臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

現代企業組織在面對複雜多變的動態競爭環境中，日常的營運幾乎是以團隊為主軸，對高科技產業來說，研發團隊的研究開發能力，更是賴以生存的立基、致勝的關鍵，研發團隊如何提升團隊績效為本研究所強的重點。企業競爭優勢主要來自於知識整合的方向以及整合不同類型的專業知識，研發人員面對需專業知識的任務，而知識需要透過結合與整合，才能有效的應用在研發任務之中。因此，本研究主要分析知識整合在研發團隊中的效果，以知識分享、交換記憶系統、共同了解與網絡連結等因素，探討如何促進知識整合的進而提升團隊績效，並以實證分析家以驗證。本研究以工研院南分院研發團隊為研究對象，問卷作為資料收集的工具，調查60個團隊，共計發放400份，回收110份問卷，並採用淨最小平方法(PLS)為實驗分析工具。本研究結果發現：(1)知識整合會中介交換記憶系統與團隊績效；(2)共同了解與網絡連結能促進交換記憶系統的形成，並正向的影響知識整合。(3)知識整合在研發團隊中有顯著的有中介的效果。

此研究發現延伸了影響知識整合的理論架構，並提供更廣泛的知識整合運用在研發的相關領域裡，幫助政府機構或一般企業的研發團隊推行或是鼓勵知識整合活動的發展，協助團隊人員應用與吸收知識，提升整體能力，面對多變環境的挑戰。

Team-base orientation has been recognized as the most effective way to achieve goals. The R&D team could develop new techniques; create products to reach high performance, and to raise the organizational compatibility. Thus, understanding how teams perform successfully in R&D setting is the emphasis of this study.
Knowledge sharing concerns the willingness of individuals in an organization to share with others the knowledge they have. The contribution of knowledge sharing is direct when it helps to solve a problem in teams. Also shared knowledge still needs to be integrated for the sake of performing successful tasks. Other study indicates Mutual Understanding, Transactive Memory System and Network Tie can facilitate Knowledge integration. This study analyzes those factors in team performance with the mediated effect of knowledge integration in technology R&D teams.
Our research model is assessed using data from a sample of 100 members of 60 technology R&D teams and is analyzed using partial least squares (PLS) method. The results of this study indicate: (1) Knowledge integration mediates the relationship between Transactive Memory System and team performance in technology R&D teams. (2) Mutual Understanding and Network Tie can facilitate Transactive Memory System; Transactive Memory System positively affects Knowledge integration. (3) Knowledge integration positively affects to team performance in technology R&D teams. This study also discusses implication for the technology R&D teams based on the results of this study.

第一章緒論 1
第一節研究背景 1
第二節研究目的 5
第三節研究流程圖 6
第二章文獻探討 8
第一節研發團隊績效 8
第二節 知識整合 9
一、知識整合的重要性 8
二、知識整合的定義 10
三、知識整合與團隊績效 15
第三節影響知識整合的變數 16
一、知識分享 16
二、交換記憶系統 19
三、網絡連結與共同了解 22
第三章研究方法 25
第一節研究架構與假設 25
第二節研究對象 29
第三節問卷設計 31
第四節研究工具 33
第四章實證分析 37
第一節敘述統計分析 37
一、知識整合 37
二、知識分享 37
三、交換記憶系統 37
四、共同了解 38
五、網絡連結 38
六、研發團隊績效 38
第二節模型測量 40
ㄧ、測量模式 40
(ㄧ)信度分析 40
(二)效度分析 43
第三節結構模式 44
一、潛在變項負荷量 46
(ㄧ)知識分享 46
(二)網絡連結 46
(三)共同了解 46
(四)知識整合 47
(五)交換記憶系統 47
(六)團隊績效 48
二、解釋能力 48
第五章結論與建議 51
第一節研究結果發現與建議 51
ㄧ、交換記憶系統對知識整合與團隊績效的關係 51
二、共同了解、網絡連結對交換記憶系統與知識整合的關係 53
三、知識分享與知識整合之關係 54
四、共同了解、網絡連結對知識整合之關係 54
第二節研究貢獻 55
ㄧ、理論上的貢獻 56
二、管理上的貢獻 56
第三節研究限制 57
一、研發人員特質的限制 57
二、時間成本的限制 58
參考文獻 59
中文部分 59
英文部分 60
附錄問卷 68

中文部份
1.溫源鳳、湯凱喻，2005，「知識管理-科技、研發、資訊與績效」，初版，普林斯頓國際有限公司。
2.吳若君，1997，「網路事業知識整合與創新類型關聯之研究」，國立政治大學科技管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
3.朱倍瑩，2000，「知識整合機制與創新策略配合類型對知識移轉績效影響之研究-高科技與服務業之比較」，中原大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
4.吳萬益，2000，「企業研究方法」，華泰文化出版。
5.胡瑋珊譯，1999，Thomas H. Davenport & Laurence Prusak著，「知識管理」，中國生產力中心出版。
6.American Productivity & Quality Center (APQC), http://www.apqc.org 美國生產力與品質中心2001
7.Arthur Andersen Business Consulting (2000) 著，劉京偉譯 (民92)，知識管理的第一本書，台北：商周出版。
8.Housel, T., & Bell A. H. Bell 著 (2002)，李書政譯 (民91)，知識管理：理論、評估、應用，台北：麥格羅希爾。

英文部分
1.Akgun, A. E., Byrne, J. C. Keskin, H & Lynn, G., 2006. Transactive Memory System in New Product Development Teams. IEEE Transaction on Engineering Management, 53, 1, 95-11.
2.Alavi, M. & Leidner, D., 2001. Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management System: Conceptual Foundations and Research Issues, MIS Quarterly, 25, 1, 107-136.
3.Alavi, M. and Tiwana, A., 2002. Knowledge Integration in Virtual Teams: The Potential Role of KMS, Journal of the American Society for Science and Technology, 53, 12, pp.1029-1037.
4.Amy J.C. Trappey, Charles V. Trappey., 2008. An R&D Knowledge Management Method for Patent Document Summarization, Industrial Management + Data Systems, Wembley: 108, 2, pp. 245.
5.Anand, V., Manz, C. & Glick W., 1998. An Organizational Memory Approach to Information Management, Academy of Management Review, 23, 4, PP. 796-809.
6.Anderson, J.C. & Gerbing, D.W., 1988. Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach, Psychological Bulletin, 103, 3, pp. 411-423.
7.Bijlsma-Frankema, K. Bart de Jong, Gerhard van de Bunt., 2008. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 19, 1, pp.19.
8.Bock, G. W. Zmud, R.W. Kim, Y.G., 2002. Breaking The Myths of Rewards: An Exploratory Study of Attitudes about Knowledge Sharing, Information Resources management Journal, 15, pp. 14-21.
9.Bock, G.W. Zmud, R.W. Kim, Y.G.and Lee, J.N., 2005. Behavioral Intention Formation in Knowledge Sharing: Examining The Roles of Extrinsic Motivators, Social-Psychological Forces, and Organizational Climate, MIS Quarterly, 29, 1, pp. 87-111.
10.Boh, W. F. Ren, J. Kiesler, S. & Bussjaeger, R., 2007. Expertise and Collaboration in The Geographically Dispersed Organization. Organization Science, 18, 4, pp. 595.
11.Bontis, N., 1998. Intellectual Capital: An Exploratory Study That Develops Measures and Models, Management Decision, 36, 2, pp. 63.
12.Brown, S. L. & Eisenhardt, K. M., 1995. Product Development: Past Research, Present Findings, and Future Direction, Academy of Management Review, 20, 2, pp. 343-378.
13.Bstieler, L. & Hemmert, M. (2008). Influence of Tie Strength and Behavioural Factors on Effective Knowledge Acquisition: A Study of Korean New Product Alliances. Asian Business & Management, 7, PP. 75–94.
14.Chen, M. H. Chang, Y. C. & Hung, S. C., 2008. Social Capital and Creativity in R&D Project Teams. R&D Management. 38, 1, pp. 21.
15.Clark, H., & Carlson, T., 1982. Speech Acts and Hearer’s Beliefs. In N. Smith (Eds). Mutual knowledge (pp. 1-36). New York: Academic Press.
16.Clark, H., & Marshall, C., 1981. Definite References and Mutual Knowledge. In A. Joshi, I. Sag, & B. Webber (Eds).Element of discourse understanding (pp. 10-63). New York: Cambridge University Press.
17.Clark, H., 1996. Using Language. New York: Cambridge University Press.
18.Cramton, C., 2001. The Mutual Knowledge Problem and Its Consequences for Dispersed Collaboration. Organization Science, 12, 3, PP. 346-371.
19.Davenport, T.H., & Prusak, L., 1998. Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
20.Davis, A. & Khazanchi, D.A., 2007. Does Mutual Knowledge Affect Virtual Team Performance? Theoretical Analysis and Anecdotal Evidence.merican Journal of Business. 22, 2, pp. 57-86.
21.Drucker, P. F., 1993. Post-Capitalist Society, New York : Butterworth Heinemann.
22.Ensign, P.C & Hebert, L., 2004. Knowledge Sharing among R&D Scientists, IEEE, Pro of 37th, Annual Hawaii International Conf, 5, pp.7.
23.Faraj, S. & Sproull, L., 2000. Coordinating Expertise in Software Development Teams. Management Science, 46, 12, pp. 1554-1568.
24.Fornell, C.R., Larcker, D.F., 1981. Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error, Journal of Marketing Research, 18, PP. 39-50.
25.Gibbert, M. & Krause, H. (2002). Ractice exchange in a best practice marketplace,? In Knowledge Management Case Book: Siemens best practices. Davenport, T. H. & Probst, J.B. (Eds). Publish Corporate Publishing, Erlangen, Germany, pp. 89-105.
26.Goh, S. C., 2002. Managing Effective Knowledge Transfer: An Integrative Framework and Some Practice Implications. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6, PP. 23-30.
27.Goodman, P.S. Ravlin, E. & Schminke, M., 1987. Understanding Groups in Organizations. In Cumming, L.L. & Staw, B.M. (eds.), Research in organizational behavior, JAJ Press, Greenwich, CN, pp.121-173.
28.Graber, S., Czellar, S., & Denis, Jean-Emile, 2002. Using Partial Least Squares Regression in Marketing Research, working paper, University of Geneva.
29.Grant, R., (1996), “Prospering in dynamically-competitive environments: Organizational capacity as knowledge integration” Organization Science, vol.7, no.4, pp.375-387.
30.Hagedoorn, J., Cloodt, D. & Van Kranenburg, H. 2006. The Strength of R&D Network Ties in High-Tech Industries — A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of The Effects of Tie Strength on Technological Performance, Paper presented at the Academy of International Business Conference, Beijing, PP. 23–26.
31.Hansen, M., Nohria, N., & Tierney, T., 1999. What’s Your Strategy for Managing Knowledge?, Harvard Business Review, March-April, PP. 106-116.
32.Hedlund, G.. & Bernard. B., 1994, Organinational Learning and a Firm’s Core Competence, Competence-Based Competition edited by Gary Hamel and Aime Heene, pp. 11-114.
33.Henard, D. H. & Ann McFadyen, M., 2006. R&D Knowledge is Power, Research Technology Management, May-June, PP. 41-47.
34.Hendriks, P., 1999. Why Share Knowledge Management? The Influence of ICT on Motivation for Knowledge Sharing, Knowledge and Process.
35.Hite, J., & Hesterly, W., 2001. The Evolution of Firm Network: From Emergence to Early Growth of The Firm. Strategic Management Journal, 22. PP. 275-286.
36.Hollingshead, A.B. & Fraidin, S.N., 2003. Gender Stereotypes and Assumptions about Expertise in Transactive Memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, PP. 355-363.
37.Hoopes, D.G. & Postrel, S., 1999. Shared Knowledge, “glitches”, and Product Development Performance. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 9, PP. 837-865.
38.Inkpen,A.C. & Dinur.A., 1998. Knowledge Management Process and International Joint Venture, Organization Science, 19, 4, pp.454-468.
39.Jackson, P. & Klobas, J. 2008. Transactive Memory Systems in Organizations: Implications for Knowledge Directories .Decision Support Systems. 44, 2, pp. 409.
40.Johansson, Johny K. & Yip, George S., 1994. Exploiting Globalization Potential: U.S. and Japanese Strategies, Strategic Management Journal, 15, 8, pp. 579-601.
41.Jones, M.C. and A.W. Harrison, 1996. IS Project team performance: An empirical assessment, Information & Management, vol.31, pp.57-65.
42.Kanawattanachal, P. & Yoo, Y., 2007. The Impact of Knowledge Coordination on Virtual Team Performance over Time. MIS Quarterly. 31, 4, pp. 783.
43.Katz R., Rebentisch E.S., and Allen T.J., 1996. A Study of Technology Transfer in Multinational Cooperative Joint Venture. IEEE Transaction on Engineering Management, 43, 1, PP. 97-105.
44.Kenney, J. L. & Gudergan, S. P., 2006. Knowledge Integration in organizations: an empirical assessment, Journal of Knowledge Management. Kempston, 10, 4, pp. 43.
45.Kount, B. & Zander, U., 1992. Knowledge of The Firm, Combinative Capabilities, and The Replication of Technology, Organization Studies, 3, pp. 383-397.
46.Krauss, R., & Bricker, P. (1990). Effects of Transmission Dely and Access Delay on the Efficiency of Verbal Communication, Journal of Acoustical Society, 41, PP. 286-292.
47.Krauss, R., & Fussell, S., 1990. Mutual Knowledge and Communicative Effectiveness. In J. Galaher, R. Kraut, & C. Egdio (Eds.), Intellectual teamwork: Social and technological foundations of cooperative work (pp. 111-146). Hillsdale, Nj: Lawrence Erlbaum.
48.Lawrence, P., and Zmud, R., 1967. Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration, Irwin, Homewood, IL.
49.Lewis, K., 2004. Knowledge and Performance in Knowledge-Worker Teams: A Longitudinal Study of Transactive Memory Systems, Management Science, 50, 11, pp. 1519-1533.
50.Majchrzak, A. Jarvenpaa, S. L. & Hollingshead, L. B., 2007. Coordinating Expertise among Emergent Groups Responding to Disasters .Organization Science. 18, 1, pp. 147-164.
51.Mohan, K. & Ramesh, B., 2007. Traceability-Based Knowledge Integration in Group Decision and Negotiation Activities. Decision Support Systems. 43, 3, pp. 968.
52.Moreland, R. L., 1999. Transactive Memory: Learning Who Knows What in Work Groups and Organizations. In L. L. Thompson, J. M. Levine, & D. M. Meseick (Eds.), Shared cognition in organzations pp.3-31.
53.Nahapiet, J. & Ghosha, S., 1998. Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and Organizational Advantage, The Academy of Management Review, 23, 2, PP. 242-266.
54.Nelson, K.M. & Cooprider, J.G., 1996. The Contribution of Shared Knowledge to IS Group Performance, MIS Quarterly, 20, 4, pp.409-432.
55.Newell, S. Adams, S. Crary, M. Glidden, P. LaFarge, V. & Nurick, A., 2005. Exploring the Variation in Student Project Team Knowledge Integration Competency, presented at the IEEE Proceeding of the 38th, Hawaii International Conference, System Science, 3, 6.
56.Nissen, M. E., Kamel, M.N., & Sengupta, L.C., 2000. A Framework for Integrating Knowledge Process and System Design. Information Strategy: The Executive’s Journal, 16, 4, pp.17-26.
57.Nonaka, I. & Takeuchi, H., 1995. The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create The Dynamics of Innovation. Oxford University Press, USA.
58.Okhuysen, G., & Eisenhardt, K., 2002. Integrating Knowledge in Group: How Formal Interventions Enable Flexibility, Organization Science, 13, 4, pp. 370-386.
59.Parikh, M., 2001. Knowledge Management Framework for High-Tech Research and Development. Engineering Management Journal, 13, 3, PP. 27-33.
60.Prichard, J. S. & Ashleigh, M. J., 2007. The Effects of Team-Skills Training on Transactive Memory and Performance, Small Group Research, 38, 6, pp. 696.
61.Quinn, J. B., P. Anderson, & S. Finkelstein, 1996. Managing Professional Intellect: Making the Most of the Best, Harvard Business Review, 30, 3, pp. 71-80.
62.Rimgle, C. M., Wende, S. & Will, A., 2005. SmartPLS 2.0(beta), www.smartpls.de.
63.Rui, M. Yang, J. Hutchinson, J Wang, J., 2008. Managing Knowledge for New Product Performance in the High Technology Industry .International Journal of Technology Management. 41, 1/2 pp. 96.
64.Sabherwal R. & I. Becerra-Fernandez, 2005. Integrating Specific Knowledge: Insights from the Kennedy space center, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 52, 3, pp.301-315.
65.Savherwal, R. & Becerra-Faernandz, I., 2003. An Empirical Study of the Effect of Knowledge Management Processes at Individuals, Group, Organizational Level, Decision Science, 34, 2, pp.225-260.
66.Sena, J. A. & Shani, A. B., 1999. Intellectual Capital and Knowledge Creation: Towards an Alternative Framework in knowledge Management Handbook, edited by J. Liebowitz, New York: CRC Press.
67.Senge, P. M., 1998. Sharing Knowledge. Executive Excellence, 15, 6, PP. 11-12.
68.Shaw, M. E., 1981.Group Dynamics: The Psychology of Small Group Behavior, McGraw-Hill, New York.
69.Shaw, M.E., 1981.Group Dynamics: The Psychology of Small Group Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
70.Simon, H., 1979. The Architecture of Complexity “,The Science of the Artificial : Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp.467-482.
71.Singh, J. (2008). Distributed R&D, Cross-Regional Knowledge Integration and Quality of Innovative Output .Research Policy. 37, 1, pp. 77.
72.Stasser, G. Stewart, D.D. & Wittenbaum, G.W., 1995. Expert Roles and Information Exchange During Discussion: The Importance of Knowing Who Knows What, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, pp244-265.
73.Teece,D.J. & Pisano,G., l994. The Dynamic Capabilities of Firms: An Introduction, Industrial and Corporate Change, 3, pp. 537-556.
74.Tiwana, A. and Bharadwaj, A., 2003. The Antecedents of Information Systems Development Capability in Firms: A Knowledge Integration Perspective, Presented at the Proceeding of the 24th, International Conference, Information Systems.
75.Tiwana, A. and Mclean, E., 2005. Expertise Integration and Creativity in Information Systems Development, Journal of Management Information System, 22, 1, pp. 13-43.
76. Tiwana. A. 2004. An Empirical Study the Effect of Knowledge Integration on Software Development Performance, Information and Software Technology, 46, pp. 899-906.
77.Tsai, W. & Ghoshal, S., 1998. Social Capital and Value Creation: The Role of Intrafirm Network, The Academy of Management Journal, 41, 4, pp.464-476.
78.Van den Bosch, F., Volberda, H., & Boer, M., 1999. Co-Evolution of Firm Absorptive Capacity and Knowledge Environment: Organizational Forms and Combinative Capabilities. Organization Science, 10, 5, PP. 551-568.
79.Volberda, Henk W., Frans A. J. Van Den Bosch & De Michiel. Boer., 1999. Managing Organizational Knowledge Integration in the Emerging Multimedia Complex, Journal of Management Studies, 36, 3, PP. 379-398.
80.Wegner, D. M., 1986. Transactive Memory: A Contemporary Analysis of the Group Mind. In B. Mullen, G. R. Goethals, (eds). Theories of Group Behavior. Springer-Verlag, New York, PP. 185-208.
81.Wegner, D. M., Erber, R., & Raymod, P., 1991. Transactive Memory in Close Relationships, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 6, PP. 923-929.
82.Wiig, K. M., 1995. Knowledge Management: The Central Management Focus for Intelligent-Acting Organization, 2.
83.Wijnhoven, F., 1999. Development Scenarios for Organizational Memory Information Systems, Journal of Management Information Systems, 16, pp. 121–147.
84.Wixom, B.H. & Watson, H.J., 2001. An Empirical Investigation Of The Factors Affecting Data Warehousing Success, MIS Quarterly, 25, 1, pp. 17-41.
85.Wold, H., 1982. Systems under Indirect Observation Using PLS. In C. Fornell(ed.), A Second Generation of Multivariate Analysis. Praeger, New York, pp. 325-347.
86.Yang, J., 2008. Unravelling the Link between Knowledge Integration and New Product Timeliness. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 20, 2, pp. 231.
87. Yoo, Y. & Kanawattanachai, P., 2001. Development of Transaction Memory Systems and Collective Mind in Virtual Teams. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 9, 2, PP. 187-208.
88.Zack, M. H., 1999. Developing a Knowledge Strategy, California Management Review, 41, 3, pp. 125-143.
89.Zhang, Z. X. Hempel, P. S. Han, Y. L. & Tjosvold, D., 2007. Transactive Memory System Links Work Team Characteristics and Performance, Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 6; pp. 1722.
90.Zhuge, H. Ma, J. & Shi, X., 1997. Analogy and Abstract in Cognitive Space: A Software Process Model, Information and Software Technology, 39, pp. 463-468.