臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

降雨是影響植物發育、生長、分布與更新的重要環境因子，梅雨季的降雨多寡，對於春天植物萌芽後的生長是極為重要的。由於氣候變遷會造成週期性聖嬰現象 (El Niño)異常或加劇，且台灣的降雨多半會受到聖嬰現象所影響，因此本研究的主要目的在了解聖嬰現象對於台灣中部山區梅雨季雨量的影響及降雨量的變動對植生覆蓋之干擾。基此，本研究選定蓮華池試驗林，透過不同時期的SPOT衛星影像，計算1996~2005年梅雨季後各期影像的常態化差異植生指標 (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI)，以進行植生變動之時空分析，並比較不同林相對降雨量干擾反應的差異。
結果顯示，聖嬰現象可能對此區的梅雨季降雨量產生干擾，使其雨量上有所增減。在植生覆蓋率的時間動態上，梅雨季降雨量達平均值以上的水準會使植生覆蓋度較高。另，季降水強度的強弱可能也是干擾NDVI高低的因素之一。在植生覆蓋率的空間變異上，愈接近河谷與低海拔地區，多屬人為擾動，使空間變異程度較大。此外，雨量上的變動與局部的地形效應有關，NDVI隨海拔高度上升而增加，背風坡的NDVI大於迎風坡。而不同林相對於梅雨季降雨量的反應方面，人工針葉林的NDVI變動量與林內空間變異性較天然闊葉林來得明顯，即是人工針葉林對於降雨量多寡的反應程度比天然闊葉林還要敏感，可推論原生於亞熱帶之植物對於此地區降雨量的變動，其容忍性與適應性比溫帶植物來得佳。

Precipitation is an important environmental factor that affects plant growth and distribution. Precipitation during Mei-Yu Season is critical for plant germination in spring. It has been observed and gained increasing attention how climate change can possibly alter weather patterns including El Niño phenomenon. El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has affected Taiwan’s rainfall patterns and consequently disturbed the historical Mei-Yu Season precipitation dynamics, especially in the central mountainous region. Therefore, this research aims to clarify how El Niño phenomenon affects the Mei-Yu Season rainfall patterns and how vegetation responses to Mei-Yu Season rainfall in Central Mountain Range of Taiwan. The Lien-hua-chi Experiment Forest was selected as the study site. SPOT images after Mei-Yu Season were acquired to calculate Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from 1996 to 2005 in order to determine the temporal and spatial changes of vegetation ecosystem associated with climate parameters.
The results show that Mei-Yu Season precipitation may be affected by El Niño phenomenon, which cause the precipitation to increase or decrease. The NDVI is higher than historical average when the rainfall above the average level. The season rainfall intensity may be another factor that affects NDVI. The standard deviation of the NDVI was high possibly due to human activities in the low elevation area and river valley. Variation of rainfall and NDVI are also related to the topographic sheltering. NDVI was increasingly with elevation and the NDVI at windward slope (west and southwest slopes) were lower than at leeward slope. The NDVI variation and spatial variability at plantations were significantly higher than those at nature broadleaf forests. In other words, plantations were more sensitive to precipitation alteration than nature broadleaf forests.

謝 辭 i
摘 要 ii
Abstract iii
目 錄 iv
圖 次 v
表 次 vii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 前言 1
第二節 研究動機與目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 4
第一節 全球氣候變遷與影響 4
第二節 聖嬰現象與降水 6
第三節 水分與植物生長 10
第四節 植生覆蓋變動之監測 12
第三章 研究材料及方法 16
第一節 研究區概述 16
第二節 研究材料 20
第三節 研究方法 24
第四章 研究結果 32
第一節 梅雨季降雨量之變動 32
第二節 蓮華池試驗林1996~2005年間NDVI變動量 35
第三節 NDVI變動量與地形因子之關係 48
第四節 不同林相NDVI變動及其地形因子之關係 58
第五章 討論 66
第一節 梅雨季降雨量干擾的時空差異 66
第二節 天然林與人工林對降雨量反應之差異 71
第六章 結論與建議 74
第一節 結論 74
第二節 建議 76
參考文獻 77
圖 次
圖2-1 植物、土壤和水之光譜反射曲線 (修改自Lillesand and Kiefer, 1994) 13
圖3-1 蓮華池試驗林地形圖 18
圖3-2 蓮華池試驗林高度頻率分布圖 19
圖3-3 蓮華池試驗林坡度頻率分布圖 19
圖3-4 蓮華池試驗林林相分布圖 23
圖3-5 研究流程圖 24
圖3-6 影像直方圖匹配法 (改繪自Richards and Xiuping, 1999) 31
圖4-1 蓮華池試驗林梅雨季降雨量趨勢圖 33
圖4-2 蓮華池試驗林梅雨季平均雨量與年平均雨量之關係圖 33
圖4-3 1996 年、2001 年、2005 年蓮華池試驗林全區NDVI 之頻率及空間分布圖 38
圖4-4 1997 年、1998 年蓮華池試驗林全區NDVI 之頻率及空間分布圖 39
圖4-5 2002 年、2003 年、2004 年蓮華池試驗林全區NDVI 之頻率及空間分布圖 40
圖4-6 1999 年、2000 年蓮華池試驗林全區NDVI 之頻率及空間分布圖 41
圖4-7 1996 年、2001 年、2005 年蓮華池試驗林森林區NDVI 之頻率及空間分布圖 44
圖4-8 1997 年、1998 年蓮華池試驗林森林區NDVI 之頻率及空間分布圖 45
圖4-9 2002 年、2003 年、2004 年蓮華池試驗林森林區NDVI 之頻率及空間分布圖 46
圖4-10 1999 年、2000 年蓮華池試驗林森林區NDVI 之頻率及空間分布圖 47
圖4-11 蓮華池試驗林全區NDVI 平均值與海拔高度的關係 50
圖4-12 蓮華池試驗林全區NDVI 標準差與海拔高度的關係 50
圖4-13 蓮華池試驗林森林區NDVI 平均值與海拔高度的關係 52
圖4-14 蓮華池試驗林森林區NDVI 標準差與海拔高度的關係 52
圖4-15 蓮華池試驗林全區NDVI 平均值與坡向的關係 55
圖4-16 蓮華池試驗林全區NDVI 標準差與坡向的關係 55
圖4-17 蓮華池試驗林森林區NDVI 平均值與坡向的關係 57
圖4-18 蓮華池試驗林森林區NDVI 標準差與坡向的關係 57
圖4-19 蓮華池試驗林天然闊葉林與人工針葉林NDVI 平均值與標準差的關係 58
圖4-20 蓮華池試驗林天然闊葉林NDVI 平均值與海拔高度的關係 61
圖4-21 蓮華池試驗林天然闊葉林NDVI 標準差與海拔高度的關係 61
圖4-22 蓮華池試驗林人工針葉林NDVI 平均值與海拔高度的關係 62
圖4-23 蓮華池試驗林人工針葉林NDVI 標準差與海拔高度的關係 62
圖5-1 蓮華池試驗林梅雨季期間 (1996~2005) 逐日之最大平均風風速、風向頻率風花圖 70
表 次
表2-1 臺灣降水與聖嬰現象相關文獻 9
表3-1 研究使用的SPOT 衛星資料 21
表3-2 日月潭測站梅雨季雨量、年雨量與聖嬰現象之關係表 30
表4-1 蓮華池試驗林梅雨季雨量趨勢之統計檢定值 33
表4-2 蓮華池試驗林梅雨季均雨量與年降雨量關係之統計檢定值 33
表4-3 十期 (1996~2005) 全區之NDVI 等相關資料 37
表4-4 十期 (1996~2005) 森林區之NDVI 等相關資料 43
表4-5 蓮華池試驗林全區不同海拔高度的NDVI 平均值 49
表4-6 蓮華池試驗林全區不同海拔高度的NDVI 標準差 49
表4-7 蓮華池試驗林森林區不同海拔高度的NDVI 平均值 51
表4-8 蓮華池試驗林森林區不同海拔高度的NDVI 標準差 51
表4-9 蓮華池試驗林全區不同坡向的NDVI 平均值 54
表4-10 蓮華池試驗林全區不同坡向的NDVI 標準差 54
表4-11 蓮華池試驗林森林區不同坡向的NDVI 平均值 56
表4-12 蓮華池試驗林森林區不同坡向的NDVI 標準差 56
表4-13 蓮華池試驗林天然闊葉林不同海拔高度的NDVI 平均值與標準差 60
表4-14 蓮華池試驗林人工針葉林不同海拔高度的NDVI 平均值與標準差 60
表4-15 蓮華池試驗林天然闊葉林不同坡向的NDVI 平均值 64
表4-16 蓮華池試驗林天然闊葉林不同坡向的NDVI 標準差 64
表4-17 蓮華池試驗林人工針葉林不同坡向的NDVI 平均值 65
表4-18 蓮華池試驗林人工針葉林不同坡向的NDVI 標準差 65
表5-1 十期 (1996~2005) 季降水強度等相關資料 68

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