臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

熱帶森林是全球多樣性最高的生態系。儘管科學家不斷致力於解答熱帶生態系多樣性的起源與維持，確實的答案仍不清楚。在眾多的多樣性假說之中，更新的限制被視為非常重要且影響深遠的一環。本研究將針對台灣南部高位珊瑚礁森林中的白榕（Ficus benjamina var. bracteata）進行更新限制之研究。
本研究將白榕更新機制分為五個階段：種子生產量、種子活性、種子傳播、種子掠食、以及微棲地影響，並分別對各階段更新成功率進行瞭解。在本研究進行期間（2012年2 月至2013年3月），墾丁高位珊瑚礁森林內的10公頃樣區平均有1.26批次白榕榕果生產，但其中僅有0.02%的花朵順利發育出種子。這些種子的活性很高，平均發芽率可達96%。在發芽介質實驗中，無論是枝幹、礁石或各種土壤，只要在充足的濕度條件下，白榕種子均有極高的發芽率，濕度降低則會造成顯著的發芽率下降。種子網資料顯示，樣區內設立的72個種子網中，共有43個在過去六年間未收到任何一顆白榕的榕果或種子，顯示本區白榕種子的傳播有很大的侷限性。綜而言之，種子產量、種子傳播、及微棲地的影響是本區白榕更新最重要的瓶頸。季節性的喀斯特森林一向有很強的水分限制，這個限制可能進一步強化了更新瓶頸。
榕屬植物對許多森林生態系而言是非常重要的，該屬植物在產果量較少的季節性森林中比非季節性森林更為重要。儘管短期看來，榕屬的更新限制對它們的族群未有明顯威脅，但長期而言仍是一個重要的影響。因此，對於受到強烈更新限制的榕屬植物，未來我們應進一步瞭解其壽命以及其潛在存活力。

Tropical forests are the most diverse terrestrial ecosystems on Earth. Despite consistent effort and multiple hypotheses there remains no clear answer as to why they are so diverse or how they stay so diverse. Of the many hypotheses that aim to explain this excessively high diversity, recruitment limitation stands out as a highly important and influential process. This study assesses the mechanisms driving recruitment limitation in a population of Ficus. benjamina var. bracteata in a sub-tropical seasonal karst forest of Taiwan.
To understand this process in this species of fig, five components of recruitment were studied: fecundity, seed viability, seed arrival, seed predation and microsite. During the study period between (February) 2012 to (March) 2013, the individuals present in the 10-ha forest plot produced approximately 1.26 crops per year, but with only 0.02% potential seed production during the entire study period. Seeds produced were of high quality, with an average 96% germination rate. Additionally, these seeds were found to germinate well on all substrates tested such as tree branches, coral rock and soil, when moisture was available. When moisture was limited germination potential decreased significantly. Further, based on seed trap arrival data, 43 out of 72 traps received no fig seeds or syconia over the entire 6-year period for which there is data, indicating strong limitation in seed distribution. It is concluded that fecundity, seed distribution, and microsite condition are the main bottlenecks contributing to the observed recruitment limitation in this population, it is further suggested that the water limiting features of a seasonal karst forest enhance these recruitment bottlenecks.
Figs are exceptionally important to many forest ecosystems, especially seasonal forests where fruit production is lower than more aseasonal forests. While their recruitment limitation may not offer substantial impacts on forest ecology in the short term, the lack of recruitment is important as a long term consequence to population maintenance and resource availability. This raises interesting questions about fig longevity and the persistence potential of this notoriously recruitment limited genus.

Acknowledgements i
Chinese Abstract iii
English Abstract iv
Table of Contents vi
List of Figures ix
List of Tables x
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1. The paradox of Ficus abundance 2
2. Recruitment limitation in Ficus 5
3. Ecological importance of Ficus 5
4. Recruitment limitation 6
4.1 Seed limitations 10
4.2 Establishment limitations 12
5. Research questions 15
Chapter 2: Methods 19
1. Study site 20
2. Vegetation 22
3. Climate 23
4. Study Species 23
5. Experimental Design 26
5.1 Seed Limitations 27
5.2 Establishment Limitations 35
Chapter 3: Results 39
1. Seedling census 40
2. Fecundity 41
2.1 Phenology 41
2.2 Syconia and seed production 42
3. Viability 43
3.1 Viability of garden-collected seeds 43
3.2 Viability of study collected seeds 44
4. Seed distribution 45
4.1 Primary syconia distribution 45
4.2 Seed movement by ants 46
5. Microsite 48
5.1 Substrate 49
5.2 Moisture 51
5.3 Light 52
Chapter 4: Discussion 55
1. Study overview 56
2. Fruiting phenology 57
3. Seed limitations 60
4. viability 62
4.1 Limited distribution and spatial hot-spots 64
4.2 Mechanisms of distribution limitation 67
5. Microsite limitations 78
6. Host specificity 81
7. Seasonal forest 84
Chapter 5: Conclusion 87
References 93

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