臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要

許多—或者該說多數—研究威廉‧高汀《蒼蠅王》的學者會認為它是個與湯瑪斯・霍布斯“人性本惡”看法相呼應的寓言故事。考慮到小說情節的發展，會將它們相提並論也是理所當然的，畢竟小說中所有人一開始，即使沒有文明世界的道德約束直接強加在他們身上，他們依然表現得井然有序；但隨著日子的過去，太多男孩們逐漸被原始欲望—像是對肉的渴求，以及對暴力的渴望—所征服。然而這普遍的觀點並沒有阻止評論家們嘗試從各方面，包括道德－哲學、宗教、原型、心理學、和歷史－傳記等角度檢視此小說。這些方法皆有各自的優點與限制，但它們有個共通點就是它們都試圖有意義地揭示此小說的本質－而這也是我透過此採用賽局理論之論文所試圖達到的一個目標。

賽局理論有助於我們研究策略情境中，人與人互動時如何做選擇，並預測當利益衝突時，一些特定決策可能導致的結果。藉由採用賽局理論，此論文將刻畫《蒼蠅王》中主要角色間彼此的關係與互動，並探討他們的決策為自己帶來之利弊、其他選擇所預期產生的後果，以及他們與人們在現實世界中之行為間的關係。透過這樣的分析，我們將不僅可以更了解勞夫〈Ralph〉挫敗以及傑克〈Jack〉掌權的真正原因，也可以反思現實中世界領袖們每項決策背後的策略思考模式及動機。

關鍵詞：威廉‧高汀、《蒼蠅王》、賽局理論、策略、合作、衝突

Abstract

Many—perhaps most—scholars of William Golding’s Lord of the Flies consider the novel to be an allegory resonating with Thomas Hobbes’s belief that humans are inherently evil. This comparison is natural given the progress of the novel’s action: everyone in the novel behaves in an orderly way at the beginning even though moral restraints are no longer directly imposed on them by the civilized world, but as the days go by, too many of the boys gradually surrender themselves to primitive passions, such as the hunger for meat and the lust for violence. However, this prevalent point of view has not stopped critics from trying to examine the novel from a variety of perspectives, including moral-philosophical, religious, archetypal, psychological, and historical-biographical perspectives. Each of these approaches has its own merits and limits, but one thing they have in common is that they all seek to reveal the essence of the novel in some significant way—a goal I also attempt to achieve through the game theory approach adopted in this thesis.

Game theory helps us to study how people make choices in strategic situations while interacting with others and to predict the likely outcomes of certain decisions when interests conflict. By adopting game theory, this thesis will illuminate the relationships and interactions among the main characters of Lord of the Flies and explore the favorable or detrimental effects their decisions have on them, the expected consequences of their other options, and the relation of their behavior to that of people in the real world. Through this analysis, we will do better not only to understand the reasons for Ralph’s defeat and Jack’s rise to power but also to reflect upon real-life world leaders’ strategic thinking methods and the motives for their decisions.

Keywords: William Golding, Lord of the Flies, game theory, strategy, cooperation, conflict

Chapter One: Introduction [1-34]

Chapter Two: The First Phase: Ralph's Accomplishments &; Failures [35-72]

Chapter Three: The Second Phase: "If Two Ride on a Horse, One Must Ride Behind" [73-103]

Chapter Four: The Third Phase: Happily Never After--A Never-Ending Game? [104-120]

Chapter Five: Concluding Remarks [121-123]

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