臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

國防支出政策和經濟生產力之間的關係是一個重要的議題，因此瞭解在有限的國防資源下，如何將國防支出妥善的運用，並有效帶動經濟成長是至關重要的。此外，在執行層面，瞭解國防支出透過「擴大國防資源釋商」、「工業合作之推動」以及「調整國防產業結構」等方式，是否能有效創造雙贏的局面，是另一值得探討議題。因此，本研究利用具有動態觀點之麥氏生產力指數法探究經濟合作與發展組織 (OECD) 會員國、準會員國、觀察員及強化合作夥伴等40個國家1993年至2009年間國防支出和經濟生產力之間的關係，並進一步運用拔靴法取得統計推論，進行深入探討。同時也希冀在本研究中之模型和實證之方法，可以導入於其它各種產業進行相關研究。

The relationship between defense spending and economic productivity is an important issues. Knowing whether defense spending policy is effective in achieving economic development is critical. Furthermore, at the level of implementation, it is necessary to understand if resource allocation is sufficiently efficient for delivering expected results. Therefore, Malmquist Productivity index technique is utilized to examine the relationship between defense spending and economic productivity in the 40 Organisation for Econmic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries over the period 1993-2009. Such an approach allows for a dynamic view. Additionally, Malmquist Productivity index is also combined with a bootstrap method in order to provide succinct statistical inferences. It is also hoped that the models and methods implemented in this study can encourage related research for a variety of other industries.

謝 辭 I
中文摘要 II
英文摘要 III
目 錄 IV
圖目錄 VII
表目錄 VIII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的 4
1.3 研究方法 5
1.4 研究範圍與限制 6
1.5 研究流程 7
1.6 章節架構 9
第二章 文獻探討 10
2.1 國防支出對經濟成長相關性之研究 10
2.1.1 國防支出對經濟成長有正面影響之研究 10
2.1.2 國防支出對經濟成長有負面影響之研究 12
2.1.3 國防支出對經濟成長同時具有正、負面影響之研究 13
2.1.4 經濟成長對國防支出具有影響之研究 16
2.2 資料包絡分析之麥氏生產力指數結合拔靴法應用文獻整理 16
第三章 研究設計 21
3.1 變數選取與定義 21
3.2 研究方法 24
3.2.1 麥氏生產力指數 (Malmquist Productivity Index, MPI) 25
3.2.2 拔靴法 (Bootstrap) 31
3.2.3 麥氏生產力指數與拔靴法整合運用 33
第四章 實證分析 35
4.1 投入及產出項之敘述統計 36
4.2 1993-2009年OECD國家各年度整體生產力變動 38
4.3 1993-2009年OECD國家各年度區域生產力變動 44
4.4 麥氏生產力指數之統計推論 47
第五章 結論與建議 50
5.1 結論 50
5.2 建議 51
參考文獻 53
英文部分 53
附錄 59
作者簡介 65

1.Abu-Qarn, A. S. (2010). The Defense-Growth Nexus Revisited Evidence from the Israeli-Arab Conflict. Economics Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.
2.Atkinson, S. E., & Wilson, P. W. (1995). Comparing mean efficiency and productivity scores from small samples: a bootstrap methodology. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 6, 137–52.
3.Balcombe, K., Davidova, S. & Latruffe, L. (2008). The use of Bootstrapped Malmquist indices to reassess productivity change findings: An application to sample of Polish farms. Applied Economics, 40, 2055-2061.
4.Banker, R. D. (1984). Estimating most productive scale size using data envelopment analysis. European Journal of Operational Research, 17, 35–44.
5.Barro, R. J. (1990). Government Spending in a Simpie of Endogenous Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), Part2, 103-126.
6.Benoit, E. (1973). Defense and Economic Growth in Developing Countries, Lexington: Lexington Books.
7.Benoit, E. (1978). Growth and defense in developing countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 26(2), 271-280.
8.Blomberg, S. B. (1996). Growth, Political Instability and the Defense Burden. Economica, 63, 649-672.
9.Burgess, J. F. & Wilson, P. W. (1995). Decomposing hospital productivity changes, 1985-1988: A nonparametric Malmquist approach. The journal of productivity analysis, 6, 343-363.
10.Caves, D. W., Christensen, L. R., & Diewert, W. E. (1982). Multilateral Comparisons of Output, Input, and Productivity Using Superlative Index Numbers. The Economic Journal, 92, 73-86.
11.Caves, D. W., Christensen, L. R., & Diewert, W. E. (1982). The economic theory of index numbers and the measurement of input, output and productivity. Econometrica 50(6), 1393-1414.
12.Chang, H. C., Huang, B. N. & Yang, C. W., 2011. Military expenditure and economic growth across different groups: A dynamic panel Granger-causality approach. Economic Modelling, 28, 2416-2423.
13.Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W. & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444.
14.Coelli T. (1996). A Guide to Deap Version 2.1: A Data Envelopment Analysis Computer Program, Department of Econometrics. Armidale, Australia: University of England.
15.Coelli, T., D.S. Prasada Rao, & George E. Battese (1998). An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, 2nd ed. U.S.A: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 134-226
16.Deger, S., & Smith, R. (1983). Military expenditure and growth in LDCs. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 27(2), 335-353.
17.DeGrasse, R. W. Jr. (1993). Military expansion economic decline: The impact of military spending on U.S. economic performance. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe.
18.Dunne, J. P., Smith, R. P., & Willenbockel, D. (2005). Models of military expenditure and growth: A critical review. Defense and Peace Economics, 16(6), 449-461.
19.Dunne, J. P. and Nikolaidou, E. (2011). Defence Spending and Economic Growth in the EU15. The Fourteenth International Conference on Economics and Security, 1-16.
20.Efron B. (1979). Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. Annals of Statistics, 7, 1-16.
21.Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R.J. (1993). An Introduction to the Bootstrap. New York: Chapman and Hall, Inc.
22.Faini, R., P. Annez, & L. Taylor (1984). Defense Spending, Economic Structure, and Growth Evidence Among Countries and Over Time. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 32(3), 487-498.
23.Färe R., Grosskopf S., & Lovell CAK. (1994). Production frontiers. London: Cambridge University Press.
24.Farrell, M. J. (1957). The measurement of productive efficiency. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 120, 253–281.
25.Ferrier G. D., & Hirschberg J. G. (1997). Bootstrapping confidence intervals for linear programming efficiency scores: with illustrations using Italian bank data. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 8, 19–33.
26.Frederiksen, P. C., & R. E. Looney (1982). Defense Expenditures and Economic Growth in Development Countries: Some Further Empirical Evidence. Journal of Economics Development, 7(1), 113-125.
27.Habibullah, M. S., Law, Siong-Hook, & Dayang-Affizah, A.M. (2008). Defense spending and economic growth in Asian economies A panel error-correction approach. MPRA Paper, 12105, 1-24.
28.Hirnissa, M. T., & Baharom, A. H. (2009). Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in Asean-5 Countries. Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(2), 192-202.
29.Hoff, A. (2006). Bootstrapping Malmquist indices for Danish Seiners in the North Sea and Skagerrak. Journal of Applied Statistics, 33(9). 891-907.
30.Joerding, W., (1986). Economic growth and Defense spending: Granger causality. Journal of Development Economics, 21, 38-39.
31.Killias, Naxakis, & Zarangas (2004). Defense Spending and Growth in Cyprus: A Causal Analysis. Defense and Peace Economic, 15(3), 99-307.
32.Knight, M., N. Loayza, & D. Villanueva (1996). The Peace Dividend: Military Spendings Cuts and Economic Growth. IMF staff paper, 43(1), 1-37.
33.Kwabenas, G. B. & Akaah, I. P. (1989). Military Particpation and Economic Development in LDCs: New Evidence. Journal of Economic Development, 14(1), 115-134.
34.Life Science. (2010). Global Economic. Tokyo: Mikasa-Shobo, Inc.
35.Lim, D. (1983). Another Look at Growth and Defense in Less Developed Countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 31(2), 377-384.
36.Löthgren, M., & Tambour, M. (1999). Bootstrapping the data envelopment analysis Malmquist productivity index. Applied Economics, 31, 417-425.
37.Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the Mechanics of Economic Development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42.
38.Mahdi S., Javad K., & Majid M. (2011). The Relationship Between Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in Four Asian Countries. Chinese Business Review, 10( 2), 112-118.
39.Maizels, A., & M. K. Nissanke (1986). The Determinants of Military Expenditures in Developing Countries. World Development, 14(9), 1125-1140.
40.Malmquist, S. (1953). Index Numbers and Indifference Surface. Trabajos de Estadistica, 4(16), 209-242.
41.Nasierowski W., & Arcelus F. J. (2000). On the stability of countries’ national technological systems. In: Zanakis SH, Doukidis G, Zopounidis C, editors. Decision making: recent developments and worldwide applications. Boston: Kluwer, 97–111.
42.Nasierowski W., & Arcelus F. J. (2003). On the efficiency of national innovation systems. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 37, 215-234.
43.Pradhan, Rudra P. (2010). Modelling the nexus between defense spending and economic growth in ASEAN- 5: Evidence from cointegrated panel analysis. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 4(8), 297-307.
44.Ram, R. (1996). Defense expenditure and economic growth. In. K. Hartley and T. Sandler (Eds). Handbook of Defense Economic, 1, 251-273.
45.Rothschild, K. W. (1973). Military Expenditure, Exports and Growth. Kyklos, 26, 804-814.
46.Sasser, J. S. (1985). A Multivariate Analysis of Defense Expenditure in Latin America, Naval Postgraduate School Master's Thesis.
47.Simar L., & Wilson P. W. (1999). Estimating and bootstrapping Malmquist indices. European Journal of Operational Research, 115, 459-471
48.Simar, L., & Wilson, P. W. (1998). Sensitivity analysis of efficiency scores: How to bootstrap in nonparametric frontier models. Management Science 44, 49-61.
49.Sivard, R. L. (1989). World Military and Social Expenditures 1989. Washington, DC: World Priorities.
50.Wijeweera, A., & Webb, M. J. (2009). Military Spending and Economic Growth in Sri Lanka: A Time Series Analysis'. Defense and Peace Economics, 20(6), 499-508.
51.Wijeweera, A., & Webb, M. J. (2011). Military Spending and Economic Growth in South Asia A Panel Data Analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, First Article, 1-10.
52.Tortosa-Ausina E., Grifell-Tatjé E., Armero C., & Conesa D. (2008). Sensitivity analysis of efficiency and Malmquist productivity indices: An application to Spanish savings banks. European Journal of Operational Research, 184, 1062-1084.