臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要

隨著軍事與航空運輸的發展，鳥擊（birdstrike）逐漸成為社會經濟與人類安全的一大隱憂，鳥擊的預防遂成為各航空機場主要的研究議題。預防鳥擊必須針對危害飛安的鳥種進行機場環境的經營與管理，危害鳥種的判定主要依據鳥擊殘骸的鑑定，而鑑別鳥種的方法以羽毛細微結構的比較最為簡單、經濟並有穩定的技術，但是過去形態分類的研究較少運用形態量化與多變量統計之分析。為配合國內鳥擊研究之發展，本研究以台中清泉崗空軍機場中常見的洋燕、家燕、赤腰燕、棕沙燕、小雨燕與大卷尾六種空中捕食食蟲性鳥類為例，運用顯微鏡的技術，量化廓羽絨羽區（downy region）細微結構進行多變量之判別分析，並結合形態之描述，探討羽毛細微結構在鳥擊鳥種鑑定上的應用。結果發現，僅小雨燕具有次正羽區（subpennaceous region）結構，其餘五種雀形目鳥類進行判別分析的結果顯示，整體正確判別率為74.5％，其中以羽枝（barb）長度，羽枝近端、中段、末端之小羽枝（barbule）長度、基細胞（basal cell）長度，羽枝近端、末端之羽小節（node）總數和羽枝中段、末端有色羽小節個數等11個特徵可有效判別大卷尾（97.5％）、和棕沙燕（81.7％），洋燕、家燕和赤腰燕則無法加以區分，但是再利用掃描式電子顯微鏡對羽枝中段之羽小節形態進行比較即可清楚分類。本研究嘗試結合多變量分析與傳統形態之描述，建立系統性而有效的鑑定方法，作為國內鳥擊相關研究的參考，而研究中所測量的形質資料亦可作為未來鳥種鑑定資料庫之建立，以期達到鳥擊預防的最終目的。

Abstract

With the developments of aviation technology, bird strikes become a serious problem to human life and economy of the industry. In order to minimize the risk of bird strikes, it is necessary to develop habitat management practices for the bird species at risk. Therefore, it is critical to identify the birds caused the aircraft damage in order to take the proper damage prevention strategies. Feather microstructure technique is a forensic candidate method to apply for bird species identification for a bird strike issue. However, there are few researches using quantification of characters and multivariate analysis. The purpose of this study is to quantify the characteristics of downy region of contour feathers, and use discriminant analysis and morphological comparison with microscopy techniques to identify six air-foraging insectivorous birds at CCK Air Force base at Taichung in central Taiwan. The subpennaceous region structure was found in Apus pacificus only. Furthermore, 11 morphological data of Dicrurus macrocercus, Hirundo rustica, H. tahitica, H. striolata and Riparia paludicala were used in discriminant analysis and a 74.5% efficacy rate was found. The successful identification rates of the discriminant analysis by using barb length, barbule length, basal cell length, node number at proximal and distal barbule and pigmented node number at median and distal barbule provided were97.5%, 85% and 81.7% for D. macrocercus , H. tahitica and R. paludicala specimens correspondingly. The classification of H. rustica and H. striolata was not significant. However, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was able to distinguish the two species by comparing the distinct morphology of nodes for the two species. This study has established a systematic approach for the identification of bird strike remains and provided methods to build a microstructure feather data base for the forensic purpose of bird strike researches.

目 錄
中文摘要-----------------------------------------Ι
英文摘要-----------------------------------------Π
第一章、前言-------------------------------------1
(一)、野生動物對飛航安全的威脅-------------------1
(二)、鳥擊的預防---------------------------------1
(三)、鳥擊鳥種的鑑定-----------------------------2
(四)、國內台中清泉崗空軍機場之境況---------------4
(五)、羽毛細微結構之研究-------------------------5
(六)、判別分析應用於形態分類之研究---------------8
(七)、目的---------------------------------------9
第二章、材料與方法-------------------------------13
(一)、樣本採集-----------------------------------13
(二)、羽毛樣本製作-------------------------------16
(三)、光學顯微鏡觀察-----------------------------16
(四)、掃描式電子顯微鏡樣本製作與觀察-------------17
(五)、統計分析-----------------------------------18
第三章、結果-------------------------------------22
(一)、基礎觀測-----------------------------------22
(二)、種內羽毛結構變異之分析---------------------25
(三)、判別分析-----------------------------------32
(四)、掃描式電子顯微鏡---------------------------48
第四章、討論-------------------------------------63
(一)、種間與種內羽毛細微結構之變異---------------63
(二)、羽毛細微結構在鳥擊鳥種鑑定之應用性---------67
第五章、參考文獻---------------------------------72

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