臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在現今這個急速變化的時代裡，企業必須要面對市場的變動、全球性的競爭以及科技創新日新月異等等的挑戰。一個企業若想要在這難以捉摸的大環境中繼續保有其競爭優勢，所能仰賴的包括組織的彈性、資訊能力等等，並且能夠有效率的協調決策與作業間的落差。因此許多商業程序必須要重新規劃、架構以打破過去地理上的疆界以及傳統的限制。正因如此，供應鏈管理(Supply Chain Management，SCM)便成為企業能否成功的一個重要課題。一般而言，一個供應鏈(Supply Chain)可以視為一個全球性的網路，由許多成員組成，包括：原料供應商、製造商、物流中心、零售商等等；也就是原料經過一連串的製造、處理、加工等程序一直到成為商品送至終端消費者手中。而為了要使整個供應鏈的運作能達到最佳，就必須要以"協調(coordinate)"的方式來整合所有的成員與作業；其中供應鏈的"資訊建設(Information Infrastructure)"便是一個具有高度影響的成功關鍵。也就是利用資訊科技來整合(integrate)、溝通(communicate)、協調(coordinate)整個供應鏈的流程(processes)、資訊分享(information sharing)、成員(entities)。
"代理人(Agent)"是人工智慧(Artificial Intelligence，AI)領域其中的一項研究方法。若將代理人的概念與供應鏈系統相結合，可以看成是：而在供應鏈系統中，分佈於不同階層的各企業實體（代理人），自主但相互依賴地作其決策；將各企業實體以代理人方法呈現出來。而本研究利用多位代理人的方法來代表此種運作模式，並以UML與Petri-net做為分析供應鏈模式之方法，因而回應代理人方法於供應鏈模型的理論架構中，以建立一個供應鏈模式。
本研究的模型建立完成之後，將可因更多法則的建立而使得本模型更接近實際的供應鏈運作的模式。對國際化的公司而言本研究的模型可協助其於執行策略之前，透過本模型決定較佳的物流策略。

Today, organizations are faced with permanently changing markets, global competition and rapidly decreasing cycles of technological innovation. The ability of an enterprise to achieve competitive advantages and to survive in such dynamic settings largely depends on organizational flexibility, availability of information and effective coordination of decisions and actions. Business processes need to be engineered and managed across geographical borders and beyond traditional functional barriers. One of the key concepts in modern enterprise operation is the efficient management of its supply chain. The supply chain is a world-wide network of suppliers, manufacturers, distribution centers and retailers through which raw material are acquired, transformed and delivered to the customer. In order to optimize performance, supply chain functions must operate in a tightly coordinated manner. However, the dynamics of the enterprise and the market require flexible responses and adaptations with local and global effects on supply chain entities. For implementing such distributed coordinated structures successfully, they need to be equipped with adequate information infrastructure that reflects and supports the organizational tendencies.
"Agent" is one of the research approach area of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The agent view provides a level of abstraction at which we envisage computational systems carrying out cooperative work by interoperating globally across networks connecting people, organizations and machines towards a single virtual platform. A supply chain networks, with entities spreading out echelons of channels working autonomous and interdependent toward a common goal of providing end customers with high service level but low cost. Multi-agent approach, therefore, can be used for modeling entities of supply chain networks that are intelligent and adaptive. We use Petri-net and UML to analyze our multi-agent supply chain model.
We want to build a supply chain model with Multi-agent methodology that could represent real business operations environment and is intelligent and adaptive. The model built can evolve with time as more rules are implemented in the model to represent closer real world supply chain business operations. For international enterprises in making strategically decisions, the model can help them determine significant strategic decision variables before implementation.

目 錄
摘 要 i
ABSTRACT iii
誌 謝 v
目 錄 I
圖目錄 III
表目錄 V
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景 1
第二節 研究動機與目的 2
第三節 研究範圍與限制 3
一、研究範圍 3
二、研究限制 3
第四節 研究流程與架構 6
第二章 文獻回顧 9
第一節 物流管理 9
一、物流管理的觀念 9
二、物流管理的範疇 11
第二節 供應鏈管理 14
一、供應鏈管理概述 14
第三節 物流管理與供應鏈管理的相關研究課題 18
第三章 研究方法 23
第一節 代理人技術(The Agent Technology) 23
一、代理人 "Agent" 23
二、代理人系統之應用 24
三、代理人技術在供應鏈管理上的應用 25
第二節 派翠網路(Petri Nets) 27
一、派翠網路之定義 27
二、傳統派翠網路 28
三、派翠網路模型的轉換規則 31
四、派翠網路在供應鏈管理上的應用 35
第三節 統一模塑化語言(Unified Modeling Language) 37
一、UML概述 37
二、UML的發展背景與歷史 38
三、UML的主要目標 42
四、UML定義之九種型態的圖形 43
五、UML在供應鏈管理上的應用 52
第四章 模型之建立與分析 54
第一節 多位代理人供應鏈模型之發展 54
一、供應鏈模型 54
二、多位代理人模型 56
三、多位代理人與供應鏈 58
第二節 Petri-net為基礎之多位代理人供應鏈模型分析 67
第三節 UML為基礎之多位代理人供應鏈模型分析 74
一、物件圖(object diagrams)分析 74
二、類別圖(class diagrams)分析 75
三、使用案例圖(use cases diagrams)分析 76
四、循序圖(sequence diagrams)分析 77
第四節 Petri-net與UML之比較 79
一、多位代理人供應鏈系統結構之概念分析 79
二、代理人流程行為的描述之分析 80
三、多位代理人供應鏈系統之系統的架構分析 80
四、多位代理人間之互動分析 80
第五節 Simulation為基礎之供應鏈模型 82
第五章 結論與建議 89
一、 結論 89
二、 對後續研究的建議 91
參考文獻 92
一、英文部份： 92
二、中文部份： 98
三、其他部份： 99
附 錄 100
Appendix A 100
Appendix B 101
Appendix C 103
圖目錄
圖1-1　系統編程概念圖 4
圖1-2　The correlated inspection approach. 5
圖1-3　研究流程與論文架構 8
圖2-1 物流管理之發展 11
圖2-2 廣義、狹義的物流領域範圍 12
圖2-3 運籌管理組成要素或廣義物流管理組成要素 13
圖3-1 供應鏈結構函式 26
圖3-2 傳統派翠網路模型 29
圖3-3 派翠網路表示activity diagram的活動與轉移 32
圖3-4 派翠網路表示activity diagram的啟始狀態 32
圖3-5 派翠網路表示activity diagram的分支 33
圖3-6 派翠網路表示activity diagram的分離與匯入 34
圖3-7 派翠網路表示activity diagram的迴圈 34
圖3-8 Example of a timed coloured Petri-net model in ExSpect. 36
圖3-9 UML之發展沿革 41
圖3-10 類別圖示 43
圖3-11 關係圖示 44
圖3-12 物件圖 44
圖3-13 使用個案圖示 46
圖3-14 循序圖的原形 47
圖3-15 合作圖原型 48
圖3-16 狀態圖 49
圖3-17 活動圖 50
圖3-18 元件圖原型 51
圖3-19 部署圖 51
圖4-1 供應鏈網路架構圖 54
圖4-2 供應鏈網路 55
圖4-3 供應鏈網路模型 56
圖4-4 Object model of the agent 58
圖4-5 代理人供應鏈網路 59
圖4-6 Multi-agent Supply Chain Model 61
圖4-7 Entity Agent ＜Retailer＞ 62
圖4-8 Entity Agent ＜Supplier＞ 63
圖4-9 Entity Agent ＜Manufacturer＞ 64
圖4-10 Entity Agent ＜Distribution Center＞ 65
圖4-11 Entity Agent ＜Customer＞ 66
圖4-12 Petri-net Model of OrdEnt Agent 68
圖4-13 Petri-net Model of InvM Agent (a) 69
圖4-13 Petri-net Model of InvM Agent (b) 70
圖4-14 Petri-net Model of ProcurM Agent 71
圖4-15 Petri-net Model of RecvM Agent 72
圖4-16 Petri-net Model of OrdShp Agent 73
圖4-17 代理人物件圖 74
圖4-18 功能代理人類別圖 (1) 75
圖4-19 功能代理人類別圖 (2) 75
圖4-20 功能代理人之使用個案圖示 76
圖4-21 功能代理人循序圖(a) 77
圖4-21 功能代理人循序圖(b) 78
圖4-22 Simple++ 模擬軟體---(1) 83
圖4-23 Simple++ 的特色 84
圖4-24 Simple++ 模式發展環境 85
圖4-25 Simple++ 模式發展物件模型 86
圖4-26 Simple++ 之多位代理人物件模型 87
圖4-27 Simple++ 之多位代理人供應鏈模擬模型(1) 88
圖4-28 Simple++ 之多位代理人供應鏈模擬模型(2) 88
Figure A-1 Structure of supply chain library. 103
表目錄
表2-1 物流歷年來定義的演進 10
表2-2 供應鏈(管理)的定義 15
表2-3 供應鏈文獻的主要構成元件 20
表2-4 供應鏈模式 21
表2-5 供應鏈模式之績效量測 22
表3-1 派翠網路的數學定義 28
表3-2 一些典型的places和transitions的解釋(Interpretations) 30
表4-1 Petri-net與UML之比較說明 81
Table A-1 A sample of definitions of supply chain management 101

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9. 郭曜賑，「UML為基礎之物件導向模擬模式發展程序方法論-晶圓廠自動物料搬運系統為例」，國立清華大學工業工程與工程管理研究所碩士論文，民國88年。
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三、其他部份：
1. http://www.moea.gov.tw/~meco/doc/index.html (Last access date: 1999/10/19).
2. http://www.ba.ntust.edu.tw/indexa.htm (Last access date: 1999/10/19).
3. http://www.roundsway.com.tw/index.html (Last access date: 1999/10/19).
4. http://www.cpc.org.tw/welcome.htm (Last access date: 1999/10/19).
5. http://www.clm1.org/ (Last access date: 2000/11/25).
6. http://www.supply-chain.org/ (Last access date: 2000/11/25).
7. http://www.rational.com/uml/ (Last access date: 2001/02/01).
8. http://www.omg.org/ (Last access date: 2001/02/01).