臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在中國南海北部大陸坡上，有許多水中沙丘分佈在160公尺到600公尺水深，這些沙丘振幅最大可高達16公尺，導致在此海域的水下音傳會受到沙丘地形之影響，產生三維擾動效應。由於此海域的地形多變，若以二維的數值模擬(r,z)作計算，將會忽略水平方向的變化造成耦合效應(θ-coupling)消失，將無法完整描述其所造成的三維效應，因此模擬部分使用以三維拋物線方程式(parabolic equation)為基礎的三維數值模式(FOR3DW，圓柱座標模式，寬角度模式)進行模擬。本研究將利用正弦方程式(sinusoidal function)建立沙丘模式分析沙丘在不同振幅、波峰間距與沙丘走向造成的三維效應，並配合本團隊在2013年於此海域所獲得相關實驗資料進行聲學模擬比對，分別以二維、三維傳播模式探討，分析南海沙丘對水下聲音傳遞所造成的三維擾動效應，進一步了解沙丘之聲學特性，且利用本團隊蒐集之地形資料藉以規劃各聲學儀器佈放位置與深度。

There are many underwater sand dunes in the upper continental slope at the depth of 160m to 600m in northern South China Sea. These sand dunes are special as they are the largest sand dunes observed with amplitude up to 16m. Underwater acoustics transmission will be affected by these sand dunes and in turn produce the three dimensional effects. Due to the variation of topography in this area, if we use the 2-D (r,z) model, it will ignore the variation of horizontal direction and cause the θ-coupling disappear, causing us unable to describe the three-dimensional effects of the sand dunes completely. So, the 3-D underwater acoustic propagation model, FOR3DW (based on the cylindrical coordinates, the wide-angle version of FOR3D) is used to analyze the 3D effects caused by the sand dunes in South China Sea. In order to identify the causes generating 3D effects, ideal sinusoidal topography of different amplitudes, crest-to-crest intervals, and angles between the propagation direction and the orientation of dunes are studied. Then the actual environmental inputs from the experimental sites in the northern South China Sea are used to do the 3D calculations, which are used to plan for 3D acoustic propagation in the experiment conducted in June 2014. The 3D simulation is compared with the experimental data. Good match of data and simulation are found in some periods, while there are discrepancies in other time which demands future investigation.

目錄
誌謝 I
中文摘要 II
ABSTRACT III
目錄 IV
符號目錄 VII
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 XIV
第 1章 緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 研究動機及目的 2
1.3 文獻回顧 3
1.4 論文架構 6
第 2章 研究方法 7
2.1 Lee-Saad-Schultz (LSS)三維數學模式介紹 7
2.2 三維效應分類 10
2.3 平均深度聲壓位準 12
2.4 距離與頻率平均方式 13
2.5 聲波互換理論 15
2.6 模式參數設定 17
第 3章 建立沙丘模式與數值模擬 25
3.1 建立沙丘輸入環境參數 25
3.2 沙丘振幅對音傳影響 27
3.3 沙丘波峰對音傳影響 35
3.4 沙丘走向對音傳影響 42
3.5 討論 47
第 4章 2013 Sand dunes acoustics實驗 49
4.1 實驗介紹 49
4.1.1 實驗目的 49
4.1.2 實驗規劃 50
4.2 實驗結果 53
4.2.1 環境資料 53
4.2.2 錨碇聲訊資料 57
4.3實驗資料與模擬數據討論 64
第 5章 2014年實驗與規劃 68
5.1 FOR3D輸入環境資料 68
5.2 以V1為中心模擬 70
5.2.1 Gaussain starter 70
5.2.2 mode1 starter 75
5.3 以S1為中心模擬 78
5.3.1 Gaussain starter 78
5.3.2 mode1 starter 83
5.4 討論 86
5.5 實驗結果與模擬比對 90
第 6章 結論與未來工作 95
參考文獻 98
附錄A Lee-Saad-Schultz(LSS) 數學模式 101
附錄B 模態振幅差異圖(#11, #21, #31, #41) 106

[1]S. Boggs, "Sand-wave fields in Taiwan Strait," Geology, vol. 2, pp. 251-253, 1974.
[2]A. E. Newhall, L. Costello, T. F. Duda, J. M. Dunn, G. G. Gawarkiewicz, J. D. Irish, et al., "Preliminary acoustic and oceanographic observations from the ASIAEX 2001 South China Sea experiment," Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution2001.
[3]T. F. Duda, J. F. Lynch, A. E. Newhall, L. Wu, and C.-S. Chiu, "Fluctuation of 400-Hz sound intensity in the 2001 ASIAEX South China Sea experiment," Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of, vol. 29, pp. 1264-1279, 2004.
[4]C.-S. Chiu, S. R. Ramp, C. W. Miller, J. F. Lynch, T. F. Duda, and T. Y. Tang, "Acoustic intensity fluctuations induced by South China Sea internal tides and solitons," Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of, vol. 29, pp. 1249-1263, 2004.
[5]Y.-S. Chiu, Y.-Y. Chang, L.-W. Hsieh, M.-C. Yuan, and C.-F. Chen, "Three-Dimensional Acoustics Effects In The Asiaex Scs Experiment," Journal of Computational Acoustics, vol. 17, pp. 11-27, 2009.
[6]C. W. Miller, M. Stone, K. Wyckoff, and F. Bahr, "The Windy Island Soliton Experiment (WISE): shallow water and basin experiment configuration and preliminary observations," DTIC Document2009.
[7]D. Reeder, "Acoustic Propagation Studies in the Nonlinear Internal Wave Initiative (NLIWI) in the South China Sea (SCS)," DTIC Document2007.
[8]D. B. Reeder, L. Y. CHIU, and C.-F. Chen, "Experimental evidence of horizontal refraction by nonlinear internal waves of elevation in shallow water in the South China Sea: 3D versus Nx2D acoustic propagation modeling," Journal of Computational Acoustics, vol. 18, pp. 267-278, 2010.
[9]D. B. Reeder, B. B. Ma, and Y. J. Yang, "Very large subaqueous sand dunes on the upper continental slope in the South China Sea generated by episodic, shoaling deep-water internal solitary waves," Marine Geology, vol. 279, pp. 12-18, 2011.
[10]廖柏智, "孤立內波與沙波形成之數值模擬研究," 中山大學海下科技暨應用海洋物理研究所, 2011.
[11]L. Y. Chiu and D. B. Reeder, "Acoustic mode coupling due to subaqueous sand dunes in the South China Sea," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 134, pp. EL198-EL204, 2013.
[12]A. Tolstoy, "3-D propagation issues and models," Journal of Computational Acoustics, vol. 4, pp. 243-271, 1996.
[13]F. D. Tappert, "The parabolic approximation method," in Wave propagation and underwater acoustics, ed: Springer, 1977, pp. 224-287.
[14]R. N. Baer, "Propagation through a three&;#8208;dimensional eddy including effects on an array," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 69, p. 70, 1981.
[15]J. S. Perkins and R. N. Baer, "An approximation to the three&;#8208;dimensional parabolic&;#8208;equation method for acoustic propagation," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 72, p. 515, 1982.
[16]D. Lee, Y. Saad, and M. H. Schultz, "An ef&;#64257;cient method for solving the three-dimensional wide angle wave equation," Computational Acoustics, vol. 1, pp. 75-90, 1986.
[17]S. V. Richard, "Matrix iterative analysis," ed: Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1962.
[18]D. Lee and M. H. Schultz, Numerical ocean acoustic propagation in three dimensions: World scientific, 1995.
[19]C. CHEN, Y.-T. LIN, and D. Lee, "A three-dimensional azimuthal wide-angle model for the parabolic wave equation," Journal of Computational Acoustics, vol. 7, pp. 269-286, 1999.
[20]L.-W. Hsieh, C.-F. Chen, M.-C. Yuan, and Y.-T. Lin, "Azimuthal limitation in 3D PE approximation for underwater acoustic propagation," Journal of Computational Acoustics, vol. 15, pp. 221-233, 2007.
[21]E. Shang and Y. Wang, "Acoustic travel time computation based on PE solution," Journal of Computational Acoustics, vol. 1, pp. 91-100, 1993.
[22]陳&;#23643;先, "海洋聲學傳播模組分析," 台灣大學造船及海洋工程學研究所, 1998.
[23]林志銘, "三維海洋聲音模組分析研究," 台灣大學造船及海洋工程學研究所, 1999.
[24]林正偉, "三維數值模擬之格點重訂技術," 臺灣大學工程科學及海洋工程學研究所學位論文, 2011.
[25]劉育維, "三維水下音傳局部卡氏座標模式," 臺灣大學工程科學及海洋工程學研究所學位論文, 2011.
[26]Y.-T. Lin, J. M. Collis, and T. F. Duda, "A three-dimensional parabolic equation model of sound propagation using higher-order operator splitting and Pade approximants," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 132, pp. EL364-EL370, 2012.
[27]C. Harrison and J. Harrison, "A simple relationship between frequency and range averages for broadband sonar," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 97, pp. 1314-1317, 1995.
[28]G. V. Frisk, Ocean and seabed acoustics: a theory of wave propagation: Pearson Education, 1994.
[29]F. B. Jensen, Computational ocean acoustics: Springer, 1994.
[30]G. V. Frisk, Ocean and seabed acoustics: a theory of wave propagation: Pearson Education, 1994.
[31]M. B. Porter, "The KRAKEN normal mode program," DTIC Document1992.
[32]K. V. Mackenzie, "Nine&;#8208;term equation for sound speed in the oceans," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 70, p. 807, 1981.
[33]林穎聰, "ASIAEX 南海實驗中爆炸聲源之聲學反算," 國立台灣大學工程科學及海洋工程研究所博士論文, 2004.
[34]A. Turgut, B. Pasewark, M. Orr, J. Lynch, and C. S. Chiu, "Inversion of range&;#8208;dependent geoacoustic properties in South China Sea ASIAEx01 experimental site," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 113, pp. 2218-2218, 2003.
[35]許明光，劉安國, "神秘的巨浪-南海內波," 科學發展, vol. 446期, pp. pp.52-61, 2010年2月.
[36]張志瑋, "非線性內波對水下音傳的三維擾動效應," 臺灣大學工程科學及海洋工程學研究所學位論文, pp. 1-82, 2011.
[37]C. Yu-Chen, "Development of Underwater Acoustic Propagation Model by Horizontal Rays and Vertical Modes Method," Department of Engineering Science and Ocean Engineering National Taiwan University, 2014.