臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

主計制度為我國所獨創，多年以來，主計制度推行的結果，使政府預算制度步入正軌，由於社會經濟環境的快速變化，國家政事日趨複雜，致使主計人員工作重點不僅在於防止財務弊端，同時也肩負著健全國家財政，確保各項政務順利推展的重責大任。高雄市政府主計處為民國六十八年七月一日改制後由原省府的主計室成為今日的主計處，主計處擁有機構數為56個公務單位51所學校及3個事業單位的會計室，30個公務單位及65所學校的會計員；共有員額523人，外派主計人員為413人。當主計人員派駐於高雄市政府主計處所屬的會計單位服務時，在組織編制上主計人員隸屬於高雄市政府主計處，但在業務的行使上卻必須配合派駐單位的需要，屬於特殊的雙首長制，具有兩種組織承諾，且容易造成角色衝突的存在，而影響主計人員的工作滿足；因此本研究以外派主計人員為研究對象，除研究組織承諾、角色衝突及工作滿足外，亦對主計工作中的關說情形及主計的工作特性對工作滿足的影響作探討。共發出413份問卷，有效回收問卷為373份，經由相關、迴歸、層級迴歸及變異數等統計分析後，得到結果如下：

1.在主計處組織承諾的三個構面，情感性承諾中男性大於女性、主管人員高於非主管人員；持續性承諾中亦是主 管人員高於非主管人員；規範性承諾是男性大於女性。

2.對派駐機關的組織承諾的三個構面，情感性承諾中男性的情感性承諾高於女性；高中、高職亦高於大學程度者 。

3.面對派駐機關的衝突及面對主計處的衝突和不論是主計處情感性承諾及規範性承諾或派駐機關的情感性承諾及 規範性承諾皆呈顯著負相關；工作特性和組織承諾、工作滿足呈正相關，和角色衝突呈負相關；關說和角色衝 突呈正相關。

4.主計處持續性承諾及派駐機關持續性承諾較高者，其面對派駐機關的衝突較高。

5.派駐機關的情感性承諾較高者相較於派駐機關的情感性承諾低者，其內在滿足較高；主計處規範性承諾愈高外 在滿足愈高，派駐機關情感性承諾及派駐機關規範性承諾愈高，則外在滿足愈高；主計處持續性承諾高者且派 駐機關規範性承諾也高時，所感受的外在滿足感較主計處持續性承諾高者且派駐機關規範性承諾低者高；派駐 機關情感性承諾較高或派駐機關規範性承諾較高者，其一般滿足相對較高。

6.工作特性會透過角色衝突而影響工作滿足及關說亦會透過角色衝突進而影響工作滿足。

The accountants at the Bureau of Accounting & Statistics of Kaohsiung City Government are employees of the government but being assigned to other units due to the business necessity. Owing to their main job function-neutral supervising, these accountants are facing dual managerial systems, and some conflicts from both their role-plays and lobbyists as well. This thesis is to study further about the job satisfaction of these accountants under such a special working environment.

Research variables include organizational commitment to the Bureau of Accounting & Statistics, organizational commitment to the assigned units, role conflict, job characteristics, job satisfaction and lobbying. Among them, while role conflict is acting as a mediating variable, both commitments which consist of affective, continuous and normative dimensions, lobbying and job characteristics are the independent variables and job satisfaction which includes internal, external and general satisfaction is the dependent variable.

The results of this research indicate as follows:

(1) For the organizational commitment to the Bureau of Accounting & Statistics, males have higher affective commitment and normative commitment than females. Managerial levels have higher affective commitment and continuous commitment than non-managerial levels.

(2) For the organizational commitment to the assigned units, males have higher affection commitment than females. Accountants whose education background at the high-school or vocational-school level have higher affective commitment than those who are bachelors. Nevertheless, education level shows a significant difference on normative commitment, however, there''s no significant difference between the two groups under Scheffe test.

(3) Both affective and normative commitments to the Bureau of Accounting & Statistics are highly negatively correlated with those to the assigned units. In addition, job characteristic is significantly positively correlated with organizational commitment and job satisfaction, but negatively correlated with role conflict.

(4) Lobbying has positive correlation with role conflict.

(5) Accountants who have higher continuous commitments both to the Bureau of Accounting & Statistics and the assigned units feel more discordant in assigned units.

(6) The normative commitments both to the Bureau of Accounting & Statistics and the assigned units are in proportion to the external satisfaction. The affective commitment to the assigned units is correlated with the internal satisfaction. Besides, either affective or normative commitment to the assigned units has a direct effect on the general satisfaction.

(7) While role conflict is acting as a mediating variable, both job characteristics and lobbying are correlated with job satisfaction.

第一章 緒論
第一節 研究背景
第二節 研究動機
第三節 研究目的
第二章 文獻探討
第一節 工作滿足
第二節 組織承諾
第三節 角色衝突
第四節 工作特性、角色衝突與工作滿足
第五節 關說
第三章 研究方法
第一節 研究架構
第二節 研究假設
第三節 研究變項定義與衡量
第四節 衡量工具
第五節 抽樣方法
第六節 資料處理與分析方法
第七節 研究限制
第四章 研究結果與討論
第一節 各研究變項之描述性統計分析
第二節 個人特徵與組織承諾
第三節 組織承諾、角色衝突、工作特性與工作滿足之間的關係
第四節 不同程度的組織承諾對角色衝突的影響
第五節 不同程度的組織承諾對工作滿足的影響
第六節 工作特性、關說、角色衝突與工作滿足之關係
第五章 結論與建議
第一節 結論
第二節 建議

一、中文部份
石樸，1991，企業界員工工作滿意、工作投入與離質意願之研究，國立政治大學社會研究碩士論文。

朴英培，1988，工作價值觀、領導型態、工作滿足與組織承諾關係之研究，國立政治大學企管研究所博士論文。

朱志宏與謝復生，1989，利益團體參與政治過程之研究，台北：行政院研究發展考核委員會編印，16。

余安邦，1980，企業組織中員工離職行為之研究，國立臺灣大學心理研究所碩士論文。

呂育誠，1996，市政業主管人員工作態度與角色行為之研究?以臺北市政府為例，國立政治大學公共行政研究所博 士論文。

呂紀嘉，1982，中外銀行員工個人特性、工作特性、工作經驗與組織承諾之關係，國立政治大學企業管理研究所 碩士論文。

宋清華，1992，女性員工離職之意願，國立中山大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。

李明峰，1996，領導與角色壓力、工作滿足關係之研究，國立中興大學企業管理研究所。

李青芬、李雅婷、趙慕芬合譯，1994，組織行為學六版，台北：華泰書局。

杜佩蘭，1997，高雄市政府主計處員工工作滿意度之研究，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所暑假專案研究論文 。

沉文恕，1978，工作特性與工作滿足之關係?我國實驗銀行與非實驗銀行之比較，國立政治大學企業管理研究所碩 士論文。

林良楓，1984，會計師事務所查帳員工作滿足與組織承諾之研究，國立政治大學會計研究所碩士論文。

侯望倫，1984，工作壓力的實證研究?組織氣候、角色特徵、人格特性與壓力症狀之關係，國立政治大學企業管理 研究所碩士論文。

姚立明主持、于秉儀整理，「幕後的故事?關說問題與遊說法座談會」，國會觀察會訊，1卷：24-25。
建立遊說活動管理制度之研究，1993，行政院研究發展考核委員會編印。

柯惠玲，1989，工作績效與離職傾向之關研究，國立政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。

柯惠玲，1993，個人特質、事業發展環境因素與組織承諾關係之研究，國立政治大學企業管理研究所博士論文。

洪清香，1980，工作特性對教育行政人員工作滿之影響，國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。

凌欣慧，1997，生涯階段與工作行為關係之研究－專業承諾及組織承諾之中介效果分析，國立中山大學人力資源 管理研究所碩士論文。

席美銀，1994，如何杜絕關說、避免人情壓力、影響工務推行，人事月刊， 104期：67-69。

徐正光，1977，工廠工人的工作滿意及其相關因素之探討，中央研究院民族學研究所專刊，43期。

張永旺，1995，我國一條鞭主計制度實際運作情形之探討－政府會計人員組織承諾角色衝突與工作滿足，國立中 山大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。

張志成，1996，角色衝突、組織承諾、離職意願之關連性研究－公營事業管理人員為例，國立交通大學管理科學 研究所。

曹萃栩，1984，我國企業界技術專業人員離職意願之探討，國立政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。

莊榮霖，1994，國中教職員工作滿足與組織承諾之研究，國立政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。

許士軍，1977，工作滿意、個人特徵與組織氣候-文獻探討及實證研究，國立政治大學學報，35期，13-56。

許是祥，1984，企業管理、理論、方法實務，第三版，台北：中華企業發展中心。

陳富祥，1984，個人屬性、工作滿意與工作投入關係之研究，國立政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。

陸鵬程，1981，大臺北地區加油站員工工作滿足與組織承諾之探討，國立政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。

傅篤顯，1980，中小企業經理人員之工作特性與工作滿足的關係，國立政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。

彭剛力，1981，人格特質、組織氣候與工作滿意關聯性之研究，國立政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。

黃秀霜，1987，教育行政人員成就動機、工作特性與組織承諾之相關研究，政治大學研究所碩士論文。

黃英忠，1997，人力資源管理，台北：三民書局。

黃國鐘，1992，司法關說與政治文化，律師通訊，174期：26-27。

黃國鐘，1992，關說與遊說，國會觀察會訊，1卷：29-31。

黃賀，1996，「我國公營事業會計人員角色衝突問題之研究」，行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告。

黃開義，1984，工作特性、個人特質、領導型態、工作滿足與組織承諾對離職意願之影響，私立中原大學機械工 程研究所碩士論文。

黃麗莉、李茂興合譯，1991，組織行為－管理心理學與理論實務，台北：揚智文化事業公司。

楊啟良，1982，個人特質、組織氣候與組織承諾之研究，國立政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。

劉上惠，1988，工作滿意與離職意願，國立中山大學學術研究所碩士論文。

劉佳鑫，1996，員工滿意度之追蹤調查-中美和高雄廠，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所暑期專案研究。

劉青雷，1988，衝突與妥協－美國利益團體與遊說活動，台北：時報文化出版社，174。

劉青雷，1988，衝突與妥協－美國利益團體與遊說活動，台北：時報文化出版社，223。

劉家駒，1996，由組織及均衡觀點探討職位結構、組織承諾與承諾管理關係之研究，國立政治大學企業管理研究 所博士論文。

鄭伯勳，1977，領導行為研究：領導方式、情境因素及人格屬性對工人工作滿足感的影響，國立臺灣大學心理學 研究所碩士論文。

鄭得臣，1985，領導型態、角色壓力、核心生活興趣與組織承諾的關係，國立政治大學心理研究所碩士論文。

顏玉雲，1989，台北市國民中學中學校長領導型式與學校行政人員工作滿意之研究，國立政治大學教育研究所碩 士論文。

鐘惠智，1992，工作特性與組織承諾之相關研究，文化大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。

二、英文部份
Agho, A. O., Price, J. L., & Mueller, C. W. 1992. Discriminant validity of measures of job satisfaction, positive affectivity. Journal of Occuptional and Organizational Psychology, 65:185-196.

Babakus, E., Cravens, D. W., Johnston, M. & Moncrief, W. C. 1996. Examining the role of organizational variables in the salesperson job satisfaction model. The Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, New York, Summer, 16(3):33.

Babakus, E., Cravens, D. W., Johnston, M., & Moncrief, W.C., 1996. Examining the role of organizational variables in the salesperson job satisfaction model. The Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management. New York. 16:33-45.

Baron. R .M. & Kenny, D. A. 1986.The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Reseach: Conceptual, Strategic and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51:1173-1182

Bluedorn, A. C. 1982. A Unified Model of Turnover from Organizations, Human relations, 35:135-153.

Boshoff, C. & Mels, G. 1995. A causal model to evaluate the relationships among supervision, role stress, organizational commitment and internal service quality. European Journal of Marketing. 29:23-42.

Brief, A. P. & Aldag, R. J. 1976. Correlates of role indices. Jounal of Applied Psychology, 61:468-472.

Brief, A. P., Schrler, R. S. & Vansell, M. 1981. Managing job stress. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

Campbell, J. P. et al.1970. Managerial Behavior, Performance, and Effectiveness, New York ：Mcgraw-Hill., 378.

Centers, R., & Bugental, D. E. 1966. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Job Motivations Among Different Segments of the Working Population, Journal of Applied Psychology, 50: 193-197.

Churchill, Jr. G. A., Ford, N. M., & Walker, Jr O. C., 1976. Organizational Climate and Job Satisfaction in the Salesforce, Journal of Marketing Research, 13:171-183.

Davis, H.1977. Human Behavior at Work：Organizational Behavior, 5th Ed ", New York .：Mcgraw-Hill, 76.

Day, N. E. Schoenrade, P. 1997. Staying in the closet versus coming out: Relationships between communication about sex orientation and work attitudes. Personnel Psychology, Durham, Spring, 50:147-163.

Emmert, M. A. & Taher, W.A.1992. Public Sector Proffessionals: The Effects of Public Sector Jobs on Motivation, Job Satisfaction and Work Involvement, American Review of Public Administration,. 22(1):36-48.

Farrell, D., & Resbult, C.E. 1981. Exchange variables as predictors of job satisfaction, job commitment, and turnover: The impact of rewards, cost, alternatives, and investments. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 28:78-95.

Ferris. K. R. & Aranya, N. 1983 A comparison of two organizational commitment scales. Personnel Psychology, 36:87-98.

Ford, N. M., Waiker, C. & Churhill, G. A. 1975. Expectation specific measures of the intersender conflict and role ambiguity experienced by industrial salesman. Journal of Business Research, 3:95-112.

Good, L. K., Page, T.J Tr., & Young, C. E., 1996. Assessing hierarchical differences in job-related attitudes and turnover among retail managers, Academy of Marketing Science Journal; Greenvale; Spring 24(2):148-156.

Gordon, M. R. 1980 The Image Makers in Washington-pr Firms Have Found a Natural Home, National Hournal, May 5, pp.884-890.

Gruneberg, M. M. 1979. Understanding job satisfaction, New York: John Wiely & Sons.

Hackman, J. R. & Oldham, G. R. 1976. Motivation through the redesign of work: Test of theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16: 250-279.

Hackman, J. R. & Oldham, G. R. 1980. Work Redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Hackman, J. R. & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2):159-170.

Hackmen, J. R. & Oldham, G. R. E. E. .1971. Employee reaction to job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55:259-286.

Herbiniak, L. G. and J. A. Alutto. 1972. Personal and role releated facror, in the development of organizational commitment, Administrative Science Quarterly 17:559-560.

Herzberg, F. 1957. Job Attitudes：Review of Research and Opinion, Pittsburgh：Psychological Service of Pittsburgh.

Herzberg, F. et al.1959. " The Motivation to Work ", New York：Wiley.

Herzberg, F.（1966）. Work and The Nature of Man, Cleveland, The World Publishing Co., 72-74.

Hoppock, R. 1935. Job Satisfaction, New York：Happer & Row.

Hulin, C. L., & Smith, P. C. 1965. A Liner Model of Job Satisfaction, Journal of Applied Psychology, 49：209-216.

Hulin, C. L., & Smith, P.C. 1971.. Individual Differences and job Enrichment：The Case Against Treatment ", New York.

Ipppolito, Dennis S., & Thomas G. Walker. 1980. Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Public Policy. Englewood Glifts, N.J. Prentice-Hall,

Iverson, R. D. Deery, M. 1997. Turnover culture in the hospitality industry. Human Resource Management Journal. London, 7:71-82.

Jackson, S. E. & Schuler, R. S. 1985. A meta-analysis and concept critique of research on role ambiguity and role conflict in work setting. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 36:16-78.

Kahn, R. L. & Byosiere, P. 1992. Stress in organizations. In M.D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3:571-650. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A.1964. Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Kelloway, E. K. & Barling, J. 1990. Item content versus item wording: disentangling role conflict and role ambiguity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(6):738-742.

Kidron, A. 1978. Work values and organizational commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 21:239-247.

Ko, J.-W., Price, J. L. & Mueller, C. W., 1997. Assessment of Meyer and Allen''s Three-Component Model of Organizational Commitment in South Korea, Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6):961-973.

Korman, A. K. 1977. Organizational Behavior, New Jersey：Prentice-Hall.

Landy, F. J., & Trumbo, D. A. 1976. Psychology of Work Behavior, Illompod：The Dorsey Press, 353-354.

Lichtman, C. H. & Hunt, R. G. 1973. Personality and Organization Theory: A Review of Some Conceptual Literature, In W. W. Scott & L. L. Cummings(ed.), Reading in Organizational Behavior and Human Performances. Homewood, III: Irwin.

Lincoln, J. R., & Kalleberg, A. L. 1990. Culture, control, and commitment: A study of work organization and work attitudes in the United State and Japan, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Linda K. Thomas J Jr. Clifford E. 1996. Assessing hierarchical differences in job-related attitudes and turnover among retail managers. Academy of Marketing Science. (24)：148-156.

Locke, E. A. 1973. Satisfactors and Dissatisfactors Among White Collar and Blue Collar Employee, Journal of Applied Psychology, 58:67-76.

Locke, E. A..1976. The Nature & Causes of job Satisfaction in Dunnette, M. O. et. al. , Hand-book of Industrial and Organizational
Psychology, Chicago：Rand McNally College, 1297-1349.

Maslow. A. H. 1954.. Motivation and Personality, New York：Happer & Brothers Pub., 146-150.

Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. 1990. A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108:171-194.

McCormick E. J., & Ilgen, D. 1980. Industrial Psychology, 7th Ed., Prientice-Hall,306-308.

Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. 1984. Testing the "side-bet theory" of organizational commitment: Some methodological considerations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69:372-378.

Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. 1991. A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1:61-98.

Meyer, J. P., N. J. Allen, & C. A. Smith. 1993. Commitment to Organizational and Occuptions: Extension and Test of a Three-Component Conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78:538-551.

Milbrath, L. W. 1963. The Washington Lobbists，Chicago: Rand McNally,.8.

Miles, R. H. & Petty, M. M. 1975. Relationship between role clarity, need for clarity, and job tension, and satisfaction for supervisory and nonsupervisory roles. Academy of Management Journal, 18:877-883.

Morley, M., Burke,C. & Inwood, S. 1997. Trevor O''Regan, The Irish in Moscow-a question of a adjustment. Human Resoure
Management Journal, London, 7:53-66.

Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M. & Porter, L. W. 1979. The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14:224-247.

Mowday, R., Poter, L. W. & Steers. R. M. 1982. Employee Organization Linkage: The Psychology of Commitment, Abenteeism, and Turnover. New York: Academic Press.

Pandey, S. & Kumar, S. 1997. Development of a measure of role conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management, Bowling
Green, Jul, 8(3):187-215.

Perason, Cecil A. L. & Chong, J. 1997. Contributions of job content and social information on organizational commintment and job satisfaction; an exploration in a Malaysian nursing context. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 70(4):357(18).

Porter, A. 1973. The factorial structure of modernity: Empirical replications and a critique. American Journal of Sociology, 79(1):15-44.

Porter, L. W. 1961. A study of perceived need satisfaction in bottom and management jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59:603-609.

Porter, L. W., & Lawler ,E .E. 1964. The Effects of Tall Versus Flat Organizational Structure on Managerial Job Satisfaction ,
Personnel Psychology.17:135-148.

Porter, L. W., & Lawler .E. E. 1968. Managereal Attitudes & Performance , Homewood, Illinos ：Dorsey Press.

Porter, L., Steers, R., Mowday, R., & Boulian, P. 1974. Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiartric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59:603-609.

Price, J. L. 1972.. Hand-book of Organization Measurement, Mass：D.C. Health and Company.

Rahim, M. A. 1992. Managing Conflict in Organization, (2nd ed.), London: Praeger Publishers.

Randall, Donna M. 1987. Commitment and the Organization: The Organization Man Revisited, Academy of Managemement Review, 12(3):.462.

Reilly, N. P. & Orsak, C. L. 1991. A career stage analysis of career and organizational commitment in nursing. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 39:311-330.

Rizzo, J., House, R. J. & Lirtzman, S. I. 1970. Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarter, 15:150-163.

Robbins. S. P. 1993. Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.

Rusbult, C. E. & Farrell, D. 1983. A longitudinal test of the investment model: The impact on job satisfaction, commitment, and turnover of variations in rewards, cost, alternatives and investments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68:429-483.

Schuler, R. S., Aldad, R. J. & Brief, A. P. 1977. Role conflict and ambiguity: A scale analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 20:111-128.

Seashore, S. E., & Taber, T. D. 1975. Job Satisfaction and Their Correlations, American Behavior & Scientists, 18:333-368.

Sheldon, M. E. 1971. Investment and Involvement as Mechanisms Producing Commitment to the Organization. Administrative
Science Quarterly, 16：143.

Shore, L. M., Barksdale, K. & Shore, T. H. 1995. Managerial Perceptions of Employee Commitment to the Organization. Academy of Management Tournal, 138:1593-1615.

Shore, Lynn McFarlane. George C. Thornton III.. 1989. Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment as predictors or Behavioral Intentions and Employee Behavior. Academy of Management best Paper Proceedings.229-233.

Simth, P. C., Kendall, L. M., & Hulin, C. L. 1969. The Measurement of Satisfaction in Work & Retirement, Chicago：Rand McNally.

Singh, J. 1998. Striking a balance in boundary-spanning positions: An investigation of some unconventional influences of role stressors and job characteristics on job outcomes of salespeople. Journal of Marketing, New York, Jul. 62(3):69-86.

Smith, C. S., Tisak, J. & Schmieder, R. A. 1993. The measurement properties of the role conflict and role ambiguity scales: A review and extension of the empirical research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14:37-48.

Staw, B. M. 1977. Two Sides of Commitment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management. Orlando, FL.

Staw, B. M. 1981. The escalation of commitment to a course of action. American Management Review, 6:577-587.

Steers, R. M. & Porter,L. W. .1972. Motivation and Work Behavior, McGawHill.

Stevens, J. M., Beyer, J. M., & Trice, H. M. 1978. Assessing personal, role, and organizational predictors of managerial commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 21:380-396.

Thompson, E. & Power, S. 1983. Correlates of role conflict and ambiguity among secondary school counselors. Psychology Reports, 52:239-241.

Van Sell, M., Brief, A. P., & Schuler, R. S..1981. Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity: Integration of the Literature and Directions for
Future Research, Human Relations, 34:43-71.

Vroom, V. 1964. Work and Motivation. New York: Wiley and Sons.

Vroom, V. H. 1964. Work and Motivation,New York：John Wiley & Sons Inc.,99.

Waston, Richard A. 1975. Promise and Performance of American Democracy, N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, 175.

Weiss, D. J., Davis, R. V., England, G. W., & Lofquist, L. H. 1967. Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, Minneapolis: Minnesota Studies in Vocational Rehabilitation, 22, Bulletin 45, University of Minnesota, Industrial Relations Center.

Wexley, K. N., & Yukl.G. A. 1977.. Organizational Behavior and Personnel Psychology ", Homewood, III：Richard D. Irwin, 109.

Whyte, W. 1956. The Organization Man. Garden City, NY: Doubledy Anchor Books.

Wiener, Y. 1982. Commitment in organizations: A normative view. Academy of Management Review, 7:418-428.

Williams, L. J., & Hazer, J. T. 1986. Antecedents and consequence of Satisfaction and Commitment in Turnover Models: A reanalysis Using Latent Variable Structural Equation Models, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71:219-231.