臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

Nisbett認為，東、西方兩種不同的文化類型影響個體的不只在於共變、歸因、分類、辯論以及預測，甚至連低層次的記憶與改變偵測等認知歷程也會受到影響，東方人傾向較為整體的知覺世界，傾向將背景訊息納入處理，而西方人則傾向較為分析式的知覺世界，傾向將主體的刺激從背景中抽離出來分析（Nisbett, 2003，劉世南譯，2007）；不同於Nisbett，Ji、Zhang 及 Nisbett（2004）以及黃光國（2001、2005）等人，則是以「關係」的重視程度來討論東、西文化的差異，主張東方人較西方人注重關係；本研究之目的便是結合兩種對文化差異的看法，欲探討「關係」在加入整體論、分析論的概念後，對個體改變偵測的影響。

延續Masuda與Nisbett (2006)，本研究利用閃動派典(filker paradigm)探討「關係」對個體改變偵測的影響；實驗一結果發現，東方人較西方人容易注意「關係」，當偵測目標物改變發生於有「關係」附近，東方人較西方人容易偵測；實驗二中將「前景/背景」變項加入「關係」後討論發現，對東方人而言，當有「關係」出現在「前景」的偵測目標物附近時，改變偵測反應時間較偵測目標物附近沒「關係」來的快，而西方人則無論有無「關係」，對偵測目標物察覺改變的反應時間沒有差異；最後，實驗三當中為避免文化線索影響個體知覺，利用去除文化線索的刺激，欲探討「關係」對改變偵測的影響，但「關係」效果在此沒有展現。

綜合本研究的實驗發現，當實驗情境是越自然、越貼近真實情境、且越屬於社會性情境時（如實驗一與實驗二），則也越容易展現文化差異的影響。但是當實驗情境是越不屬於社會性情境時（如實驗三），則也越不容易得到文化形塑認知的結果。

Cultural experience may influence the way we think. Nisbett and his colleagues suggested that Easterners view the world holistically, attend to the entire field, and take into account the context; whereas Westerners view the world analytically and pay attention to the attributes of salient objects. However, studies of Nisbett and his colleagues may be confounded by the extent to which the relations were taken into account, that is, Easterners may attend to the relations more than Westerners. The present study examined this proposal by applying the change blindness paradigm. In both experiment 1 and experiment 2, Taiwanese participants compared to American participants were more sensitive to the manipulation of interpersonal relations, although this finding was restricted to focal objects. However, no difference was found for cultural groups when the nonsocial stimuli were adopted in experiment 3. These results suggested that Easterners compared to Westerners were more sensitive to interpersonal relations and directed more attention to interpersonal relations. However, this cultural difference was restricted to social stimuli only. No evidence was found in supporting the claim that cultural experiences may shape fundamental cognitive processes.

摘要 I
Abstract II
致謝 III
目次 V
圖目次 VI
表目次 VI
附錄目次 VI
緒論 1
發展過程與環境促發的影響 1
東西方差異的來源基礎 5
整體論與分析論 7
社會與自我知覺上的東西方差異：獨特性與和諧性 9
歸因與辯證式思考 10
高層次認知上的東西方差異：推理與歸類 17
記憶歷程的文化差異 19
基本心理歷程：知覺與注意力 22
藝術知覺與情緒判斷 26
東西方文化在關係知覺上的差異 30
研究問題與假設 33
實驗一 35
方法 36
研究結果 42
討論 45
實驗二 46
方法 47
研究結果 51
討論 54
實驗三 56
方法 57
研究結果 59
討論 61
綜合討論 62
研究貢獻 65
研究限制與未來展望 66
參考文獻 67
附錄 72

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