臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在地球夜側電離層中，波長為6300A的紅色大氣輝光(亦作大氣暉光)為最強烈的可見光幅射之一。本研究使用酬載於福爾摩沙衛星二號(FORMOSAT-2)之科學儀器高空大氣閃電影像儀(Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning, ISUAL)在低緯度地帶之電離層輝光觀測資料，研究夜間電離層大型結構與長期變化，對觀測之現象進行解釋，再以福爾摩沙衛星三號(FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC)的掩星觀測(GPS Occultation Experiment, GOX)所量測的全球電子密度分佈資料與ISUAL觀測的6300A大氣輝光資料，進行同步觀測以檢驗其長時間相關性。
ISUAL觀測結果顯示，在低緯度地區有輝光異常增強現象，統計結果發現，在晝夜平分(Equinox)季節ISUAL觀測視野範圍主要出現6300A輝光單增強峰，日照至點(Solstice)季節增強峰較不明顯。以MSISE與IRI電離層模型模擬ISUAL觀測，符合率最高達50%，但對於ISUAL觀測到雙增強峰現象，模擬無法解釋。
ISUAL輝光與GOX電子密度的同步觀測結果顯示，在Equinox季節輝光增強區域伴隨有較大電子密度，在Solstice季節，輝光幅射與電子密度同樣於6月份達到最弱。ISUAL 6300A與GOX電子密度的月相關係數約以半年為週期震盪，於3月Equinox達峰值0.8，於6月Solstice達谷值0.3，相關係數震盪主要歸因於電子與O2之季節變化。在Equinox季節，低緯度地帶O2密度分佈接近均勻，但在Solstice因受到日光照射，使夏半球之O2密度較高。因此Equinox季節之O2密度分佈可被視為背景，6300A直接受到電子密度分佈所控制；Solstice季節之O2在低緯度地帶密度分佈南北不均，導致6300A輝光與電子密度之相關性降低。

The atomic oxygen red line (6300A) is one of the strongest features in the visible nighttime airglow spectrum at low latitudes which comes from dissociative recombination of the molecular oxygens and electrons. In this study, ionospheric airglows in 6300A wavelength observed by the Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL) on board the FORMOSAT-2 satellite are used to obtain their long term correlation with the global three-dimensional electron density structure obtained by the radio occultation experiment (GOX) of the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellite.
The ISUAL observation in low latitudes shows 6300 Å airglow enhancement peaks appeared mainly in equinox. The MSISE and IRI models were used to simulate the ISUAL observation events can be matched reasonably well by the modeling results. But airglows with double peak enhancements can not be explained by the models.
The concurrent observations between ISUAL and GOX show the 6300A airglow enhancement occur at locations of stronger electron density in equinox. In June solstice, global electron density becomes weaker together with airglow emission. Monthly correlation between ISUAL 6300A and GOX electron density shows oscillation with period about six months with correlation coefficient peaked in equinox at 0.8 in March, and minimum in solstice at 0.3 in June. The oscillation in correlation is mainly due to seasonal variations in the distribution of electron and O2 densities. In low latitude region, electron density is higher during equinox than during solstice, and O2 density distribution is rather uniform during equinox, but during solstice, O2 density is higher in the summer hemisphere due to more sunlight than in the winter hemisphere. Therefore, the correlation is high in equinox because O2 distribution in low latitude is uniform and can be considered as background and thus the correlation is directly due to electron density. In solstice the O2 distribution becomes nonuniform in low latitudes and thus the correlation between airglows and the electron density is low.

摘要　-------------------------------------------------------- I
Abstract　------------------------------------------------------------II
誌謝　-----------------------------------------------------------V
圖目錄　----------------------------------------------------------------VII
表目錄　--------------------------------------------------------------X
第一章　緒論 ---------------------------------------------------------------01
　第一節　電離層概述：電漿行為及動力機制 --------------------------01
　第二節　大氣輝光產生機制----------------------------------------------09
　第三節　研究目的--------------------------------------------------------12
第二章　福衛二號ISUAL大氣輝光觀測 -------------------------------15
　第一節　ISUAL影像資料處理與校正 ---------------------------------15
　第二節　觀測結果 -------------------------------------------------------34
第三章　大氣輝光模擬與ISUAL觀測比較 -----------------------------38
　第一節　大氣輝光結構模擬 --------------------------------------------38
　第二節　模擬與觀測比較 -----------------------------------------------47
第四章　大氣輝光與電離層電子同步觀測與比較 ------------------------55
　第一節　福衛三號GOX資料型態 ----------------------------------------55
　第二節　ISUAL輝光觀測的全球分佈及變化 ----------------------------60
　第三節　ISUAL與GOX同步觀測與比較 ------------------------------64
第五章　總結與討論　--------------------------------------------------75
參考文獻 ---------------------------------------------------------------80

Cheng, C. Z., Y. H. Kuo, J. Y. Liu (2009), Special Issue on FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Mission Early Results, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 20, I-II, doi: .3319/TAO.2008.09.03.01(F3C)
Cheng, C. Z., Y. H. Kuo, R. A. Anthes, and L. Wu (2006), Satellite Constellation Monitors Global and Space Weather, EOS, Transactions (American Geophysical Union), 87(17), 166
Colerico, M. J., M. Mendillo (2002), The current state of investigations regarding the thermospheric midnight temperature maximum (MTM), Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 64
Gombosi, Tamas I. (1998), Physics of the Space Environment, Cambridge University Press, USA
Heelis, R. A. (2004), Electrodynamics in the low and middle latitude ionosphere: a tutorial, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 66
Hsu, Mei-Lan, P. K. Rajesh, J. Y. Liu, L. C. Tsai, H. F. Tsai, C. H. Lin, K. F. Dymond, C. Coker, D. H. Chua, and S. A. Budzien, C. Z. Cheng (2009), Ionospheric Electron Density Concurrently Derived by TIP and GOX of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 20, 207-214, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2008.04.24.02(F3C)
Kelley, M. C., and R. A. Heelis (1989), The Earth’s Ionosphere, Academic Press, San Diego, USA
Lin, C. H., J. Y. Liu, C. C. Hsiao, C. H. Liu, Y. C. Lin, C. Z. Cheng, P. Y. Chang, H. F. Tsai, T. W. Fang, C. H. Chen, M. L. Hsu (2009), Global Ionospheric Structure Imaged by FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC: Early Results, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 20, 171-179, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2008.01.18.01 (F3C)
Lin, C. H., J. Y. Liu, C. Z. Cheng, C. H. Chen, C. H. Liu, W. Wang, A. G., Burns, and J. Lei (2009), Three-Dimensional Ionospheric Electron Density Structure of the Weddell Sea Anomaly, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A02312, doi:10.1029/2008JA013455.
Lin, C. H., J. Y. Liu, T. W. Fang, P. Y. Chang, H. F. Tsai, C. H. Chen, and C. C. Hsiao (2007), Motions of the equatorial ionization anomaly crests imaged by FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19101, doi:10.1029/2007GL030741.
Lin, C. H., W. Wang, M. E. Hagan, C. C. Hsiao, T. J. Immel, M. L. Hsu, J. Y. Liu, L. J. Paxton, T. W. Fang, and C. H. Liu (2007), Plausible effect of atmospheric tides on the equatorial ionosphere observed by the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC: Three-dimensional electron density structures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L11112, doi:10.1029/2007GL029265.
Mendillo, Michael, Jeffrey Baumgardner, Daniel Nottingham, Jules Aaron, Bodo Reinisch, James Scali, Michael Kelley (1997), Investigations of thermospheric-ionospheric dynamics with 6300-A images from the Arecibo observactory, J. Geophys. Res., 102
Mukherjee, G. K. (2003), Studies of equatorial F-region depletions and dynamics using multiple wavelength nightglow imaging, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 65
Mukherjee, G. K., L. Carlo, and S. H. Mahajan (2000), 630 nm nightglow observations from 17N latitude, Earth Planets Space, 52
Schreiner, William S., Sergey V. Sokolovskiy, Christain Rocken and Douglas C. Hunt (1999), Analysis and validation of GPS/MET radio occultation data in the ionosphere, Radio Science, 34
Semeter, Joshua, Michael Mendillo, Jeffrey Baumgardner, John Holt, Donald E. Hunton, and Vincent Eccles (1996), A study of oxygen 6300Å airglow production through chemical modification of the nighttime ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101
Vlasov, M. N., M. J. Nicolls, M. C. Kelley, S. M. Smith, N. Aponte, and S. A. Gonza´lez (2005), Modeling of airglow and ionospheric parameters at Arecibo during quiet and disturbed periods in October 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A07303,doi:10.1029/2005JA011074.
Rajesh, P. K., Airglow Investigations of the low-latitude ionosphere (2007), 國立中央大學太空科學研究所博士論文
林建宏, Low-Latitude Ionosphere Variations during Magnetic Disturbances (2005), 國立中央大學太空科學研究所博士論文
許美蘭, A study of the ionospheric 135.6nm airglow (2008), 國立中央大學太空科學研究所博士論文