臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著全球衛星導航系統(GNSS)發展，特別是GPS地面觀測站的普及，GPS觀測量成為研究全球或區域電離層擾動的一項重工具。藉由GPS觀測量估算太空中全部電子含量及其變化可以推估電離層之動態。衛星及接收儀硬體延遲偏差(DCBs)為電離層TEC估值中最主要誤差來源之一，尤其是接收儀DCB值變化相較於衛星DCB值更不穩定。本研究透過一連串的實驗設計，探討接收儀DCB 估值的精度及影響接收儀DCB偏差的因素。接收儀DCB 估值的變化會因不同的電離層模型及觀測網型的大小有所不同，例如採用全球模式或單站模式，因測站所在位置不同差異值從 -2.5~ 14.3 TECU 不等。不同求解模式求得之接收儀DCB 估值也不同，採用平滑化與非平滑化數學模式，求得各測站之平均差異值最大差值可達6.8 TECU。
由於GPS觀測量估算電離層TEC技術的不斷演進，模型雖然日益成熟，但大部份的研究皆屬於全球模式。例如IGS提供了全球電離層圖資，而IGS採用的測站以中緯度地居多。近來更多的電離層研究將注意力放在不同緯度，例如低緯度地區。本研究第二部份，選擇幾個簡單的數學函數模式，然後以低緯度地區測站為實驗區，觀察它們電離層變化VTEC值變化及擬合情形，經比較後選擇了拋物線函數模型，並將此一模型與Klobuchar 模型比較。高精度的GPS定位，尤其在低緯地區，需慎選電離層VTEC模型，才能符合需求精度，這樣的方法可以提供作為改善區域電離層改正之參考。

The development of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), especially the widely established GPS ground stations, GPS has been widely used to investigate the ionosphere through the estimation of the Total Electron Content (TEC) and its distributions in space. One of the important factors affecting the ionosphere TEC estimation accuracy is the hardware differential code biases (DCB) inherited in both GPS satellites and receivers. This research investigates various factors affecting GPS receiver instrumental biases estimation accuracy. Through a number of designed tests, we concluded that the most important factor is the ionosphere model accuracy. Some of large daily bias variations of receiver DCB detected by other studies, such as receivers in low latitude regions, are not due to the DCB changes, but the estimation errors. The DCB estimation values can vary significantly for different ionospheric models and different size of networks. For example, the receiver DCB values obtained from the global and the station- specific models exhibit difference from -2.5 to 14.3 TECU for different stations. Different data processing methods also contribute DCB estimation errors. The results from smoothing and non-smoothing GPS observation show that the difference of DCB reaches up to 6.8 TECU for some stations.
Though some ionosphere models have been established in the past research, they are most global models. For example, the global ionosphere maps are provided by IGS. But most of the IGS GPS ground network stations situated in the mid-latitude area. In the second part of this research, by selecting a proper mathematical function for the 2-D ionosphere model, we are trying to establish a 2-dimensional model fit for the some low latitude area and the model should be able to be used to predict VTEC for GPS navigation. Establishing a precise ionosphere model is one of the critical steps for satellite navigation and also for ionospheric research. This method could be provided as an exaample to improve local ionospheric delay.

目錄
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 研究動機與目的 2
1.3 論文架構 4
第二章 文獻回顧 7
2.1電離層 7
2.1.1電離層性質與結構 7
2.1.2電離層變化特性 9
2.2 電離層延遲效應 14
2.3 IGS 電離層成果 16
2.4主要文獻回顧 20
第三章GPS與電離層模型 24
3.1 觀測電離層之方法 24
3.2 GPS虛擬距及載波相位觀測方程式 26
3.3 GPS 電離層模型 31
第四章 硬體延遲偏差計算 42
4.1 硬體延遲偏差 42
4.2 載波相位平滑化電碼求解TEC值 46
4.3 精密單點定位模式 51
4.4 研究流程 52
第五章 影響DCB估值因素分析 56
5.1 全球模式與區域模式 56
5.1.1 全球模式計算全球GPS網 56
5.1.2 球諧函數全球模式與單站模式 60
5.1.3 泰勒級數及球諧函數比較 62
5.2 隨測站距離不同DCB的變化 63
5.3 DCB值變化與殘差大小關係 65
5.4平滑化與平滑化計算DCB估值之差 66
5.5.其他因素 67
5.5.1 不同透空截角比較 67
5.5.2 不同接收儀比較 68
5.6 小結 69
第六章 區域性電離層改正模型修正 71
6.1 低緯地區區域性電離層模型 71
6.1.1 低緯地區電離層特性 71
6.1.2 建構2維區域性電離層模型 72
6.2 2維區域性電離層模型計算結果 76
6.2.2餘弦函數與抛物線型函數預測TEC值 77
6.3 抛物線型函數與Klobuchar 模型比較 78
6.3.1 預測跟觀測的STEC值比較 78
6.3.2 抛物線型函數與Klobuchar 模型對單頻接收機導航結果之比較 80
6.4小結 84
第七章 結論與建議 85
7.1 結論 85
7.2 建議 85

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