臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

配水管網生物之形成對飲用水質可能產生：(1)微生物擴大增殖其它有機體；(2)飲用水中的混濁、味覺以及色度；(3)由鐵跟錳氧化管壁及生物膜產生紅水及黑水；(4)高量的HPC菌易干擾大腸菌的計數；(5)處於厭氣條件環境之下易產生硫化氫H2S，而積聚依附過量生物膜導致管璧的腐蝕；(6)壓力水頭損失，減少水流量；(7)影響加氯滅菌之效果；(8)為防蝕控制添加磷所導致微生物的滋生；(9)當生物膜剝落進入配水系統，導致民眾飲用水風險提高(如腸胃炎)。
由文獻中得知生物膜生長之控制，降低有機物含量及配合消毒劑之使用應是可行之方式，然而對於管網系統中，消毒劑對水相及生物膜之細菌活性之影響，釵h研究者均以實驗室配製之有機物或植入單一細菌進行生物膜生成之模擬，此與實際現況相去甚遠，結果之應用亦是相對困難。環形反應器 (Annular Reactors system, ARs, Model 1120, Biosurface, USA)由於具動態模擬之弁遄A包括水力停留時間及轉速控制，可模擬水流流經自來水管線之水力停留時間及剪應力對水相及生物膜細菌分佈之影響，故本研究以其作為評估物理及化學參數對配水管網生物膜消長之影響之工具。
研究結果顯示，對生物膜最佳形成量，以DAPI染劑進行染色計數表示，當ARs系統控制水流量20 mL/min與轉速134 rpm最佳。此外不同分子量有機物之生物分解性以實驗室建立之BDOC濾床進行比較，發現大於30 K Da者低於5K Da，且5天後在生物濾床之分解率前者僅達60%，後者則達100%。墊片材質生物膜之總菌數，在相同水流量、轉速與小於5K有機碳量下，墊片表面上附著之總細菌數，水泥＞＞聚碳酸酯＞聚氯乙烯材質。
二氧化氯(ClO2)對浮游性及生物膜細菌活性之影響，當0.2 mg as ClO2 as Cl2/L)，活菌與死菌數之百分比，水相及固定相恰呈相反之趨勢；在高ClO2之劑量時(1.0、1.5 mg as Cl2/L)、水相與生物膜之活菌佔總菌數百分比，兩者都隨反應時間之增加而減少。
澄清湖原水中小於5K Da之有機物，經螢光光譜圖得知含蛋白質及腐植型之結構，經ARs系統操作後，浮游性及生物膜之細菌可能產生蛋白質結構之有機物。另水樣經0.2與0.45 μm濾膜過濾後，後者較前者多一激發及發射波峰位置(270/300 (nm))，此表示系統中某種細菌可產生螢光。

Biofilm formation in the distribution system may deteriorate water quality in drinking water, such as (1) the starting point of a trophic food web leading to the proliferation of higher organisms；(2) the generation of turbidity, taste, and odours；(3) the production of red and black waters resulted from the activity of both manganese and iron oxidizing bacteria；(4) higher HPC interfering with detection of coliforms or sanitary indicators；(5) the accumulation of attached biomass promoting corrosion, particularly under anaerobic conditions with the production of H2S；(6) the loss of pressure or the decrease of water flow；(7) the inhibition of disinfection efficiency of oxidant by biofilm；and (9) raising the risk of drinking for people owing to the biofilm peeling off in the distribution system .
Regarding to the control of biofilms, decreasing the content of organic matter and adding suitable oxidant dosage are feasible ways suggested by many researchers. But for the effect of oxidant on bioactivities of planktonic bacteria and biofilm in the distribution, pure target compounds and single pure inoculum were always selected to perform in some lboratories. .It is diffcultly to simulate in-situ situation owing to remakedly different water quality and flow conditions. In recent years, the annular reactor system (ARs), with stimutaneously changing flow volume and flow velocity, is recognized a feasible tool to simulate hadraulic resident time and shear force as result of drinking water flows through in the distribution system. Therefore, in this research, the effects of physical condition, , material of slide, and oxidant on the biofilm formation in ARs were conducted and compared. .
Based on results conducted, the optimal biofilm formation in ARs system, expressed by total bacterial cells enumerated by staining of DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), can reache at condition of 20 mL/min of flow rate and 134 rpm of the rotational speed. As for DOC decrease at same initial values for 30 K Da and 5 K Da, measured by BDOC filter,, greater than 30 K Da was less than smaller than 5 K Da. At five days, only 60% DOC can be utilized by BDOC filter for the former, while 100% of DOC was decomposed for the latter. The difference of microorganisms attached on the surface, including cement, polycarbonate and polyvinyl chloride, were compared and operated in constant conditions. It reveals that that total bacteria counts per cm2, its values were ere in the order of cement, polycarbonate, and polyvinyl chloride.
Regarding the chlorine dioxide (ClO2) on the bioactivity of planktonic and biofilm in ARs, the ratio of active to dead bacteria, in 0.2 mg-ClO2 as Cl2/L, there existed opposite trend in both phase, indicating that value in bulk decreased with operational time, but value in biofilm increased with operational time. At higher chlorine dioxide dosage (1 and 1.5 mg-ClO2 as Cl2/L), the ratio of active to dead bacteria at both phase, it decreased with operation time.
The organic property of 5 K Da was characterized by fluorescent spetrophtometer, revealing that two kind of organic maater, such as protein –like and humic-like were possiblely existed in. Comparing the water sample taken from ARs, possible protein-like was produce when originate organic matter was utilized by planktonic and biofilm bacteria. Meantime, bacteria existed in ARs can show fluoresent ability by comparing the EEFMs of water sample respectively filtered by 0.2 and 0.45 μm.

壹、前言 1
一、研究緣起 1
二、目的 1
貳、文獻回顧 3
一、配水管網中生物膜之形成與菌相分佈 3
(一)生物膜之形成 3
(二)管網生物膜菌相分佈 6
(三)生物膜對配水系統水質之影響 10
二、生物膜形成評估及影響參數 10
(一)物理參數 12
(二)化學參數 15
(三)消毒劑 16
參、研究流程實驗設備與分析方法 20
一、研究流程架構 20
二、環型反應器 22
(一)系統本體組裝 23
(二)生物膜片之材質選定 23
三、參數分析 24
(一)水質參數分析 24
(二)溶解性有機碳 24
(三)螢光激發與發射光譜圖 25
(四)二氧化氯(ClO2) 26
(五)有機物分子量之分離與濃縮 27
(六)生物性參數 28
肆、結果討論 36
一、人工原水之製備 36
二、水力操作參數對系統生物膜生成之影響 37
(一)流量 39
(二)轉速 41
三、有機物與墊片性質對ARs系統生物膜生成之影響 42
(一)有機物性質 42
(二)墊片材質 45
四、消毒對ARs系統中水相及生物膜細菌活性之影響 46
(一)以CTC與DAPI染色方式判別 46
(二)ATP 51
(三)以掃描式電子顯微鏡與螢光顯微鏡進行菌相表面觀測 53
五、ARs系統中水相有機物性質之變化 57
伍、結論 60
陸、建議 61
參考文獻 62
附錄 69
作者簡介 74

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