臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

常見一般溪流生態工法施做，往往憑藉現地工程師之經驗，而本研究於文獻中得知日本有塊石堆砌工法，其目的在使低水流路蜿蜒化，洪流時不致於對河道造成全斷面之阻隔，在台灣內溝溪現場踏勘後發現相似工法，僅配置方式不同，因此欲探討其不同間距水理狀況變化對魚類棲地之影響。
本研究於台大水工試驗所雷射室進行水工模型實驗，並引入二維水理輸砂模式TABS-2模擬比對，根據模式模擬之結果來評估塊石堆砌工法之成效。
本文針對前人研究之台灣溪流指標物種鯉科、平鰭鰍科與蝦虎科三種魚類，探討模擬河段常流量兩種不同Fr下，工法在不同排列間距對其棲地可用面積之消長情形，並配合兩種棲地多樣性指數共同評估工法配置之優劣。
低Fr（Fr=0.42）模擬情況下，放置工法均導致魚類可用棲地面積下降，棲地多樣性指數均上升；高Fr（Fr=0.61）情況下，放置工法造成鯉科與蝦虎科可用棲地面積增加，平鰭鰍科可用棲地面積下降，而棲地多樣性指數均上升。其意義在於若原河段之流況較湍急不適合魚類生存，放置此類工法有助於提升魚類棲地可用面積。
在工法間距上，研究結果均顯示無論是單組或雙組工法設置，間距加大均有助於魚類可用棲地面積增加、棲地多樣性上升之結果，因此於現地施作上可做為未來工程考量之依據。

In general, the principles of stream ecological engineering are usually determined by traditional engineer’s experience. After studying relavant literature we found “wing deflectors” were used in Japan. They help streams to meander during normal discharge and do not obstruct the entire cross section of the river during flooding. In Taiwan, we found similar stream ecological engineering in Nei Gou Stream although with a slightly different design. In this study we test the change of hydraulic condition effects fish habitat in different design distance.
A flume experiment and a 2-D numerical model, TABS-2, were employed to simulate the hydraulic characteristics in fixed-bed condition. In addition, by selecting Gobioidi, Cyprinidae and Homalopteridae as the indicator species, the change of fish habitat and the habitat diversity for two different Froude number conditions were discussed.
In low Froude number (Fr=0.42) condition, the “wing deflector” design will decrease fish habitat area but will increase the habitat diversity. In high Froude number (Fr=0.61) condition, the “wing deflector” design will decrease Cyprinidae habitat area but will increase Gobioidi and Homalopteridae habitat area and also increase the habitat diversity.
Results of the simulation show that with a wider design distance, both the fish habitat area and the habitat diversity will increase.

謝誌 i
摘要 ii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 xii
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究緣起 1
1-2 研究動機 1
1-3 研究目的 5
1-4 論文架構 5
第二章 文獻回顧 7
2-1生態工法沿革與意涵 7
2-2 棲地相關研究 11
2-2-1棲地分類之重要性 11
2-2-2 棲地類型與相關物理因子 12
2-2-3 物理棲地分類方法 15
2-3 實驗與模式相關文獻 33
2-4河川生態與棲地相關研究 38
2-5 台灣魚類生態特性 39
2-5-1台灣淡水魚組成特性 39
2-5-2 台灣淡水魚類水平分布 40
2-5-3台灣魚類垂直分布 42
第三章 實驗佈置及方法 44
3-1 因次分析與模型比尺 44
3-1-1 因次分析 44
3-1-2 模形比尺 45
3-2 實驗設備 46
3-2-1 循環水槽 46
3-2-2 量測設備 47
3-3實驗佈置 48
3-3-1完全紊流條件設定 49
3-3-2實驗佈置 51
3-4實驗校準 53
3-4-1水槽流量率定 53
3-4-2影像系統校正 54
3-5 實驗方法 56
3-5-1瞬時速度場之分析 57
3-5-2 平均速度場之取得 60
3-5-3 水面線之量測 62
3-6 實驗條件設定 63
3-7 實驗步驟 66
3-7-1 速度場量測之步驟 66
3-7-2 水面線量測之步驟 67
3-7-3實驗流程 67
3-8 實驗結果說明 68
第四章 數值模式方法 70
4-1二維水理輸砂演算模式 70
4-1-1 模式簡介 70
4-1-2 模式操作 72
4-1-3 模式上游邊界與下游邊界之處理 73
4-1-3 模式計算可得之結果 73
4-2實驗與數值模式銜接 73
4-2-1 模式參數的估算 74
4-2-2 水面線比對 76
第五章 評估指標與結果討論 92
5-1 評估塊石堆砌工法對魚類棲地之影響 92
5-1-1 標的物種的選定 92
5-1-2 魚類適合度曲線 92
5-1-3棲地模式 96
5-2評估塊石堆砌工法對棲地多樣性之影響 97
5-2-1棲地型態 97
5-2-2 Shannon Weaver 多樣性指數(Shannon Weaver Diversity Index ; SHDI) (Odum & Barrett，2005) 98
5-2-3 Shannon Weaver均勻度指數(Shannon Weaver Evenness Index ; SHEI) (Odum & Barrett，2005) 99
5-2-4 分散性指數(Interpersion Index) 99
5-3 單組工法佈置 100
5-3-1 單側堆置塊石的流況結果 100
5-3-2 二側堆置塊石D = 0的流況結果 103
5-3-3 二側堆置塊石D = 0.5B的流況結果 106
5-3-4 二側堆置塊石D = 1B ~ 2.5B的流況結果 108
5-4單組工法棲地評估 113
5-4-1 Fr = 0.42結果 113
5-4-2 Fr = 0.61結果 120
5-5 雙組工法佈置 125
5-5-1 D = 1B的流況 125
5-5-2 D = 1.5B的流況 129
5-5-3 D = 2B的流況 133
5-6 雙組工法棲地評估 137
5-6-1 Fr = 0.42結果 137
5-6-2 Fr = 0.61結果 141
第六章 工程示範案例 146
6-1 葫蘆墩圳概述 146
6-1-1地理位置 146
6-1-2地質 147
6-1-3集水區概況 148
6-1-4河川水質 149
6-1-5魚類調查結果 149
6-2 TABS-2模擬結果 150
6-2-1 地形網格 150
6-2-2 上下游邊界條件與參數選定 151
6-2-3 水理模擬結果 152
6-2-4 指標評估結果 155
第七章 結論與建議 157
7-1結論 157
7-2建議 163
參考文獻 165
附表 173

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