臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本篇論文主要探討中文聲調協同發音之現象。文中包含兩大主旨: (1) 重新檢視文獻中對於中文聲調協同發音不一致的結果。(2)檢視中介子音內含的不同的發音方式是否對中文聲調協同發音產生影響。為了解決文獻中許多不一致的結果，本篇論文所採用的實驗設計極為縝密，包含了較密集的基頻測量點以及精確的基頻差異計算。聲調協同發音將透過順向作用及逆向作用這兩種方向來檢視。實驗結果顯示，無論是在影響範圍或影響程度上，順向作用都較佔優勢。在中文的聲調協同發音中，最容易受順向作用影響的聲調是四聲，而最容易受逆向作用影響的則是二聲。聲調協同發音的觸發並非因為某種特定的相鄰聲調而產生，而是因為相鄰聲調中最靠近影響目標的基頻數值高低所造成的。中文的順向作用皆為同化現象，逆向作用中卻包含了異化現象。本文另外也檢視了中介子音的發音方式對聲調的影響。結果顯示，屬於同類型(響音類或鈍音類)的子音，彼此之間對聲調的影響較為相似。

關鍵字:聲調，協同發音，基頻，順向作用，逆向作用

The present study is about tonal coarticulation in Mandarin. Two major aims are included: (1) To re-examine some conflicting results in Mandarin tonal coarticulation from previous studies (2) To exemplify whether intervening consonants with different manners of articulation affect tonal coarticulation. In order to resolve the inconsistency from previous results, in this study a rigorous experimental design was developed with detailed measurements and precise computation of F0 variation. Tonal coarticulation is examined through two directional effects: carryover effect and anticipatory effect. The results show that carryover effect is more prevailing than anticipatory effect on both temporal extent and magnitude. Tone 4 is more susceptible to carryover effect and Tone 2 is to anticipatory effect. Triggers in tonal coarticulation must be defined by specific tonal values adjacent to target tones rather than the entire neighboring tones. All carryover effects are assimilation while anticipatory effects contain dissimilation. The present study also investigates the influence on tones from different manners of articulation of consonants. Sonorant consonants like liquid and nasal have similar F0 variation on tones, and the effects of obstruent consonants such as stop, fricative and affricate are also close to each other.

Keywords: tone, coarticulation, Fundamental Frequency (F0), carryover effect, anticipatory effect

中文摘要 i
English Abstract ii
誌謝 iii
Content iv
Figure Content vi
Table Content vii
Chapter 1 Intoduction 1
Chapter 2 Literature Review 3
2.1 Coarticulation 3
2.1.1 Classification 4
Carryover coarticulation 5
Anticipatory coarticulation 6
Bi-directional coarticulation 7
2.1.2 Coarticulation between segments and suprasegmental cues 8
2.2 Tonal coarticulation 8
2.2.1 Tonal coarticulation in Vietnamese &; Thai 9
2.2.2 Tonal coarticulation in Mandarin 13
2.3 Consonantal qualities and coarticulation 16
2.4 Summary 18
2.5 The present study 20
Chapter 3 Methodology 22
3.1 Overview 22
3.2 Participants 22
3.3 Stimuli 23
Experiment I 23
Experiment II 23
3.4 Experimental procedure 25
3.5 Software and instrument 25
3.6 Data analysis 26
3.7 Statistical analysis 26
Experiment I 26
Experiment II 27
Chapter 4 Results 28
4.1 Citation forms of four tones 28
4.2 Experiment I 29
4.3 Experiment II 40
MOA effects on tones of V1 40
MOA effects on tones of V2 47
Summary of Experiment II 54
Chapter 5 Discussion 57
5.1 Re-examination of Mandarin Tonal coarticulation 58
5.2 MOA effects on Mandarin Tonal coarticulation 67
5.3 Conclusion 69
References 71
Appendix I 75

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