臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文的主要目的是要開發它]校正器（Power Factor Corrector, PFC）來改善市電品質。在所有電路拓樸中，昇壓型（Boost）轉換器因為有連續的輸入電流，並且可以用比其他電路拓樸低的成本達到高它]與低諧波之效果，因此最適合作為它]校正器之用。昇壓型它]校正器（Boost PFC）可分類為連續導通型（Continuous-Conduction-Mode, CCM）它]校正器、不連續導通型（Discontinuous-Conduction-Mode, DCM）它]校正器與臨界導通型（Critical-Mode, CM）它]校正器；而這些它]校正器都有著各自不同的優點與缺點：連續導通型它]校正器有低電流漣波與高轉換效率等優點，但是它通常需要較大的電感（值）與複雜的控制；再者因為該它]校正器是操作在硬切換的狀態，因此整體效率較低。而臨界導通與不連續導通型它]校正器則有著小電感（值）、控制簡單、軟切換與高效率等優點；然而它所產生的高電流漣波則大大的限制了它的轉換必v。因此，本論文提出了交錯式臨界導通昇壓型它]校正器（Interleaved Critical-Mode Boost Power Factor Corrector）來改善上述它]校正器的缺點。
在本論文中首先針對單台臨界導通昇壓型它]校正器（單台它]校正器）的特性與效能進行分析，從中可以得知該它]校正器是如何達到高它]與軟切換等效果。基於上述所推導的結果，可以推演出交錯式臨界導通昇壓型它]校正器（交錯式它]校正器）的特性與效能。為了簡化多相交錯式它]校正器的分析，本文提出了一新式分析方式—操作模式表（Operation-Mode Forms）。從上述所推導的效能來比較可得知，交錯式它]校正器在100 W以上的必v應用時，會比單台它]校正器有更好的效能表現；此外，交錯式它]校正器可大大改善電流漣波與轉換必v不足等問題。
為了實現有上述優點的交錯式它]校正器，本論文首先提出一顆兩相交錯式它]校正器用的控制IC（8隻腳位）；它具有軟切換、固定導通時間控制、全電壓輸入、緩啟動、節能模式、負載範圍延伸、欠壓與快速欠壓保護、過電壓保護、過電流保護與交錯式控制等特點。然後再提出四種分相器（交錯式控制器）並進行分析與探討，而其中兩種可適用於任意分相。從該IC更可以衍生出任意相數之它]校正器用的控制IC。然後，本文更進一步介紹硬體設計流程，並提出了一組適用於交錯式它]校正器用的模型來輔助電路的設計。最後模擬與實驗的結果驗證了本論文所提之交錯式它]校正器與控制器的確可行並且具有很好的效能。
本論文的主要貢獻總結如下：
1) 提出操作模式表來推導任意相數它]校正器的特性與效能，進而大大的減少了交錯式它]校正器的分析困難度。
2) 提出了兩相與任意相交錯式它]校正器用的控制IC，其特性包含：交錯式控制、軟切換、固定導通時間控制、全電壓輸入、緩啟動、節能模式、負載範圍延伸與保護。
3) 根據所提的控制器，實現了一組兩相它]校正器與一組四相它]校正器，而且證明了該它]校正器均具有高必v因數、高效率、低電流漣波、低諧波電流、低電磁干擾、交錯式操作、軟切換、固定導通時間控制與均流等特性。

The objective of this dissertation is to develop power factor correctors (PFCs) for im-proving power quality. In all of the topologies, the boost converter is most suitable for PFC applications since it can achieve continuous line current, high power factor and high power capacity with low cost. Boost PFCs can be further classified as continuous-conduction-mode (CCM) PFC, discontinuous-conduction-mode (DCM) PFC and critical-mode (CM) PFC, and each has its own merits and drawbacks. A CCM PFC has the merits of low input current ripple and high power capacity while it has the drawbacks of bulky inductor, complicated control, hard-switching operation and low efficiency. A CM PFC or a DCM PFC has the merits of low inductance, simple control, soft-switching operation and high efficiency while it has the drawbacks of high current ripple and low power capacity. Thus, interleaved critical-mode boost PFCs (IPFCs) are proposed to relieve these drawbacks.
In the dissertation, characteristics and performances of a single CM PFC are analyzed first, which can be used to explain how it can achieve unity power factor and soft-switching operation. Based on the analytical results, those of IPFCs can be derived. In order to analyze a complicated n-phase IPFC, an analytical guideline with operation-mode forms (OMFs) is proposed which is helpful for understanding the IPFC operation. Then, performance com-parison between a CM PFC and a two-phase IPFC is discussed. It has shown that the IPFC yields better performance than a single PFC when their load power is higher than 100 W. Moreover, current ripple and power capacity of the IPFC can be improved effectively.
In order to implement IPFCs with the aforementioned merits, controllers for the IPFCs are proposed in this dissertation. First of all, an 8-pin control IC for a two-phase IPFC is pro-posed and discussed in detail, which can achieve soft-switching, constant on-time control (COTC), universal line-voltage input (ULVI), soft-start, green-mode operation, extended load-range, under voltage lock-out (UVLO), fast under voltage lock-out (FUVLO), over voltage protection (OVP), over current protection (OCP) and interleaved operation features. Then, four types of phase shifters are proposed and analyzed for achieving interleaving con-trol of critical-mode boost PFCs, and two of them can be extended to n-phase applications. Finally, an n-phase IPFC control IC is developed from the features of the proposed two-phase IPFC control IC.
Design guidelines of the power stages in IPFCs are also discussed in this dissertation. To design controllers for operating IPFCs stably, an average power model is derived from a simplified circuit of the proposed two-phase IPFC. Simulated and experimental results have verified the feasibility and performance of the IPFCs with the proposed controllers. Even though the IPFCs have component variations in power and control stages, they can be still operated stably.
The main contributions of this dissertation are summarized as follows:
1) Derive the characteristics and performances of n-phase IPFCs with the proposed OMFs which can reduce analytical complexity.
2) Propose control ICs for two-phase IPFCs and n-phase IPFCs, and they can achieve inter-leaving operation, soft-switching, COTC, ULVI, soft-start, green-mode operation, ex-tended load-range and protection features.
3) Develop a two-phase IPFC and a four-phase IPFC with the proposed controllers to achieve high power factor, high efficiency, low current ripples, low harmonic currents, low EMI, and interleaving operation, soft-switching, COTC and current balance features.

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Review of Previous Work 2
1.2.1 CCM PFC Control ICs 3
1.2.2 CM PFC Control ICs 5
1.3 Dissertation Outline 8
2. CRITICAL-MODE BOOST PFCS 10
2.1 Operation Modes 10
2.2 Operation Conditions for Achieving ZCS/ZVS 14
2.3 Characteristics in the Steady State 16
2.4 Performance Analysis 21
2.4.1 Voltage and Current Ripples of the Input Stage 21
2.4.2 Voltage and Current Ripples of the Output Stage 23
2.4.3 Power Factor and THD 24
2.4.4 Power Losses 26
2.5 Summary 29
3. INTERLEAVED CRITICAL-MODE BOOST PFCS 30
3.1 Operation Modes 30
3.1.1 Two-Phase IPFCs 30
3.1.2 Four-Phase IPFCs 35
3.1.3 n-Phase IPFCs 42
3.2 Current Ripple Analysis 43
3.2.1 Current Ripples of Interleaved CM Boost Converters 44
3.2.2 Current Ripples of Interleaved CM Boost PFCs 52
3.2.3 Discussion 58
3.3 Performance Analysis 61
3.3.1 Voltage and Current Ripples of Input Stage 61
3.3.2 Voltage and Current Ripples of Output Stage 62
3.3.3 Power Factor and THD 63
3.3.4 Power Losses 63
3.4 Discussion 68
3.5 Summary 69
4. CONTROL ICS FOR INTERLEAVED CM BOOST PFCS 70
4.1 2-Phase IPFC Control IC 70
4.1.1. Zero-Current Detector (ZCD) 73
4.1.2 On-Time Controller (OTC) and Universal Line-Input Controller (ULIC) 76
4.1.3 Voltage-Mode Controller (VMC) and Soft-Start Circuit (SSC) 80
4.1.4 Green-Mode Controller (GMC) 81
4.1.5 Output Stage (OS) 84
4.1.6 Load-Range Extension Circuit (LREC) 84
4.1.7 Protection Circuits 85
4.2 Phase Shifters 87
4.2.1 Interleaving Control Schemes 87
4.2.2 Two-Phase Phase Shifters 95
4.2.3 n-Phase Phase Shifters 104
4.2.4 Analyses of the Phase Shifters 107
4.3 n-Phase IPFC Control IC 109
4.4 Summary 112
5. DESIGN OF INTERLEAVED CM BOOST PFCS 113
5.1 Design of Power Stage 115
5.1.1 Inductor 116
5.1.2 Capacitors 117
5.1.3 Switching Components 117
5.2 Design of Control Stage 118
5.2.1 Zero-Current Detection (Z0/Z1) 118
5.2.2 Output Voltage Regulation (Vfb and vc) 120
5.3 Summary 124
6. SIMULATED AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 126
6.1 Simulated Results 126
6.1.1 Two-Phase IPFC 126
6.1.2 Four-Phase IPFC 139
6.2 Experimental Results 150
6.2.1 Two-Phase IPFC 151
6.2.2 Four-Phase IPFC 162
6.3 Discussions 176
6.3.1 ZCS/ZVS Feature 176
6.3.2 Inductance Variation 178
6.3.3 LREC & Response 179
6.3.4 EMI Noise 180
6.4 Summary 181
7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 183
7.1 Conclusions 183
7.2 Future Research 184
REFERENCES 186
APPENDIX 192
VITA 194
PUBLICATIONS 194

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