臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
學號：M9331011
論文題目：由台地紅壤性質探討第四紀之地形與氣候環境變遷
頁數：176頁
學校名稱：國立屏東科技大學 系別：環境工程與科學系
畢業年月：95年6月 學位別：碩士學位
研究生：黃佳鴻 指導教授：許正一 博士

論文摘要內容：
為了解台灣過去的環境變遷，可利用隆起珊瑚礁與河階等兩種階地（台地）地形作為研究對象，但在使用河階對比及定年方法時，礙於定年物質的難以取得，並考慮到台灣的地形成因條件複雜，以及地質構造及海準面升降等不利因素，因此利用土壤化育之觀點，可在各階面上定出土壤時間序列 (soil chronosequence) 。本論文研究對象為台灣南部隆起珊瑚礁紅壤，包括大坪頂、大崗山、墾丁公園與琉球嶼的白沙尾、杉福，以及中部斗六丘陵台地之洪積母質紅壤等共15個剖面，主要研究目的為：(1) 探討隆起珊瑚礁紅壤及河階紅土台地，不同階面之土壤形態特徵、理化性質及黏土礦物。(2) 依土壤性質建立土壤時間序列，比較其生成之相對年代。(3)探討自第四紀以來地形演育與土壤環境之變遷。
研究結果指出，隆起珊瑚礁土壤樣體因土壤生成時間已久，且在高溫多雨的氣候環境下，土壤風化程度高，淋洗作用明顯，因此土壤剖面的黏粒含量偏高，土壤反應均呈酸性。有機碳含量除表層受植生影響而偏高外，普遍是隨深度而減少。陽離子交換容量介於10.1-35.3 cmol/kg之間，受珊瑚礁石灰岩母質所影響，鈣離子明顯高於鎂、鉀、鈉等離子。游離鐵在各土壤剖面間均是隨著深度而增加，黏土礦物以伊萊石、高嶺石及蛭石居多。依照美國新分類方式：大坪頂、大崗山、墾丁公園為淋溶土(Alfisols)，硫球嶼則為極育土(Ultisols)。斗六丘陵台地土壤剖面的黏粒含量偏高，土壤反應亦呈酸性。有機碳含量與珊瑚礁土壤樣體類似，陽離子交換容量介於4.5-10.5 cmol/kg之間，而在鹽基離子部分，鈣及鎂含量較高。游離鐵在各土壤剖面間亦隨深度而增加，黏土礦物以伊萊石及高嶺石居多。依照美國新分類方式第一階土壤樣體為氧化物土(Oxisols)，第二階至第五階土壤樣體為極育土(Ultisols)，第六階則為新成土(Entisols)。
綜合上述各性質結果，珊瑚礁土壤樣體相對土壤生成年齡為白沙尾及杉福高於大崗山土壤樣體，其次為大坪頂土壤樣體，墾丁公園土壤樣體為較年輕。而斗六丘陵台地土壤相對土壤生成年齡為第一階土壤樣體高於第二階至第四階土壤樣體，其次為第五階土壤樣體，第六階土壤樣體為較年輕。

關鍵字：土壤時間序列、珊瑚礁、海階、河階、土壤化育、土壤分類

Abstract
Student ID: M9331011

Title of Thesis: Landscape and paleoclimatic changes in Quaternary from the red soil properties on marine and river terraces

Total Pages: 176 pages

Name of University: National Pingtung University of Science and Technology

Name of Department: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering

Date of Graduation: 2006.6 Degree Conferred: Master

Name of Student: Chia-Hung Huang Adviser: Dr. Zeng-Yei Hseu

The Contents of Abstract in this Thesis:
To understand the paleoclimatic of Taiwan, we studied the marine and river terraces. When we used the river contradistinction and dating material to understand the age of marine and river terraces which were very hard. Beacuse tectonic plates movement and sea level changing lead to the landform of Taiwan was very complexity. So we used soil science to set up soil chronosequence on the marine and river terraces. We study the red soil properties on marine of south Taiwan and river terrace of middle Taiwan. Five pedons of marine including Tapingding, Takangshan, Bairshawei, Shafwui and Kenting. All of the pedon number was 15. The aim of thesis were to discuss red soil properties on marine and river terraces and set up soil chronosequence to compare marine and river terrace ages. Further more to disscuss Landscape and paleoclimatic changes in Quaternary.
From the results, the pedons of marine due to weather and leaching were very strong, so the clay content was very high and soil reaction was acidic. Oganic carbon content decreased with depth in all of pedon unless surface soil. The CEC values ranged in 10.1 and 35.3 cmol/kg . Because of coral reef parent material, so Ca ion content was higher than K, Mg, Na. Exchange Al can be detected on acid pedons. Free iron content increased with depth in all of pedons. Clay minerals were illite, kaolinite and vermiculite which content were more. According to Soil Taxonomy, Tapingding is Alfisol, Takangshan is Alfisol, Bairshawei is Ultisol, Shafwui is Ultisol and Kenting is Alfisol. The pedon of river terrace due to climate factor and soil ages which were very old, so the clay content was very high and soil response was acid. Oganic carbon content were decrease with depth in all of pedon unless epipedon. CEC value was between 4.5 and 10.5 cmol/kg. Ca and Mg ions content were higher than K and Na ions. Exchange Al can be detect on acid pedon. Free iron content increase with depth in all of pedon. Clay minerals were illite and kaolinite which content were more. According to Soil Taxonomy, T1 is Oxisol, first pedon of T2 is Ultisol, second pedon of T2 is Ultisol, third pedon of T2 is Ultisol, first pedon of T3 is Ultisol, second pedon of T3 is Ultisol, first pedon of T4 is Ultisol, second pedon of T4 is Ultisol, T5 is Ultisol, T6 is Entisol.
Summary, we suggest the ages order of pedon on the marine which were Bairshawei & Shafwui > Takangshan > Tapingding > Kenting and the ages order of river terrace were T1 > T2 & T3 & T4 > T5 > T6.

Keywords: soil chronosequence, coral reef, marine terrace, river terrace, pedogenesis, soil classification

目錄
摘要............................................................................................................. I
Abstract....................................................................................................... III
誌謝............................................................................................................ V
目錄...................................................................................................... VI
表目錄......................................................................................................... VIII
圖目錄...................................................................................................... IX
第1章 前言................................................................................................. 1
1.1 研究動機............................................................................................ 1
1.2 研究目的............................................................................................ 2
第2章 文獻回顧......................................................................................... 3
2.1 珊瑚礁土壤樣體................................................................................ 3
2.2 斗六丘陵台地.................................................................................... 4
2.3 土壤時間序列.................................................................................... 8
第3章 材料與方法...................................................................................... 12
3.1 研究區域概況.................................................................................... 12
3.1.1 地理位置..................................................................................... 12
3.1.2 地質……………………………………………………………. 12
3.1.3 地形............................................................................................. 12
3.1.4 氣候............................................................................................. 16
3.1.5 植生............................................................................................. 16
3.2 土壤採樣與剖面描述........................................................................ 19
3.3 土壤基本性質分析............................................................................ 20
3.3.1 物理性質..................................................................................... 20
3.3.2 化學性質..................................................................................... 20
3.4 黏土礦物組成分析............................................................................ 25
3.4.1 黏粒抽出..................................................................................... 25
3.4.2 黏粒處理..................................................................................... 25
3.4.3 XRD繞射鑑定.......................................................................... 25
3.5 土壤分類............................................................................................ 28
VI
第4章 結果與討論...................................................................................... 30
4.1土壤樣體形態特徵.............................................................................. 30
4.1.1 珊瑚礁土壤樣體......................................................................... 30
4.1.2 斗六丘陵台地............................................................................. 32
4.2 土壤物理性質.................................................................................... 54
4.2.1 珊瑚礁土壤樣體......................................................................... 54
4.2.2斗六丘陵台地............................................................................. 54
4.3 土壤化學性質.................................................................................... 68
4.3.1 珊瑚礁土壤樣體.......................................................................... 68
4.3.2 斗六丘陵台地............................................................................. 69
4.4 土壤選擇性化學性質......................................................................... 82
4.4.1 珊瑚礁土壤樣體......................................................................... 82
4.4.2 斗六丘陵台地.............................................................................. 83
4.5 土壤黏土礦物之組成與鑑定............................................................ 97
4.5.1 珊瑚礁土壤樣體......................................................................... 97
4.5.2 斗六丘陵台地............................................................................. 99
4.6 土壤分類與化育過程........................................................................155
4.6.1 珊瑚礁土壤樣體.........................................................................155
4.6.2 斗六丘陵台地.............................................................................157
第5章 結論..................................................................................................162
參考文獻......................................................................................................164
作者簡介.......................................................................................................176
VII
表目錄
表2-1、河流地形面分類說明..................................................................... 8
表3-1、土壤樣體地理位置......................................................................... 13
表4-1、珊瑚礁土壤樣體形態特徵............................................................. 39
表4-2、斗六丘陵台地之形態特徵.............................................................. 43
表4-3、珊瑚礁土壤樣體之物理性質......................................................... 56
表4-4、斗六丘陵台地之物理性質.............................................................. 60
表4-5、珊瑚礁土壤樣體之化學性質......................................................... 72
表4-6、斗六丘陵台地之化學性質…………….......................................... 76
表4-7、珊瑚礁土壤樣體之鐵、鋁、錳、矽化學分析............................. 84
表4-8、斗六丘陵台地之鐵、鋁、錳、矽化學分析................................... 87
表4-9、珊瑚礁土壤樣體之礦物組成及含量….........................................103
表4-10、斗六丘陵台地之礦物組成及含量................................................105
VIII
圖目錄
圖2-1、 氣候交替下所形成的河階圖......................................................... 7
圖3-1、 大坪頂(8)及大崗山(4)地理位置示意圖......................................... 14
圖3-2、 琉球嶼珊瑚礁地理位置示意圖..................................................... 15
圖3-3、 墾丁公園地理位置示意圖............................................................. 15
圖3-4、 嘉義斗六丘陵台地研究地點示意圖............................................. 17
圖3-5、 高雄氣候資料圖............................................................................. 18
圖3-6、 墾丁公園氣候資料圖..................................................................... 18
圖3-7、 斗六丘陵台地氣候資料圖............................................................. 19
圖3-8、 游離鐵、鋁、錳之萃取及測定步驟流程..................................... 22
圖3-9、 無定型鐵、鋁、錳之萃取及測定步驟流程................................. 23
圖3-10、鐵、鋁、錳、矽全量分析之萃取及測定步驟流程..................... 24
圖3-11、黏土礦物組成分析之流程圖......................................................... 26
圖3-12、鉀飽和處理黏粒之製備步驟流程................................................. 27
圖3-13、美國土壤分類系統的分類流程圖................................................. 29
圖4-1、 大坪頂土壤樣體剖面形態照片..................................................... 49
圖4-2、 大崗山土壤樣體剖面形態照片..................................................... 49
圖4-3、 白沙尾土壤樣體剖面形態照片..................................................... 49
圖4-4、 杉福土壤樣體剖面形態照片......................................................... 50
圖4-5、 墾丁公園土壤樣體剖面形態照片................................................. 50
圖4-6、 第一階土壤樣體剖面形態照片(T1).............................................. 50
圖4-7、 第二階土壤樣體剖面形態照片(T2-1)........................................... 51
圖4-8、 第二階土壤樣體剖面形態照片(T2-2)........................................... 51
圖4-9、 第二階土壤樣體剖面形態照片(T2-3)........................................... 51
圖4-10、第三階土壤樣體剖面形態照片(T3-1)........................................... 52
圖4-11、第三階土壤樣體剖面形態照片(T3-2)........................................... 52
圖4-12、第四階土壤樣體剖面形態照片(T4-1)........................................... 52
圖4-13、第四階土壤樣體剖面形態照片(T4-2)........................................... 53
圖4-14、第五階土壤樣體剖面形態照片(T5).............................................. 53 IX
圖4-15、第六階土壤樣體剖面形態照片(T6).............................................. 53
圖4-16、珊瑚礁土壤樣體黏粒含量隨深度之分佈圖................................. 66
圖4-17、斗六丘陵台地黏粒含量隨深度之分佈圖..................................... 67
圖4-18、珊瑚礁土壤樣體游離鐵含量隨深度之分佈圖............................. 93
圖4-19、珊瑚礁土壤樣體游離鐵及黏粒聚積指數之分佈圖..................... 94
圖4-20、珊瑚礁土壤樣體Feo/Fed與(Fed-Feo)/Fet之比值....................... 94
圖4-21、斗六丘陵台地游離鐵含量隨深度之分佈圖................................. 95
圖4-22、斗六丘陵台地游離鐵及黏粒聚積指數之分佈圖......................... 96
圖4-23、斗六丘陵台地Feo/Fed與(Fed-Feo)/Fet之比值........................... 96
圖4-24、大坪頂樣體Ao層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖.......................108
圖4-25、大坪頂樣體Bt1層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖......................109
圖4-26 大坪頂樣體Bt3層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖....................110
圖4-27、大坪頂樣體Bt5層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖.......................111
圖4-28、大坪頂樣體BC2層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖.....................112
圖4-29、大崗山樣體Ao層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖........................113
圖4-30、大崗山樣體BA層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖.......................114
圖4-31、大崗山樣體Bt2層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖.......................115
圖4-32、大崗山樣體Bt4層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖........................116
圖4-33、大崗山樣體Bt6層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖........................117
圖4-34、大崗山樣體C層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖............................118
圖4-35、第一階樣體A層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T1).....................119
圖4-36、第一階樣體Bt2層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T1)..................120
圖4-37、第一階樣體Bt4層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T1)..................121
圖4-38、第一階樣體C層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T1).....................122
圖4-39、第二階樣體A層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T2-1).................123
圖4-40、第二階樣體Bt1層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T2-1)...............124
圖4-41、第二階樣體Bt4層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T2-1)...............125
圖4-42、第二階樣體BC層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T2-1)...............126
圖4-43、第二階樣體A層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T2-2).................127
圖4-44、第二階樣體Btv1層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T2-2)............128 X
圖4-45、第二階樣體Btv5層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T2-2)............129
圖4-46、第二階樣體BC層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T2-2)..............130
圖4-47、第二階樣體A層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T2-3).................131
圖4-48、第二階樣體Bt1層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T2-3)..............132
圖4-49、第二階樣體Bt3層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T2-3)...............133
圖4-50、第二階樣體C層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T2-3)..................134
圖4-51、第三階樣體A層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T3-1).................135
圖4-52、第三階樣體Bt2層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T3-1)...............136
圖4-53、第三階樣體C層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T3-1)..................137
圖4-54、第三階樣體A層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T3-2).................138
圖4-55、第三階樣體Bt2層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T3-2)...............139
圖4-56、第三階樣體Bt4層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T3-2)...............140
圖4-57、第三階樣體BC1層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T3-2).............141
圖4-58、第四階樣體A層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T4-1).................142
圖4-59、第四階樣體Bt2層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T4-1)...............143
圖4-60、第四階樣體BC層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T4-1)...............144
圖4-61、第四階樣體A層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T4-2).................145
圖4-62、第四階樣體Bw1層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T4-2).............146
圖4-63、第四階樣體2Bt1層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T4-2).............147
圖4-64、第四階樣體2Bt4層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T4-2)............148
圖4-65、第四階樣體2C層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖(T4-2)................149
圖4-66、第五階樣體Ap層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖..........................150
圖4-67、第五階樣體Bt3層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖.........................151
圖4-68、第五階樣體BC層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖.........................152
圖4-69、第六階樣體A層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖............................153
圖4-70、第六階樣體C2層黏土礦物之XRD繞射分析圖..........................154 XI

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