臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要

本研究主旨在探討大鼠坐骨神經電傳導性與拉伸變形的關係，實驗所使用的老鼠品種是 Long-Evan，而使坐骨神經產生變形的方式則是採取拉伸及固定應變兩種實驗。在拉伸實驗中應變速率為 0.0083 與 0.083 s-1。其結果顯示，在兩個不同應變速率下，神經的電傳導性並沒有顯著的差異，且神經電位減少的程度取決於應變的大小而與應變速率無關。在固定應變實驗方面，在三個不同的應變量下 (50%、80%、95%) ，我們發現較高的應變 (95%) 會有最低程度的神經電位衰減以及最少的殘留神經電位；同時也發現在固定應變下神經電位有持續減少的現象發生，此現象顯示大鼠坐骨神經電位，在固定的應變下，和變形造成的傷害有相當大的關係，而與應力大小程度較無直接關係。最後，本研究使用 Boltzmann equation 來分析神經電位與拉伸應變之關係，結果顯示 Boltzmann equation 有相當不錯的描述效果。

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the in vitro nerve-impulse conduction and applied tensile deformation in sciatic nerves of Long-Evan rat under increasing and constant elongation test. Results showed that the nerve-impulse conduction during increasing elongation test (tensile test) was of no significant difference between two given strain rates, 0.0083 and 0.083 s-1. Such results indicated the compound nerve action potential (CNAP) amplitude drop was dependent on the strain level and independent of strain rate. During constant elongation (stress relaxation) test, a higher constant strain (95%) would generate a lower final CNAP amplitude ratio but a smaller extent of CNAP amplitude drop, compared to the lower constant strain levels (50% and 80%). The continuous drop of CNAP amplitude during stress relaxation under constant deformation implied that the nerve-impulse conduction in rat sciatic nerve was dependent on the development of deformation-induced damage rather than on the stress level. Finally, the relationship between CNAP amplitude ratio and strain under increasing elongation test could be well described by a Boltzmann equation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES IV
LIST OF FIGURES V
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Nerve System 1
1.2 Biomechanical Properties and Nerve-Impulse Conduction of Peripheral Nerves. 1
1.2.1 Tensile Properties of Peripheral Nerves 2
1.2.2 Viscoelastic Properties of Peripheral Nerves 4
1.2.3 Electrophysiological Properties of Peripheral Nerve 6
1.3 Medical Biostatics 8
1.4 Purpose and Scope 9
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 10
2.1 Sample Preparation 10
2.2 Nerve-Impulse Conduction Testing Setup 10
2.3 Nerve-Impulse Conduction Testing under Increasing Elongation 11
2.4 Nerve-Impulse Conduction Testing under Constant Elongation 12
2.5 Microstructural Analysis 13
2.6 Statistical Analysis 13
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 16
3.1 Nerve-Impulse Conduction under Increasing Elongation 16
3.2 Nerve-Impulse Conduction under Constant Elongation 19
3.3 Mathematic Model 22
4. CONCLUSIONS 25
REFERENCES 26
TABLES 29
FIGURES 32

REFERENCES

1.S. Mader and P. Callian, Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology, 4th Ed, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 2001.

2.T. Ushiki and C. Ide, “Three-Dimensional Organization of the Collagen Fibrils in the Rat Sciatic Nerve as Revealed by Transmission- and Scanning Electron Microscopy,” Cell and Tissue Research, Vol. 260, 1990, pp. 175-184.

3.H. J. Gamble and R. A. Eames, “An Electron Microscope Study of the Connective Tissues of Human Peripheral Nerve,” Journal of Anatomy, Vol. 98, 1964, pp. 655-663.

4.M. K. Kwan, E. J. Wall, J. Massie, and S. R. Garfin, “Strain, Stress and Stretch of Peripheral Nerve-Rabbit Experiments in Vitro and in Vivo,” Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, Vol. 63, 1992, pp. 267-272.

5.Y. -C. Wong, Biomechanical Properties of Rat Sciatic Nerve, M.S. Thesis, National Central University, Jhong-Li, Taiwan, 2005.

6.R. Grewal, J. Xu, D. G. Sotereanos, and S. L.-Y. Woo, “Biomechanical Properties of Peripheral Nerves,” Carpal and Cubital Tunnel Surgery, Vol. 12, 1996, pp.195-204.

7.F. W. Bora, Jr., S. Richardson, and J. Black, “The Biomechanical Response to Tension in a Peripheral Nerve,” The Journal of Hand Surgery, Vol. 5, 1980, pp. 21-25.

8.J. Haftek, “Stretch Injury of Peripheral Nerve,” The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol. 52, 1970, pp. 354-365.

9.B. L. Rydevic, M. K. Kwan, R. R. Myers, R. A. Brown, K. J. Triggs, S. L.-Y. Woo, and S. R. Garfin, “An in Vitro Mechanical and Histological Study of Acute Stretching on Rabbit Tibial Nerve,” Journal of Orthopaedic Research, Vol. 8, 1990, pp. 694-701.

10.A. Beel, E. Groswald, and W. Luttges “Alterations in The Mechanical Properties of Peripheral Nerve Following Crush Injury,” Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 17, 1984, pp. 185-193.

11. L. Ren, J. Xie, S. Ma, X. Liu, S. Huang, and W. Tan, “Biomechanical Properties of Peripheral Nerve in Rat,” Chinese Journal of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 13, 1994,

pp. 273-278.

12.S. Sunderland and K. C. Bradley, “Stress-Strain Phenomena in Human Peripheral Nerve Trunks,” Brain, Vol. 84, 1961, p. 102.

13.P. Tillaux, “Des Affections Chirurgicales Des Nerfs,” Thesis, Paris, P Asselin, 1866, p.11.

14.C. T. Liu, C. E. Benda, and F. H. Lewey, “Tensile Strength of Human Nerves,” Arch Neurol Psychiatry, Vol. 59, 1948, p. 322.

15.D. Denny-Brown and C. Brenner, “Paralysis of Nerve Induced by Direct Pressure and by Tourniguet,” Arch neurol Psychiatry, Vol. 51. 1944, p. 1.

16.L. Ninan, R. L. Stroshine, and R. Shi, “Mechanical and Electrophsiological Properties of Guinea Pig Peripheral Nerves,” p.1125 in Proceedings of the 2003 Summer Bioengineering Conference, June 25-29, Key Biscayne, Florida, U.S.A, 2003.

17.N. Ozkaya and M. Nordin, “Viscoelasticity and Biological Tissues,” p. 334 in Fundamentals of Biomechanics: Equilibrium, Motion, and Deformation, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA, 1991.

18.Y. C. Fung, Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissue, 2nd Ed., Springer-Verlag, Inc., New York, 1993, p. 41.

19.V. R. Hentz, J. M. Rosen, S. J. Xiao, K. C. McGill, and G. Abraham, “The Nerve Gap Dilemma: A Comparsion of Nerves Repaired End to End under Tension with Nerve Graft in A Primate Model,” The Journal of Hand Surgery, Vol. 18A, 1993, pp. 417-425.

20.E. J. Wall, M. K. Kwan, B. L. Rydevik, S. L.-Y. Woo, and S. R. Garfin, “Stress Relaxation of a Peripheral Nerve,” The Journal of Hand Surgery, Vol. 16A, 1991, pp. 859-863.

21.J. P. Kendall, I. A. F. Stokes, J. P. O’Hara, and R. A. Dickson, “Tension and Creep Phenomena in Peripheral Nerve,” Acta Orthop Scand, Vol. 50, 1979, pp. 721-725.


22.E. J. Wall, J. B. Massie, M. K. Kwan, B. L. Rydevik, R. R. Myers, and S. R. Garfin,
“Experimental Stretch Neuropathy: Change in Nerve Condition under Tension,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (Br), Vol. 74, 1992, pp. 126-129.

23.M. Shibukawa and Y. Shirai, “Experiment Study on Slow-Speed Elongation Injury of the Peripheral Nerve: Electrophysiological and Histological Changes,” Journal of Orthopaedic Science, Vol. 6, 2001, pp. 262-268.

24.A. Yokota, M. Doi, H. Ohtsuka, and M. Abe, “Nerve Conduction and Microanatomy in the Rabbit Sciatic Nerve after Gradual Limb Lengthening-Distraction Neurogenesis,” Journal of Orthopaedic Research, Vol. 21, 2003, pp. 36-43.

25.P. J. Driscoll, M. A. Glasby, and G. M. Lawson, “An in Vivo Study of Peripheral Nerves in Continuity: Biomechanical and Physiological Responses to Elongation,” Journal of Orthopaedic Research, Vol. 20, 2002, pp. 370-375.

26.J. H. Hirayama, M. Yamagata, K. Takahashi, and H. Moriya, “Effect of Noxious Electrical Stimulation of the Peroneal Nerve on Stretch Reflex Activity of the Hamstring Muscle in Rats,” Spine, Vol. 30, 2005, pp. 1014-1018.

27.S. Selvin, Biostatics: How It Works, Pearson Education, Inc., New Jersey, 2004, pp. 207-225.

28.E. W. Minium and R. B. Clarke, Elements of Statistical Reasoning, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Toronto, Canada, 1982, pp. 305-320.

29.“Analysis: Curve Fitting,” in Origin User’s Manual V75, OriginLab Corporation, Northampton, MA 01060, USA, 2003.