臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

二氧化碳為造成全球溫室效應主要污染物質，一般火力電廠因燃燒煤碳及重油，所排放的二氧化碳、氮氧化物、硫氧化物及懸浮微粒等，造成空氣的嚴重污染。欲控制這些污染物的排放量，國內、外提出甚多解決方案，如限制污染物排放量的電力調度方式、轉燒含硫份較低之燃料、購買(或出售)污染物許可、裝置污染物控制設備及汰換老舊發電機組等，這些方案的執行，對空氣污染防治工作雖有莫大貢獻，唯對於二氧化碳的排放控制，至今仍有待進一步研究。
另外，隨著政府電業自由化的開放，目前台灣電力公司為台灣地區唯一綜合電業經營者的角色，即將隨著電業法的修正而改變。根據立法院審議中的行政院新版電業法，未來電力市場隨著多元化與解制的政策方向，競爭性將大幅提高。未來民營發電業加入市場之後，對二氧化碳的排放管制及調度運轉成本間關係的考量，勢必與現今情況不同，亦有必要預先進行探討研究。
為有效減低發電業二氧化碳排放量，本論文主要將二氧化碳污染量模型併入傳統電力調度中，藉由調度各發電機輸出電力的方式，來達到降低污染量的目的﹔亦即於電力調度模式內主要考慮燃料成本與二氧化碳污染兩個目標函數。理論上，燃料成本與二氧化碳污染量兩個目標函數彼此間呈現著非線性的抵換關係。本文藉由拉格蘭氏雙目標電力調度法，分成雙層操作模式解此電力調度問題，透過決策者指定二氧化碳污染量上限，達成二氧化碳減量目的，再利用解對偶問題及調整拉格蘭氏乘數以符合二氧化碳污染量與備轉容量的限制式，達成燃料成本最佳化的目的。
本論文應用於台電火力電廠各發電機組，藉由IPCC公式所計算之二氧化碳污染排放數據，做為建立各機組污染物模型依據﹔並考慮離峰與尖峰負載時段不同的狀況下，進行電廠雙目標調度的可行性分析，以提供電廠同時考慮燃料成本與二氧化碳污染量之最佳電力調度方式。論文中雖只考慮二氧化碳污染量，對於多個污染物質之電力調度問題，本方法亦能適用。

The global warming is mainly caused by carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. The fossil-fired power plants have an impact on air quality due to the emissions of CO2, oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SOx), and solid particulate, etc. To reduce the environmental pollution, diverse emission compliance strategies have emerged in the literature. These strategies include emission dispatching, fuel switching and/or blend,purchase/sale of emission allowance, installation of emission reduction equipment in the existing thermal plants, and retirement of old fuel-burning equipment or generating unit and replacement with cleaner and efficient one. Although, these technologies mentioned above have made a large contribution to reduce the emission, researches on control of CO2 emission still demand further exploration.
Besides, following deregulation of power industry, the role of monopoly utility power company of the Taipower will change with the pass of Electricity Law. According to the new Executive-Yuan-version Electricity Law, which is now under reviewing in Legislation Yuan, the future power market will be much more competitive due to the government-guided policies of multiple aspects and deregulation of power industry. After the private power generators entering the power market, the relationship of the CO2 emission and the power generation cost will be entirely different with the current situations. Therefore, it is worth investigating these relationships in advance.
To effectively reduce the CO2 emission, this thesis will incorporate CO2 emission model into conventional power dispatch by scheduling power output of the generators. Reaching the purpose of reducing pollutant creation, the power dispatch model mainly considers the objectives of both the fuel cost and CO2 emission. Theoretically, the two objective functions have non-linear trade-off relationship. The Lagrange bi-objective power dispatch method uses two-phase solution process. Based on the upper limit of the CO2 emission assigned by the decision-makers, the CO2 emission is reduced. Solving the dual problems and adjusting the Lagrange multipliers have the CO2 emission and spinning reserve constraints satisfied to achieve minimum fuel cost.
The proposed method has been applied to the generating units of the Taipower thermal systems. According to the IPCC formula, models of CO2 emission can be built. Cases of peak and off-peak loads are studied for the feasibility of bi-objective power dispatch to obtain optimal power dispatch considering fuel cost and CO2 emission simultaneously. Although, only CO2 emission is considered in this thesis, the proposed approach can also be applied to deal with the problem of more than one pollutants.

中文摘要i
英文摘要iii
致謝v
目錄vi
表目錄viii
圖目錄xii
第一章 緒論1
1.1. 研究背景1
1.2. 研究動機5
1.3. 文獻回顧7
1.4. 研究方法9
1.5. 本論文貢獻10
1.6. 論文內容組織10
第二章 問題與數學模式12
2.1. 簡介12
2.2. 電力經濟調度問題13
2.3. 發電機組污染排放模式18
2.4. 綜合20
第三章 拉格蘭氏最佳化模式21
3.1. 簡介21
3.2. 拉格蘭氏乘數法21
3.3. 對局與最小-最大化對偶性質27
3.4. 拉格蘭氏對偶性質32
3.5. 綜合35
第四章 雙目標電力調度模式36
4.1. 簡介36
4.2. 拉格蘭氏法解雙目標電力調度問題36
4.3. 對偶問題求解法37
4.4. 拉格蘭氏乘數更新法40
4.5. 邊際替代率計算42
4.6. 綜合42
第五章 數值結果44
5.1. 簡介44
5.2. 離峰時段電力調度45
5.2.1. 單一目標函數最佳化47
5.2.2. 雙目標函數之抵換關係曲線49
5.2.3. 雙目標電力調度解49
5.2.4. 電力品質評估70
5.2.5. 討論70
5.3. 尖峰時段電力調度73
5.3.1. 單一目標函數最佳化75
5.3.2. 雙目標函數之抵換關係曲線77
5.3.3. 雙目標電力調度解85
5.3.4. 電力品質評估92
5.3.5. 討論92
第六章 結論建議與未來研究方向96
6.1. 結論96
6.2. 建議97
6.3. 未來研究方向99
參考文獻100
附錄A 離峰時段1最佳調度解之電力品質104
附錄B 尖峰時段10最佳調度解之電力品質121

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