臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

水稻是台灣種植面積最廣的一項重要農作物，以水稻栽植為主的嘉南平原，稻作區中經常夾雜著一些人工雜林、廢耕草地及其他農作區等零碎棲地。本研究為了解稻作區之稻田與其緊鄰之邊緣棲地的鳥類相組成是否存有差異，分別設置7個緊鄰不同邊緣棲地的稻田樣區，以及7個邊緣棲地樣區，其中包括3個樹林與4個雜作草地，並利用群集計數法(counting flocks)及定點計數法(point count)進行鳥類相調查。結果發現樹林、雜作草地及稻田棲地的鳥類相組成明顯不同，且樹林與雜作草地等邊緣棲地的種豐富度(species richness)及量豐度(aboundance)均比稻田棲地高，顯示零碎散佈於稻作區的樹林及雜作草地邊緣棲地可提供較多不同的平地鳥類棲息。此外，斑頸鳩、紅鳩及麻雀等危害鳥種在邊緣棲地的族群密度較高，但在鄰近不同邊緣棲地之稻田中的密度並無差異。根據稻作穀粒充實期的全日調查結果顯示，雀類(麻雀及斑文鳥)於清晨及傍晚在稻田中具有較高的活動頻度，鳩鴿類(紅鳩及斑頸鳩)則在中午時段具有較高的活動頻度。同時雀類在稻作穀粒充實期前期具有較高的棲息數量，而鳩鴿類在稻作穀粒充實期前、後期的棲息數量則無明顯的差別。此外，本研究利用危害鳥種的棲息數量與稻穗危害量來評估棉線、塑膠繩、旗幟、反光帶及鷹眼球等物理性鳥害防治法的效用，發現此兩種方式所得到的結果並不相同。綜合來說，若能搭配不同的穀粒充實期及危害鳥種的最大聚集時段做防治處理，可能有助於增加防治效益。

Rice is the most important crop with widest cultivated area in Taiwan. The rice fields in Chianan Plain often mixed with some artificial forests, non-tillage grasslands and other crops areas, etc. To understand whether there are any differences in the bird compositions between the rice field and edge, we set up 7 sites in the rice field near by different edge types, and 7 sites in the edge, including 3 woodland sites and 4 mixed sites with other crops and grasses. We investigated bird species and abundances with counting flocks and point count methods. The results show that there were significant differences in bird compositions between the rice field and the margin. The bird species richness and abundance of edge were higher than those in the rice field. It shows that edge could provide habitats for more different kinds of farmland birds. We also studied the activity patterns and the distribution of crop damaging species, including tree sparrow (Passer montanus), scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata), red turtle dove (Streptopelia tranquebarica) and spooted dove (Streptopelia chinensis) in the study sites. The densities of the four pest bird species in the edge were higher than those in the rice field except scaly-breasted munia, and the bird densities in the rice field had no difference among different edge types. According to the investigation in the maturing period of rice, we found that sparrows (tree sparrow and scaly-breasted munia) had higher activity frequency in the early morning and evening and doves (red turtle dove and spooted dove) had higher activity frequency around noon. The population sizes of sparrows were higher in the early part of maturing period than those in the late period, but the population sizes of doves show no significant difference. In addition, we evaluated the effects of cotton thread, plastic tape, flag, reflecting tape and hawk eyeball on controlling the bird pests by counting the number of bird and estimating the loss of rice. The results of the two methods were not the same. It maybe can increase the expelling effects, if we use these methods in the highest population sizes of pest birds in the different part of maturing period and different time of a day.

中文摘要………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
英文摘要………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
表目錄…………………………………………………………………III
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………IV
附錄目錄…………………………………………………………….…V
前言…………………………………………………………………….1
材料與方法…………………………………………………………….7
結果……………………………………………………………………15
討論……………………………………………………………………20
結論……………………………………………………………………26
參考文獻………………………………………………………………27
表………………………………………………………………………32
圖………………………………………………………………………41
附錄……………………………………………………………………57

丁宗蘇。1993。玉山地區成熟林之鳥類群聚生態。台灣大學碩士論文。台北。
何郁青。1999。永續發展農業及野生動物保育-以秀姑巒溪流域雁鴨問題為例。東華大學碩士論文。花蓮。
何健鎔。1988。台灣田間二種鳥類危害之觀察。啟農雜誌 58：p54~59。
林利貞。1999。高雄市公園環境與鳥類群聚之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學碩士論文。高雄。
邱祈榮。2001。評量台灣地區生態永續發展指標-以野鳥族群為例調查計畫。行政院環境保護署。台北。
洪士程。2003年。植物保護圖鑑系列8-水稻保護。行政院農業委員會動植物防疫檢疫局。台北。p200~204。
施義杰。2004。嘉義機場隙地之鳥類群聚生態。國立彰化師範大學。彰化。
徐保雄。1995。秀姑巒溪流域雁鴨危害水稻與防治技術研究。農藥世界 137：p48~58。
許富雄。2001。鳥類資源的調查方法。特有生物研究3：p81~90。
許皓捷。2003。台灣中海拔山區森林鳥類群聚結構與環境因子之關係。 台灣大學碩士論文。台北。
陳姿今。2004。高雄市公園植群結構、物候期與鳥類群聚相關性之研究。國立高雄師範大學碩士論文。高雄。
曾如玉。2002。南台灣地區都會公園鳥類群聚整合性指標之建立。國立高雄師範大學碩士論文。高雄。
翟鵬。1977。台灣鳥類生態隔離的研究。東海大學碩士論文。台中。
廖煥彰。2006。塔塔加地區不同植群演替階段之鳥類群聚研究。台灣大學碩士論文。台北。
顏瓊芬，莊銘豐，鍾昇興和關永才。2004。八卦山台地棲地類型與鳥類群聚關係之探討。台灣人文生態研究 6(1)：191-232。
羅柳墀、鄭峰茂。2007。棕扇尾鶯與褐頭鷦鶯在農田中繁殖生態之比較。特有生物研究 9(1)：23-35。

Avery, M. L., D. G. Decker, J. S. Humphrey, and C. C. Laukert. 1996.
Mint plant derivatives as blackbird feeding deterrents. Crop Protection 15(5):461-454.
Avery, M. L., S. J. Werner, J. L. Cummings, J. S. Humphrey, M. P. Milleson, J. C. Carlson, T. M. Primus, and M. J. Goodall. 2005. Caffeine for reducing bird damage to newly seeded rice. Crop Protection 24:651-657.
Bentley J. M., and C. P. Catterall. 1997. The use of bushland, corridors, and linear remnants by birds in southeastern Queensland, Australia. Conservation Biology 11(5):1173-1189.
Bobo K. S., M. Waltert, H. Fermon, J. Njokagbor, and M. Muhlenberg. 2006. From forest to farmland: butterfly diversity and habitat associations along a gradient of forest conversion in Southwestern Cameroon. Journal of Insect Conservation 10:29-42.
Bruggers, R. L., J. E. Brooks, R. A. Dolbeer, P. P. Woronecki, R. K. Pandit, and T. Tarimo. 1986. Responses of pest birds to reflecting tape in agriculture. Wildlife Society Bulletin 14:161-170.
Chapman, R. N., D. M. Engle, R. E. Masters, and D. M. Leslie Jr. 2004. Grassland vegetation and bird communities in the southern Great Plains of North America. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 104:577-585.
Colwell, R.K. 2005. EstimateS 7.5. Statistical Estimation of Species Richness and Shared Species from Samples. Version 7.5 User’s Guild and Application. http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/EstimateS7pages
Cummings, J. L., P. A. Pochop, R. M. Engeman, J. E. Davis Jr., and T. M. Primus. 2002. Evaluation of Flight ControlR to reduce blackbird damage to newly planted rice in Louisiana. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 49:169-173.
Clarke, K. R., and R. N. Gorley. 2001. PRIMER v5: user manual/tutorial. PRIMER-E, Plymouth, UK.
Deschenes, M., L. B'elanger, and J. Giroux. 2003. Use of farmland riparian strips by declining and crop damaging birds. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 95: 567-577.
Dolbeer, R. A., M. A. Link, and P. P. Woronecki. 1988. Naphthalene shows no repellency for starlings. Wildlife Society Bulletin 16:62-64.
Freemark, K. E., and D. A. Kirk. 2001. Birds on organic and conventional farms in Ontario: partitioning effects of habitat and practices on species composition and abundance. Biological Conservation 101:337-350.
Frings, H. and M. Frings. 1967. Behavioral manipulation (visual, mechanical, and acoustical). In Pest Control: Biological, Physical and Selected Chemical Methods (W. W. Kilgore and R. L. Doutt.). Academic Press, New York.
Hammer, D. A. T. Harper, and P. D. Ryan. 2001. PAST: Palaeontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4(1):9.
Hawksworth, D. L. 1995. Biodiversity Measurement and Estimation. Chapman and Hall, London.
Heinrich, J. W., and S. R. Craven. 1990. Evaluation of three damage abatement techniques for Canada geese. Wildlife Society Bulletin 18:405-410.
Henderson, I. G., J. Cooper, R. J. Fuller, and J. Vickery. 2000. The relative abundance of birds on set-aside and neighbouring fields in summer. Journal of Applied Ecology 37:335-347.
James, M. R., and V. F. 1979. Estimating bird damage to sorghum and millet in chad. The Journal of Wildlife Management 43(2):540-544.
Jobin, B., L. Choiniere, and L. Belanger. 2001. Bird use of three types of field margins in relation to intensive agriculture in Que'bec, Canada. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 84:131-143.
Kovach, W. L. 1999. MVSP- Multi-Variate Statistical Package for Window, version 3.1 Kovach Computing Services, Pentraeth, Wales, UK.
Maeda, T. 2001. Patterns of bird abundance and habitat use in rice fields of the Kanto Plain, central Japan. Ecological Research 16:569-585.
Maeda, T. 2005. Bird use of rice field strips of varying width in the Kanto Plain of central Japan. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 105: 347-351.
Manikowski, S. 1985. Evaluation of bird damage to mature rice. FAO Plant Prot Bull 33:90-99.
Marcus, J. F., W. E. Palmer, and P. T. Bromley. 2000. The effects of farm field borders on overwintering sparrow densities. Wilson Bull 112(4): 517-523.
Marshall, E. J. P., and A. C. Moonen. 2002. Field margins in northern Europe: their functions and interactions with agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 89:5-21.
Mason, J. R., and G. Linz. 1997. Repellency of garlic extract to European starlings. Crop Protection 16(2):107-108.
Moonen, A. C., and E. J. P. Marshall. 2001. The influence of sown margin strips, management and boundary structure on herbaceous field margin vegetation in two neighbouring farms in southern England. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 86: 187-202.
Moreira, F., P. Beja, R. Morgado, L. Reino, L. Gordinho, A. Delgado, and R. Borralho. 2005. Effects of field management and landscape context on grassland wintering birds in Southern Portugal. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 109:59-74.
O’Connor, R.J., and Shrubb, M., 1986. Farming and Birds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Patrick, J. W., S. Tinker, and H. Greenwood. 1982. Indirect assessment of avian damage to agriculture. Journal of applied ecology 19:773-782.
Rizvi, S. W. A., A. Pervez, and S. M. Ahmed. 2002. Evaluation of Methiocarb 50%-WP as a taste repellent against the house sparrow ( Passer domesticusL). Turkish Journal of Zoology 26:131-135.
Robinson, R. A., J. D. Wilson, and H. Q. P. Crick. 2001. The importance of arable habitat for farmland birds in grassland landscapes. Journal of applied ecology 38:1059-1069.
Rodenhouse, N. L., Best, L. B., O’Connor, R.J., and Bollinger, E. K., 1995. Effects of agricultural practices and farmland structures. In: Martin, T.E., Finch, D. M. (Eds.), Ecology and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds: A Synthesis and Review of Critical Issues. Oxford University Press, New York.
SAS Institute, Inc.1998. StatView/Using StatView user’s guide. SAS
Institute, Inc., Gray, NC.
Stoate, C., I. G. Henderson, and D. M. B. Parish. 2004. Development of an agri-environment scheme option: seed-bearing crops for farmland birds. Ibis 146:203-209.
Tourenq, C., S. Aulagnier, L. Durieux, S. Lek, F. Mesleard, A. Johnson, and J. Martin. 2001. Identifying rice fields at risk from damage by the greater flamingo. Journal of Applied Ecology 38:170-179.
UK Government Statistical Office. 2000. Quality of life counts-indicators for a strategy for sustainable development for the United Kingdom: a baseline assessment. UK Government Statistical Office, London, UK.
Vickery, J., N. Carter, and R. J. Fuller. 2002. The potential value of managed cereal field margins as foraging habitats for farmland birds in the UK. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 89:41-52.
Wilson, E. A., E. A. Leboeuf, K. M. Weaver, and D. J. Leblanc. 1989. Delayed seeding for reducing blackbird damage to sprouting rice in southwestern Louisiana. Wildlife Society Bulletin 17:165-171.
Yokoyama, H., and K. Nakamura. 1993. Aversive response of tree sparrows Passer montanus to distress call and the sound of paper flag. Applied Entomology and Zoology 28(3):359-370.