臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

加拿大籍斯里蘭卡裔小說家與詩人麥可•翁達傑的《菩薩凝視的島嶼》描述1980年代斯里蘭卡內戰衝突，人們因種族差異與政治理念不同而受害。本文以德里達「有條件好客」理論中的主客關係討論對他者的暴力。小說中，國界與家門是自我／主人與他者／客人相遇處，藉此得以了解不同國家、種族間的暴力，乃根源於人們以自我為中心與恐懼他者的陌異性。
更重要的是，翁達傑利用不同角色的故事片段穿插，呈現出戰爭下真實的苦難與慈悲。引用列維納斯的「臉龐」理論，探討一具具殘破的軀體，悲傷的臉龐，孤苦無依的身影，喚起人們最初的憐憫之心與責任感。因此，自我從自我為中心的主人(host)位置轉化為利他的人質(host-age)位置；自我與他者的倫理關係建立於「好客」，其本質並非排除異己，而是友善歡迎他者。

Sri Lankan-born Canadian novelist and poet Michael Ondaatje’s Anil’s Ghost (2000) has its setting in the 1980s during the Sri Lankan Civil War (1983-2009). The victims in this war suffered because of the ethnic group they belonged to and the political opinions they held. The thesis provides an analysis of Anil’s Ghost by applying Jacques Derrida’s theory of “conditional hospitality” to explore violence done to the Other within the power structure of the host-guest paradigm. In Anil’s Ghost, the self/host and other/guest encounter each other at the threshold of national boundaries and household doors. Such encounters allow us to probe into the notion that the violence between different nations and ethnical groups is rooted in the fear of the Other’s strangeness and the self’s egocentrism.
More importantly, Ondaatje interweaves the stories of his protagonists to represent real suffering and compassion in wartime. Emmanuel Levinas’s theory of “face” is applied to examine the natural compassion and sense of responsibility of human beings which are aroused from seeing the broken bodies, the grieving faces and the poor and helpless figures of others. Thus, the self is transformed from an egocentric host to an altruistic host-age. The ethical relationship between self and other is based on “hospitality” which by its nature is intended not to exclude the Other, but to welcome the Other.

Acknowledgements iii
Abstract iv
摘要 v
Chapter One: Introduction 1
A. Michael Ondaatje and His Works 1
B. Related Critical Reviews 5
C. Jacques Derrida and “Conditional Hospitality” 8
D. The Ethical Philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas 11
E. Theoretical Approach and Anil’s Ghost 13
F. Chapter Divisions 15
Chapter Two: The Host’s Hostility toward His Guest 17
A. Anil’s Ghost and the Sri Lankan Civil War 17
B. Jacques Derrida’s “Conditional Hospitality” 22
C. Analysis of the Host’s Hostility in Anil’s Ghost 25
Chapter Three: Hospitality of Welcoming the Suffering “Face” 34
A. Suffering in Anil’s Ghost 34
B. Emmanuel Levinas’s “Face” 36
C. Analysis of Compassion and Responsibility in Face-to-Face Relationships 41
Chapter Four: The Truth about the Suffering “Face” 56
A. Anil’s Ghost and the Hidden Truth 56
B. Analysis of the Ethical Truth of the Suffering “Face” 59
Chapter Five: Conclusion 72
A. The Link between the Two Theoretical Approaches 72
B. Summary of the Thesis 73
Works Cited 76

Akers, Sean, design. “PEN Conversation with Michael Ondaatje.” Colum McCann. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. <http://colummccann.com/interviews2/>.
Bouma, Gary D., Rod Ling, and Douglas Pratt. Religious Diversity in Southeast Asia and the Pacific: National Case Studies. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010. Print.
Bowne, Dale R. Bible Bulletin: Inserts for Learning and Inspiration. Lima, Ohio: CSS Publishing Company, 2002. Print.
Brians, Paul. Modern South Asian Literature in English. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood,
2003. Print.
Britton, John, John Le Keux, George Godwin. A Dictionary of the Architecture and Archaeology of the Middle Ages: Including Words Used by Ancient and Modern Authors in Treating of Architectural and Other Antiquities. London: Longman, 1838. Print.
Buber, Martin. I and Thou. Trans. Ronald G. Smith. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1937. Print.
Butler, Judith. “Precarious Life.” Radicalizing Levinas. Ed. Peter Atterton and Matthew Calarco. Albany, NY: SUNY, 2010. 3-20. Print.
Butler, Judith. Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence. London: Verso, 2006. Print.
Caputo, John D. Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida. New York: Fordham University Press, 1997. Print.
Casey, Edward S. “Strangers at the Edge of Hospitality.” Phenomenologies of the Stranger: Between Hostility and Hospitality. Edited by Richard Kearney and Kascha Semonovitch. New York: Fordham University Press, 2011. 39-48. Print.
Critchley, Simon. The Ethics of Deconstruction: Derrida and Levinas. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999. Print.
Derrida, Jacques. Acts of Religion. Ed. Gil Anidjar. New York: Routledge, 2002. Print.
---. Adieu to Emmanuel Levinas. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1999. Print.
---. “Hostipitality.” Trans. Barry Stocker and Forbes Morlock. Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities 5:3 (2010): 3-18. Print.
---. Of Hospitality: Anne Dufourmantelle Invites Jacques Derrida to Respond. Trans. Rachel Bowlby. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. Print.
---. On Cosmopolitanism and Forgiveness. Trans. Mark Dooley and Michael Hughes. London: Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. Internet resources.
Hitchcock, Louise. Theory for Classics: A Student's Guide. New York: Routledge, 2008. Print.
Holy Bible King James Version. Taipei: Bible Society in Taiwan, 2008. Print.
Kant, Immanuel. Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay. Trans. M. Campbell Smith. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1917. Print.
Kella, Elizabeth. Beloved Communities: Solidarity and Difference in Fiction by Michael Ondaatje, Toni Morrison, and Joy Kogawa. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: 2000. Print.
Kertzer, Jonathan. Poetic Justice and Legal Fictions. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010. Print.
Kim, Myeong-Seok. An Inquiry into the Development of the Ethical Theory of Emotions in the Analects and the Mencius. Diss. University of Michigan, 2008. Print.
Kingsbury, Damien. Sri Lanka and the Responsibility to Protect: Politics, Ethnicity and Genocide. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2012. Print.
Krieger, Joel, Craig N. Murphy, and ‎Margaret E. Crahan. The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Print.
Lee, Yu-Cheng. “Ruth the Foreigner.” Chung-Wai Literary Monthly 34.8 (January 2006): 11-24. Print.
Levinas, Emmanuel. Difficult Freedom: Essays on Judaism. Trans. Seán Hand. London: Athlone Ltd, 1990. Print.
---. Emmanuel Levinas: Basic Philosophical Writings. Adriaan T. Peperzak, Simon Critchley, and Robert Bernasconi, eds. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996. Print.
---. Entre Nous: Thinking of the Other. Trans. Michael B. Smith. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. Print.
---. Ethics and Infinity: Conversations with Philippe Nemo. Trans. Richard A. Cohen. Pittsburgh: Duquesne UP, 1985. Print.
---. Is It Righteous to Be?: Interviews with Emmanuel Lévinas. Ed. Jill Robbins. California: Stanford University Press, 2001. Print.
---. Otherwise than Being: Or Beyond Essence. Trans. Alphonso Lingis. 9th ed. Pennsylvania: Duquesene University, 2011. Print.
---. Proper Names. Trans. Michael B. Smith. California: Stanford University, 1996. Print.
---. Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority. Trans. Alphonso Lingis. 3rd ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1991. Print.
Maiorani, Arianna. “Michael Ondaatje.” Multicultural Writers Since 1945: An A-to-Z Guide. Alba Amoia and Bettina L. Knapp, eds. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004. 395-98. Print.
Mengzi 孟子. 大中华文库汉英对照：孟子Library of Chinese Classics, Chinese-English: Mencius. Trans. Zhao Zhentao 赵甄陶, Zhang Wenting 张文庭 and Zhou Dingzhi 周定之. Changsha: Hunan People’s Publishing House, 1999. Print.
Migdal, Joel S. Boundaries and Belonging: States and Societies in the Struggle to Shape Identities and Local Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2004. Print.
Minister, Stephen. “Works of Justice, Works of Love: Kierkegaard, Levinas, and an Ethics Beyond Difference.” Kierkegaard and Levinas: Ethics, Politics, and Religion. J. Aaron Simmons and David Wood, eds. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008. Print.
Mowat, Ryan. “An Aesthetics of War: The Postcolonial Ethics of Anil’s Ghost.” Journal of Postcolonial Writing 49.1 (2013): 28-39. Print.
Ondaatje, Michael. Anil’s Ghost. London: Picador, 2000. Print.
---. In the Skin of a Lion: A Novel. New York: Knopf, 1987. Print.
---. “Pale Flags: Reflections on Writing Anil’s Ghost.” Wasafiri 19.42 (2004): 61-62. Print.
---. The English Patient. Toronto: Vintage, 1992. Print.
Powell, Jason. Jacques Derrida: A Biography. London: Continuum, 2006. Print.
Roberts, Gillian. “Ethics and Healing: Hospital/ity and Anil’s Ghost.” University of Toronto Quarterly. 76.3 (Summer 2007): 962-76. Print.
Rosochaki, Elke. Ethics of the Real: Michael Ondaatje’s Anil’s Ghost and the Touch of the World. Diss. University Stellenbosch, 2008. <http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/2776>.
Scanlan, Margaret. “Anil’s Ghost and Terrorism’s Time.” Studies in the Novel 36.3 (Fall 2004): 302-17. Print.
Scherrer, Christian P. Genocide and Crisis in Central Africa: Conflict Roots, Mass Violence, and Regional War. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2002. Print.
Senaratne, Jagath P. Political Violence in Sri Lanka, 1997-1990: Riots, Insurrections, Counter-insurgencies, Foreign Intervention. Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1997. Print.
Siddiqi, Yumna. “The Unhistorical Death: Violence, History and Narrative in Michael Ondaatje’s Anil’s Ghost.” Anxieties of Empire and the Fiction of Intrigue. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. 192-216. Print.
So, Francis K. H. 蘇其康.中古慈善收容制度之宗教神髓 “The Religious Fraternity of Medieval Hospitality.” Chung-Wai Literary Monthly 34.8 (2006): 151-73. Print.
Tambiah, S. J. Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1986. Print.
Ty, Eleanor. “The Other Questioned: Exoticism and Displacement in Michael Ondaatje’s The English Patient.” International Fiction Review 27.1 (2000): n. pag. Web. 8 Nov. 2013.
Visker, Rudi. Truth and Singularity: Taking Foucault into Phenomenology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1999. Print.
Wickramasinghe, Nira. Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Identities. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2006. Print.
Wu, Xiaoming. “Mengzi and Lévinas: The Heart and Sensibility.” Journal of Chinese
Philosophy 35.4 (2008): 571-577. Print.