臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文探討由太陽能、風渦輪機與燃料電池混合發電系統建立而成之微電網及其運轉性能，此系統包含太陽能發電系統、風力發電系統、燃料電池發電系統、靜態虛功補償器以及智慧型控制器。風機和太陽能為提供給系統的主要能源，而燃料電池電解槽作為提供給系統的備份能源且為一長期的儲存裝置。本文利用MATLAB/Simulink來建立微電網控制的混合發電系統並模擬分析，及應用靜態虛功補償器提供系統無效功率，來調整混合發電系統的電壓。為了使混合發電系統皆可操作在最大功率點以及系統實功率快速達到穩定的響應，本文提出的智慧型控制器，包含廣義迴歸類神經網路(General Regression Neural Network, GRNN)與徑向基底類神經網路-滑模控制(Radial Basis Function Network-Sliding Mode Control, RBFNSMC)，將其應用於風力發電系統與太陽能發電系統之最大功率追蹤。其中風力發電系統之葉片旋角控制器是利用徑向基底類神經網路-滑模控制器，由控制器輸出的旋角，來控制風力渦輪機的輸出功率及發電機輸出功率，以達到最大功率追蹤。而太陽能發電系統則利用廣義迴歸類神經網路控制器，由控制器輸出信號來控制直流/直流控昇壓器，以達到最大功率輸出。

This thesis discusses the modeling of a micro-grid with photovoltaic (PV)-wind-fuel cell (FC) hybrid energy system and its operations. The system consists of the PV power, wind power, FC power, static var compensator (SVC) and an intelligent power controller. Wind and PV are primary power sources of the system, and an FC-electrolyzer combination is used as a backup and a long-term storage system. A simulation model for the micro-grid control of hybrid energy system has been developed using MATLAB/Simulink. A SVC was used to supply reactive power and regulate the voltage of the hybrid system. To achieve a fast and stable response for the real power control, the intelligent controller consists of a Radial Basis Function Network-Sliding Mode Control (RBFNSM) and a General Regression Neural Network (GRNN) for maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The pitch angle of wind turbine is controlled by RBFNSM, and the PV system uses GRNN, where the output signal is used to control the DC/DC boost converters to achieve the MPPT.

摘要 .................................................................................................................................. i
Abstract ........................................................................................................................... ii
目錄 ................................................................................................................................ iii
圖目錄 ............................................................................................................................ vii
表目錄 ............................................................................................................................ xii
第一章 緒論 .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 研究背景 ........................................................................................................... 1
1.2 研究動機 ........................................................................................................... 2
1.3 本論文貢獻 ....................................................................................................... 3
1.4 論文架構 ........................................................................................................... 3
第二章 混合發電系統之模型與原理 ............................................................................ 5
2.1 風力發電系統介紹 ........................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 風能簡介 ................................................................................................ 5
2.1.2 風力機發電原理 .................................................................................... 5
2.1.3 風力發電系統控制原理 ........................................................................ 8
2.1.4 感應發電機基本原理 ............................................................................ 9
2.1.5 感應發電機之數學模型分析 ................................................................ 9
2.1.6 風力發電系統之工作模式 .................................................................. 14
2.2 太陽能發電系統介紹 ..................................................................................... 15
2.2.1 太陽能簡介 ........................................................................................... 15
2.2.2 太陽能電池特性 ................................................................................... 15
2.2.3 太陽能模組 ........................................................................................... 16
2.2.4 太陽能發電系統之工作模式 ............................................................... 21
2.3 燃料電池發電系統介紹 ................................................................................. 22
2.3.1 燃料電池簡介 ...................................................................................... 22
2.3.2 燃料電池種類 ...................................................................................... 22
2.3.3 燃料電池之動作原理與特性 .............................................................. 24
2.3.4 燃料電池發電系統之工作模式 .......................................................... 28
2.4 升壓型直流/直流轉換器與直流/交流轉換器模型 ....................................... 29
2.4.1 升壓型直流/直流轉換器模型 ............................................................. 29
2.4.2 直流/交流轉換器模型 ......................................................................... 31
2.4.3 電流控制器 .......................................................................................... 33
2.4.4 直流/交流轉換器之d-q 軸數學模型 ................................................. 34
2.4.5 直流/交流轉換器之a-b-c 軸數學模型 .............................................. 35
第三章 靜態虛功補償器之原理與分析 ...................................................................... 36
3.1 前言 ................................................................................................................. 36
3.2 各式靜態虛功補償器之簡介 ......................................................................... 36
3.3 靜態虛功補償器之原理與特性分析 ............................................................. 39
3.4 靜態虛功補償器之控制器設計 ..................................................................... 42
第四章 智慧型控制器之理論與應用 .......................................................................... 43
4.1 類神經網路簡介 ............................................................................................. 43
4.2 類神經網路控制架構 ..................................................................................... 43
4.3 廣義迴歸類神經網路之原理與架構 ............................................................. 46
4.3.1 廣義迴歸類神經網路之簡介 .............................................................. 46
4.3.2 廣義迴歸類神經網路之原理 .............................................................. 46
4.3.3 廣義迴歸類神經網路之平滑參數 ...................................................... 50
4.4 類神經網路滑模變結構控制之原理與架構 .................................................. 52
4.4.1 滑模變結構控制之簡介與原理 .......................................................... 52
4.4.2 徑向基底類神經網路之簡介與原理 .................................................. 54
4.4.3 徑向基底類神經網路-滑模控制器之原理 ......................................... 55
第五章 混合發電之最大功率追蹤控制 ...................................................................... 59
5.1 前言 ................................................................................................................. 59
5.2 風力發電系統之最大功率追蹤設計原理 ...................................................... 59
5.2.1 旋角控制之設計原理 ........................................................................... 59
5.2.2 比例-積分之旋角控制 .......................................................................... 59
5.2.3 RBFNSM 控制器於旋角控制之設計 ................................................. 61
5.3 太陽能發電系統之最大功率追蹤設計原理 .................................................. 62
5.3.1 太陽能發電系統之最大功率追蹤控制 ............................................... 62
5.3.2 廣義迴歸類神經網路最大功率追蹤之設計 ....................................... 63
第六章 混合發電系統之模擬結果 .............................................................................. 64
6.1 前言 ................................................................................................................. 64
6.2 混合發電系統架構 .......................................................................................... 64
6.3 市電並聯型模擬與驗證 ................................................................................. 65
6.3.1 市電併聯型燃電-風機混合發電系統 .................................................. 65
6.3.2 市電併聯型燃電-太陽能混合發電系統 .............................................. 69
6.3.3 市電併聯型太陽能-風能混合發電系統 .............................................. 73
6.3.4 市電併聯型太陽能-風能-燃電混合發電系統 .................................... 76
6.3.5 市電併聯型最大功率追蹤之測試比較 .............................................. 80
6.4 獨立運轉型模擬與驗證 .................................................................................. 84
6.4.1 獨立運轉型太陽能-風機-燃電混合發電系統 ................................... 84
6.4.2 獨立運轉型最大功率追蹤之測試比較 .............................................. 87
6.5 穩態模擬分析 ................................................................................................. 90
6.5.1 太陽照度變化影響分析 ...................................................................... 90
6.5.2 風速變化影響分析 .............................................................................. 91
6.5.3 負載變化下併聯靜態虛功補償器之模擬分析 .................................. 93
6.5.4 能源管理模擬分析 .............................................................................. 95
6.6 事故模擬分析 ................................................................................................. 99
6.6.1 三相短路分析 ...................................................................................... 99
6.6.2 太陽能發電系統事故跳脫分析 ........................................................ 101
6.6.3 風力發電系統事故跳脫分析 ............................................................ 103
第七章 結論與未來研究方向 .................................................................................... 105
7.1 結論 ....................................................................................................... 105
7.2 未來研究方向 ....................................................................................... 106
參考文獻 ...................................................................................................................... 107

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