臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

腕關節活動率高，屬重要之關節。橈骨遠端骨折是人類最常發生的骨折之一，其骨折的形式乃多樣化。若治療不當易導致腕關節僵硬和疼痛，嚴重影響生活品質；手術成功關鍵乃造就良好的關節復位，精良的橈骨骨板能幫助醫生進行復位手術後有效的固定，依據病患橈骨斷裂的型式，規劃橈骨骨板外型與固定的位置，以縮短醫師手術時間，增進手術成功率。
本文主要目標乃橈骨骨板幾何外型設計及加工。首先使用逆向工程設備擷取其手腕骨頭的幾何外型與曲率等重要參數，用此參數來設計橈骨骨板幾何外型及鎖固方式。以CAD建構橈骨骨板的三維外型，先行設計、製作橈骨骨板夾治具等前置作業，將橈骨骨板3D模型匯入Unigraphics NX軟體中，並繪製基準平面、投影曲線，建立適當加工路徑，確認路徑無誤後，經NX後處理器輸出工具機NC碼，用實體切削模擬軟體VERICUT驗證切削路徑，確認模擬無誤後，使用多軸加工機進行加工，並以非接觸式3D光學掃描儀與接觸式三次元量測儀驗證加工結果。

Wrist is an important joint of high activity rate. A distal radius fracture is a common bone fracture of the radius in the forearm. Because of its proximity to the wrist joint, this injury is often called a wrist fracture. Improper treatment of wrist fracture will cause stiffness, pain, and affect the quality of life seriously. The key of success surgery is to create nice joint restoration. Precise radial bone plate can help doctors to conduct accurate and effective reduction surgery. According to different type of radial cracking for each patient, radius bone plate shape with a fixed position is planned in order to shorten the operation time and increase the success rate of surgery.
The main objective of this paper is the geometry design and machining of a radius bone plate. First, reverse engineering equipment is used to capture the important parameters of the geometric shape and curvature of the wrist bones. Those parameters are employed to design the radius bone plate geometry and locking. Three-dimensional model of the radius bone plate is constructed by CAD, the radius bone plate holder fixture is manufactured, and the 3D model of the radius bone plate is imported into Unigraphics NX software. After drawing a reference plane, projection curve, establishing of appropriate tool path, and verifying the correct tool path, the NX processor will export NC codes, the solid cutting simulation software VERICUT will verify that it is the correct cutting tool path. Then, multi-axis NC machine is used to process the work piece, and non-contact 3D optical scanner and contact 3D coordinate measuring machine are employed to verify machining results.

目錄
摘要 .................................................................................................................... I
Abstract ............................................................................................................ II
誌謝 ................................................................................................................. IV
目錄 .................................................................................................................. V
表目錄 ........................................................................................................... VII
圖目錄 .......................................................................................................... VIII
第 1 章 緒論 .................................................................................................. 1
1-1 前言 ..................................................................................................... 1
1-2 文獻回顧 ............................................................................................ 2
1-3 研究架構 ............................................................................................ 5
第 2 章 基本原理 .......................................................................................... 7
2-1 座標系統轉換矩陣 ............................................................................ 7
第 3 章 影像處理與模型重建 ................................................................... 15
3-1 逆向工程簡介 .................................................................................. 17
3–2 三維掃描儀(3D scanner)擷取 ......................................................... 20
3-3 三維影像處理 .................................................................................. 27
3–4 橈骨骨板幾何建模 ......................................................................... 29
VI
第 4 章 銑削模擬與數控加工 ................................................................... 39
4-1 CNC加工流程 ................................................................................... 39
4-2 加工步驟 .......................................................................................... 41
4-3 實體切削模擬驗證 .......................................................................... 60
4-4 數值加工 .......................................................................................... 67
第 5 章 結果與討論 .................................................................................... 72
5-1 實體模擬驗證 .................................................................................. 72
5-2 骨板曲率判定 .................................................................................. 79
第 6 章 結論與建議 .................................................................................... 87
6-1 結論 .................................................................................................. 87
6-2 建議 .................................................................................................. 89
參考文獻 ......................................................................................................... 90
附錄1 MDV551-5AX機台參數 .................................................................. 93

參考文獻
[1]Murakami K, Abe Y, Takahashi K, “Surgical treatment of unstable distal radius fractures with volar locking plates, ”J Orthop Sci. Vol. 12, No. 2 pp. 134-140, 2007.
[2]Matthew L Costa, Juul Achten, Nick R Parsons, Amar Rangan, Richard P Edlin, Jaclyn Brown and Sarah E Lamb, “UK DRAFFT - A randomised controlled trial of percutaneous fixation with kirschner wires versus volar locking-plate fixation in the treatment of adult patients with a dorsally displaced fracture of the distal radius,” Costa et al. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders , 2011.
[3]Sahu A, Charalambous C P, Mills S P, Batra S and Ravenscroft M J“Reoperation for Metalwork Complicationsfollowing the use of Volar Lockingplates for Distal Radius fractures: Aunited kingdom Experience, ”Hand Surgery, Vol. 16, No. 2 pp. 113-118, 2011.
[4]Rogers D F and Fog N G ,“Constrained B-Spline Curve and SurfaceFitting”, Computer-Aided Design, Vo1.21, pp. 641-648，1989.
[5]Hoppe, H. ,“Surface reconstruction from unorganized points
”,Ph.D.Dissentation University of Washington, 1994.
[6]Litke, N. , Lvin, A. and Schroder, P. , “Trimming for subdivision surface” ,Computer-Aided Design, pp. 463-481, 2001.
[7] 劉景隆, “斷層影像之B-Spline 參數曲線與曲面重建研究”, 國立中央大學機械工程研究所碩士論文, 2003.
[8] 蔡耀振, “逆向工程之曲面連續性理論與曲面模型自動化重建技術發展”, 國立中央大學機械工程研究所博士論文, 2009.
[9] 佘振華, “空間凸輪五軸加工數值控制程式設計系統之研究”, 博士論文, 國立成功大學機械工程研究所, 1997.
[10] Nagasaka, M. and Takeuchi, Y. “Generalized Post-processor for 5-axis Control Machining Based on Form Shape Function”, Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering, Vol. 62, No. 11, pp.1607-1611, 1996.
[11] 李銘發, “滾子齒凸輪在CNC 五軸工具機上之切削與線上量測”,碩士論文, 國立成功大學機械工程研究所,1994.
[12] Sorby, K, “Inverse kinematics of five-axis machines near singular configurations”, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 299-306 ,2007.
[13] 黃昭堂，“旋轉軸非正交型之五軸工具機數值控制程式開發”, 碩士論文, 大葉大學自動化研究所, 2007.
[14] 郭禮安,“利用D-H 修正標記法於非正交多軸工具機自動化泛用型後處理程式之發展” ，碩士論文，國立成功大學機械工程學研究所,2008.
[15] 李建南,“曲線擬合法於渦卷型線數控加工之研究.”碩士論文,正修科技大, 2007.
[16] 陳田濬, “圓柱凸輪四軸加工刀具路徑產生之研究.”碩士論文,正修科技大, 2008.
[17] 廖修鶴, “應用形狀創成函數於多軸工具機構形評估系統之發展.”碩士論文,國立成功大學機械工程研究所, 2009.