. Jpn. Soc. Ntur. Food. Sci., 43:269-274.
Thurston, J. H., Hauhare, R. E. and Dirgo, J. A. 1980. Taurine: a role in osmoregulation of mammalian brain and possible clinical significance. Life Sci., 26:1561-1568.
Timbrell, J. A., Seabra, V. and Waterfield, C. J. 1995. The in vivo and in vitro protective properties of taurine. Gen. Pharmacol., 26:453-462.
Tsai, L. S. and Hudson, C. A. 1981. High performance liquid chromatography of oxygenated cholesterols and related compounds. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 58:931-934.
Tsuji, A. and Tamai, I. 1996. Sodium and chloride-dependent transport of taurine at the blood-brain barrier. In “Taurine”, pp.385-391. Plenum, New York/London.
Tuchweber B., Yousef I. M., Ferland G. and Perea A. 1996. Nutrition and bile formation. Nutr. Res., 16:1041-1080.
Uchiyama, M. and Mihara, M. 1978. Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissue by thiobarbituric acid test. Anal. Biochem., 86:271-278.
Vohra, B. P. and Hui, X. 2001. Taurine protects against carbon tetrachloride toxicity in the cultured neurons and in vivo. Arch. Physiol. Biochem., 109:90-4.
Von der Malsburg, C. 1987. Synaptic plasticity as basis of brain organization. In “The Neural and Molecular Bases of Learning”, pp.411-432. Wiley, New York.
Wahn, H., Ruenauver, N. and Hammerschmidt, S. 2002. Effect of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids on acute lung injury induced by hypochlorous acid. Thorax., 57:1060-1066.
Watnabe, T., Takashima, F., Ogino, C. and Hibiya, T. 1970. Effects of α-tocopherol deficiency on carp. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 36:623-630.
Yany, Y., Xiao, R., Qiu, F. and Li, X. 2002. Effect of taurine on blood and liver lipids in rats. Wei. Sheng. Yan. Jiu, 31:63-65.
Yokogoshi, H. and Oda, H. 2002. Dietary taurine enhances cholesterol degradation and reduces serum and liver cholesterol concentrations in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Amino Acid, 23:433-439.
Yokogoshi, H., Mochizuki, H., Nanami, K., Hida, Y., Miyachi, F. and Oda, H. 1999. Dietary taurine enhances cholesterol degradation and reduces serum and liver cholesterol concentration in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. J. Nutr., 129:1705-1712.
Yoshida, H. and Kajimoto, G. 1989. Effect of dietary vitamin E on the toxicity of autoxidized oil to rats. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 33:151-161.
王麗娟，1995。胺基乙磺酸對銅、鉛及鎘在大白鼠毒作用之影響。國立台灣海洋大學水產食品科學研究所碩士論文，基隆。
何敏夫，1994。臨床化學原理與實驗。合紀圖書出版社，台北。
何菁菁，1999。糙薏仁對STZ所誘發隻糖尿病大白鼠脂質與醣類代謝的影響。國立台灣海洋大學水產食品科學研究所碩士論文，基隆。
佐藤守，1990。游離アミノ酸。魚肉の營養成分とその利用。恆星社厚生閣刊，東京。
李學孚、林亮全、盧見人，1993。台灣土雞與肉雞在旨味物質上之差異性研究。中國農業化學會誌31：605-610。
林佑憲，1999。由魚類加工副產物萃取牛磺酸之研究。國立台灣海洋大學水產食品科學研究所碩士論文，基隆。
侯嘉玲，1997。胺基乙磺酸（taurine）對氧化油及高量維生素A在大白鼠作用之影響。國立台灣海洋大學水產食品科學研究所碩士論文，基隆。
張為憲，1999。脂質。食品化學。華香園出版社，台北。82-93頁。
黃耀宜、柯珍珍，1990。臨床生化檢驗技術手冊。黎明書店，新竹。
劉珍芳，1993。炸油餵食對老鼠體內維生素E代謝之影響。國立台灣大學農業化學研究所博士論文，台北。
賴永順、彭昌洋，1985。省產重要經濟魚貝類中特殊營養成分-牛磺酸及EPA之調查。台灣省水產試驗所水產加工系研究報告。
賴昆城、徐淑媛、陳建行，2000。組織病理學彩色圖譜。合紀圖書出版社，台北。