臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文實現超高頻被動式無線射頻辨識系統前端電路之RF-DC整流器和穩壓器，將天線所接受到的功率轉換成直流電壓供給電路使用。本研究詳細地分析整流電路，針對寄生電容、電阻造成的損耗，輸入電壓與整流電路級數的關係以及級數對輸出電壓的影響做進一步的論述，並作模擬驗證。最後採用TSMC 0.35um CMOS 2P4M的標準製程實現，並量測IC晶片各個子電路功能，整體晶片的面積大小為0.576 x 0.47 mm2，能量損耗為805uW。其中穩壓器耗去了大部分的能量，而若提高負回授電阻將可降低穩壓器之功耗，提升整體晶片性能。

In this thesis, we implement a front-end circuit of Ultra High Frequency (UHF) passive Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tag, including RF-DC converter and regulator. Thorough analysis of the RF to DC circuit are presented analytically, focusing on the loss of the parasitic capacitor and resistance, the relationship between the input voltage and the n-th stage of the rectifier circuit and the number of stages versus the output voltage. The chip is fabricated in standard TSMC 0.35um CMOS 2P4M process and the function of each block in the chip is measured respectively. The chip area is 0.576 x 0.47 mm2, and the total power consumption is 805uW. The LDO regulator circuit consumes most of the power.

授權書 i
摘 要 ii
Abstract iii
Acknowledgements iv
List of Contents v
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii

Chapter 1 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Research and Background 1
1.2 Motivation and Method 4
1.3 Structure of Thesis 7

Chapter 2 11
The Architecture and Operating Principles 11
2.1 Structure 11
2.2 RF to DC Circuit 13
2.2.1 Function of Rectifier Circuit 14
2.2.2 Function of Ring Oscillator Circuit 24
2.2.3 Function of Charge Pump Circuit 27

Chapter 3 31
The Building Blocks Operation Principles and Simulations 31
3.1 Stable Voltage Circuit 31
3.1.1 Function of Bandgap Reference Circuit 32
3.1.2 Function of Low Drop Output (LDO) Circuit 35
3.2 Power on Reset (POR) Circuit 39
3.3 Test Considering 41
3.4 Summary 42



Chapter 4 43
Testing and Measurement Result 43
4.1 Test Bench Setup 43
4.2 Rectifier Circuit 47
4.3 Ring Oscillator 51
4.4 Power on Reset 56
4.5 Bandgap Circuit 58
4.6 Low Drop Output 61
4.7 Measurement Summary 62

Chapter 5 64
Conclusion and Future Work 64
5.1 Conclusion 64
5.2 Future Work 65

Bibliography 67














List of Tables
Table 1- 1 The operation frequency and applications 5
Table 1- 2 Comparison of Active tag, Semi-passive tag and Passive tag 6
Table 1- 3 Various countries draw to the rule of the ultra high frequency range 8
Table 1- 4 Specification of the RFID tag 10

Table 2- 1 Requirements of the RFID 13
Table 2- 2 Requirements of the Rectifier Circuit 14
Table 2- 3 Stable stage with different input voltage. (8 stage) 21
Table 2- 4 Sensitivity of the rectifier circuit. 21
Table 2- 5 Requirements of the Ring Oscillator Circuit 24
Table 2- 6 Different input voltage with frequency values. 26
Table 2- 7 Requirements of the Charge Pump Circuit 27

Table 3- 1 Requirements of the Band-gap Reference Circuit 32
Table 3- 2 Requirements of the Low Drop Output Circuit 35
Table 3- 3 Requirements of the POR. 39
Table 3- 4 Power consumption for each block 41

Table 4- 1 The testing results of the different input power. 50
Table 4- 2 Measurement result of IC chip. 51
Table 4- 3 Measurement result of IC chip. 52
Table 4- 4 Measurement result of IC chip. 55
Table 4- 5 Measurement result of power on reset IC chip. 56
Table 4- 6 The test equipments of Lab view. 58
Table 4- 7 Measurement result of IC chip. 58
Table 4- 8 The measurement result of summary 63

Table 5- 1 Comparison with the other RFID system. 65





List of Figures
Fig. 1- 1 Development of RFID in recent years. 2
Fig. 1- 2 Applications of RFID system in industry. 3
Fig. 1- 3 Operating principle of a backscatter transponder. [20] 4
Fig. 1- 4 Block diagram of RFID system and dashed block enclose the work in thesis. 9

Fig. 2- 1 Block diagram of RFID system and dashed block enclose the work in thesis. 12
Fig. 2- 2 RF to DC Circuit. 14
Fig. 2- 3 Structure of Rectifier circuit [18]. 15
Fig. 2- 4 Operating principle of rectifier circuit. 16
Fig. 2- 5 Take parasitic effect into considering. 17
Fig. 2- 6 Output voltage VS number of stages by MS Excel. 19
Fig. 2- 7 The relationship between Vin and N to achieve proposed Vout. 20
Fig. 2- 8 Transient response of the 8 staged rectifier circuit different level. 20
Fig. 2- 9 Input voltage with n stage. (Simulation by H-spice) 22
Fig. 2- 10 Compare with results of HSPICE and MODEL. 22
Fig. 2- 11 Structure of Ring Oscillator Circuit. 24
Fig. 2- 12 Simulation results from different VDD with changing frequency. 26
Fig. 2- 13 The improved circuit of Dickson charge pump. [3] 28
Fig. 2- 14 Cross-connected NMOS cell. 28
Fig. 2- 15 Different input frequency for charge pump circuit. 29
Fig. 2- 16 Simulation result of ring oscillator connect to charge pump. 30

Fig. 3- 1 Stable Voltage Circuit. 32
Fig. 3- 2 Schematic of Bandgap Reference Circuit. 33
Fig. 3- 3 The working principle of a Bandgap Reference voltage. 33
Fig. 3- 4 Simulation results of Bandgap Reference Circuit. 34
Fig. 3- 5 Line regulation of Bandgap Reference Circuit. 34
Fig. 3- 6 Operational rules of LDO. 35
Fig. 3- 7 Structure of LDO circuit. 36
Fig. 3- 8 Line regulation of LDO (0V~5V) 38
Fig. 3- 9 Load regulation of LDO (10uA~20mA) 38
Fig. 3- 10 Structure of POR circuit. 40
Fig. 3- 11 Pulse signal is generated by POR circuit. 40
Fig. 3- 12 Complete layout of tag system circuit. 42

Fig. 4- 1 The photo of testing environment. 44
Fig. 4- 2 I.C photo is viewed by electronic scope. 44
Fig. 4- 3 The test bench of the RFID system circuit. 45
Fig. 4- 4 PCB board for measurement. 46
Fig. 4- 5 Measurement results of the rectifier circuit. 47
Fig. 4- 6 Vector signal generator. 47
Fig. 4- 7 Testing results of different IC chip in amplitude input signal. 48
Fig. 4- 8 Testing results of different IC chip in dBm input signal. 49
Fig. 4- 9 Measurement results of the ring oscillator circuit. 51
Fig. 4- 10 Output waveform of Ring oscillator circuit. 52
Fig. 4- 11 Measurement result for increasing input voltage 54
Fig. 4- 12 Measurement results of the power on reset circuit. 56
Fig. 4- 13 Output waveform of the power on reset circuit. 57
Fig. 4- 14 Measurement results of the ring oscillator circuit. 58
Fig. 4- 15 Measurement result of output voltage 59
Fig. 4- 16 Measurement result of chip in Lab View. 59
Fig. 4- 17 Data information of Lab view. 60
Fig. 4- 18 Measurement results of the low drop output circuit. 61
Fig. 4- 19 Measurement result of chip in Lab View. 62

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