臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

長期受總石油碳氫化合物(TPH)汙染之土壤，在生物復育過程中會發生降解遲滯的現象，因而造成復育時間過長、殘餘濃度過高等問題。本研究利用添加生物菌劑和助劑以及添加廚餘堆肥(含有豐富的微生物菌相，包含細菌和真菌)之策略應用於模場整治，並驗證其效果。另外於實驗室啟動批次土罐試驗，探討不同發酵溫度的廚餘堆肥對於長期受總石油碳氫化合物汙染土壤之降解成效。
本研究在模場KH200以生物堆法加土耕法的方式，配合兩組策略進行整治復育。策略一使用生物優植(添加生物菌劑)及生物刺激(添加生物助劑)的生物復育技術並在降解遲滯現象發生時添加廚餘堆肥進行再次降解，結果顯示在125天的整治時期完成後，(初始濃度1,314 mg/kg dry soil)能達到36%的去除效率；而策略二係僅添加廚餘堆肥的整治策略(初始濃度971 mg/kg dry soil)同樣也達到36%的去除效率。但在模場試驗中發現，策略一添加廚餘堆肥於降解遲滯期，沒有得到顯著的成效，而策略二添加廚餘堆肥卻有顯著的降解效果。於是利用微矩陣生物晶片監測廚餘堆肥，發現夏季所採取的廚餘堆肥中含有的真菌種類及數量遠大於冬季所採取的廚餘堆肥，並由實驗室批次的TPH降解結果，夏季時所添加的廚餘堆肥對於TPH去除率達65%大於冬季時的去除率21% 相互印證。另一方面，添加不同發酵溫度的廚餘堆肥於長期受總石油碳氫化合物汙染土壤，並比較其降解成效。結果受柴油汙染之油汙土壤(初始濃度12,132 mg/kg dry soil)，添加冷卻成熟期(cooling mature phase)的廚餘堆肥有較好的降解效果，去除率達到88%。而受燃料油汙染之油汙土壤(初始濃度17,262 mg/kg dry soil)，添加冷卻成熟期(cooling mature phase)的廚餘堆肥也有較好的降解效果，去除率達到63%。

Soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon for a long time period will encountered a problem with high residual concentration which mostly took a long time to remediate. During a bioremediation process, most of the biodegradable total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was usually depleted during the first stage and after a rapid degradation process, the slow depletion process, lag phase, will occur in the second-stage.

The objective of this study was to applied a bioremediation strategy in order to explore a better treatment process. Bioaugmentation with various bacteria inoculation, biosurfactant and biostimulation with kitchen waste (KW) compost amendments to enhanced a remediation of an aged hydrocarbon-contaminated soil at field scale ex-situ remediation. At a same time, in addition to comparing the removal efficiency of TPH, laboratory scale experiment was conducted with different fermented period of kitchen waste (KW) compost amendments.

The KH200 pilot study performed by combining a two strategies to remediate the contaminant with landfarming treatment and biopiles. The strategy 1 is to applied a bioagumentation and biosurfactant at the first phase and when the lag phase occurs kitchen waste (KW) compost introduced to the biopiles to enhanced the biodegradation performance. After 125 day, the removal efficiency was 36% (initial concentration 1,314 mg TPH/kg dry soil). The strategy 2 is only kitchen waste (KW) compost amendments, the removal efficiency was 36% (initial concentration 971 mg/kg dry soil), similar to previous strategy. The results on kitchen waste (KW) compost amendments in the two strategies are practically different. Therefore using molecular technology (microarray) to monitored kitchen waste (KW) compost amendments, the result discovered that kitchen waste (KW) compost amendments applied with kitchen waste (KW) compost sampling time conducted at summer consists of more diverse fungus type and the quantity of the microorganisms are bigger than when kitchen waste (KW) compost sampling time conducted in winter. The experiments adding kitchen waste compost to degrade TPH concentration was conducted in laboratory scale, the result shown that the TPH removal efficiency was 65% in summer and 21% in winter, respectively.

On the other hand, different fermented period (temperature condition) of kitchen waste (KW) compost amendments to aged TPH contaminated soil also introduced to compared the results of TPH degradation. From the batch test result, the best TPH removal efficiency was achieved with kitchen waste (KW) compost amendments at cooling mature phase. In diesel contaminated soil (initial concentration 12,132 mg TPH/kg dry soil), the TPH removal efficiency was 88% whilst in fuel oil contaminated soil (initial concentration 17,262 mg TPH/kg dry soil), the TPH removal efficiency was 63%, respectively.

摘要............................................IV
Abstract.......................................VII
誌謝............................................IX
目錄............................................XI
表目錄........................................XIII
圖目錄..........................................XV
第一章 前言...........................................1
第二章 文獻回顧........................................3
2-1 油污染土壤概況介紹.................................3
2-1-1 土壤汙染案例介紹.................................5
2-1-2 土壤污染整治技術應用趨勢.........................10
2-2 生物復育處理油汙染土壤之研究........................13
2-2-1 土壤特性介紹....................................15
2-2-2 總石油碳氫化合物介紹.............................22
2-2-3 土壤中油汙分解能力之微生物介紹....................28
2-3 總石油碳氫化合物之生物可降解性研究 ..................31
2-3-1 影響土壤生物復育之環境因子........................31
2-3-2 生物復育過程遲滯原因及兩階段降解現象探討...........34
2-3-3 油汙土壤兩階段降解現象相關之微生物菌相..............36
2-4 離場生物復育技術整治研究 ...........................37
2-4-1 土壤生物復育技術介紹.............................37
2-4-2 生物界面活性劑應用於碳氫化合物生物降解.............41
2-4-3 系統化環境分子生物技術...........................43
2-5 廚餘堆肥於油汙土壤之降解探討........................45
2-5-1 廚餘堆肥應用於生物復育之探討 .....................45
2-5-2 廚餘堆肥應用之實驗室規模之研究 ...................46
第三章 材料與方法.....................................50
3-1 研究材料.........................................50
3-1-1 總石油碳氫化合物................................50
3-1-2 生物製劑.......................................51
3-2 污染土壤系統分析..................................53
3-2-1 土壤環境因子分析................................53
3-2-2 總石油碳氫化合物分析.............................54
3-2-3 土壤中之微生物菌落計數-平盤計數法 (Plate-counts)...55
3-2-4 掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)..............................58
3-3 分子生物技術分析.....................................59
3-3-1 總DNA萃取..........................................59
3-3-2 聚合?酵素鏈鎖反應 (Polymerase chain reaction, PCR)61
3-3-3 尾端修飾限制片段長度多型性 (T-RFLP)................62
3-3-4 微矩陣生物晶片之偵測技術 (Microarray Biochip)......63
3-4 生物復育試驗.........................................65
3-4-1現址離場土耕法生物復育模場研究 KH-200...............65
3-4-2不同濃度污染之風化土壤之複合式生物復育程序..........70
3-4-3廚餘堆肥於風化油汙土壤之複合式生物復育程序..........73
第四章 結果與討論........................................76
4-1 現址離場土耕法生物復育模場研究 KH-200................76
4-1-1 復育期間總石油碳氫化合物之變化探討 ................78
4-1-2 復育期間土壤微生物種類及數量變化探討 ..............83
4-1-3 復育期間土堆降解特性比較 ..........................95
4-2 不同濃度污染之風化土壤之複合式生物復育程序...........98
4-2-1 總石油碳氫化合物之降解特性探討....................100
4-2-2 生物降解期間微生物菌落數及種類變化趨勢探討........105
-2-3 不同復育方式之降解特性比較.........................123
4-3 廚餘堆肥於風化油汙土壤之複合式生物復育程序 .........129
4-3-1 總石油碳氫化合物之降解特性探討....................131
4-3-2 生物降解期間微生物菌落數及種類變化趨勢探討........134
4-3-3 不同發酵時期堆肥之降解特性比較....................145
4-3-4 不同採樣季節的堆肥之降解特性比較..................149
第五章 結論與建議.......................................152
5-1 結論................................................152
5-2 建議................................................154
參考文獻................................................155
附錄....................................................163

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