臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

為了瞭解內分泌干擾物質chlordane (可氯丹)及lindane (靈丹)的影響，本論文選擇遍部東亞及夏威夷島溪流中的多齒新米蝦(Neocaridina denticulata；後稱 米蝦)來進行慢性毒及生殖毒等相關研究。實驗主要將米蝦曝露於亞致死濃度之chlordane (1及10ng/L)及lindane (0.1及1μg/L)下進行。慢性毒性研究中，觀察曝露chlordane及lindane後，米蝦血淋巴之血液生化質、成長速率、脫殼時間、耗氧量(QO2)、排氨量(ENH4+)、氧氮比(O：N ratio)及組織病變等變化情形。慢性毒實驗結果顯示chlordane及lindane均會抑制成長及改變脫殼時間，並使曝露初期各試驗組的耗氧量上升，實驗後期的第14至28天，各試驗組的耗氧量則會逐漸回復正常值。試驗初期，組織切片中觀察到鰓及肝胰臟等病變，到了試驗末期，米蝦對chlordane及lindane的毒性有些許恢復的跡象。由慢性毒性試驗的結果可知，米蝦於曝露初期受到亞致死濃度之chlordane (1及10ng/L)及lindane (0.1及1μg/L)的毒性影響，但是其毒性影響14天至28天後有減弱，甚至於恢復的現象。生殖毒性研究結果中發現，chlordane及lindnae會造成米蝦體內17β-estradiol上升、testosterone下降及引發vitellogenin合成，同時也造成雌蝦孵化率下降及雄蝦生殖特徵改變。由此結果可以很明確的判斷兩種有機氯殺蟲劑極有可能以類雌性素的內分泌干擾物質影響米蝦體內荷爾蒙變化。由本論文的結果瞭解，低濃度的chlordane及lindane對米蝦造成相當大的影響，而其影響除了慢性毒害外還有類雌性素的內分泌干擾物質的毒害。經由本論文之研究可以推知，在降低chlordane及lindane對環境污染及減少環境衝擊等相關議題提供更確實及完整的資訊。

The purpose of this study was to investigate the chronic and reproductive toxicity of chlordane and lindane as well as their endocrine disruption effect on Green Neon Shrimp (Neocaridina denticulata), a common habitant in freshwater system of eastern Asia and Hawaii. In this study, the very low experimental concentrations 1 and 10 ng/L of chlordane and 0.1 and 1 μg/L of lindane were used, and biochemical composition change in hemolymph, growth rate, duration of molt cycle, oxygen consumption (QO2), ammonia-N excretion (ENH4+), the O:N ratio and histopathology were examined. Results indicated that the hypoglycemia hemolymph, retarded growth rates, and the altered duration of molt cycle had also been marked shown. In all treatments, we also found that QO2 was increased in the first few days, then it gradually returned to normal during the latter part of the experiment from days 14 to 28. Tissue damage, such as gill and hepatopancreas alterations, induced by chlordane and lindane were also observed. But, it gradually recovered to normal from days 14 to 28. It is shown that response of lower concentrations of both chlordane and lindane toxic to N. denticulata, can be self tolerated, recovered and adapted. In reproductive toxicity the reproductive alterations, morphological changes and reproductive hormone levels were clearly observed. According to our findings, an increase in 17β-estradiol, a reduction in testosterone, on induction of a vitellogenin-like protein, reduction in percentage of hatch, and morphological alternations of the masculine appendage were significtly noticed in both chlordane- and lindane-treated shrimp. Further, an endocrine disruption effect, such as estrogen-like hormone, on N. denticulata was demonstrated. The findings of demonstrate in this study could help to increase of obtain the more presages of contributive information for low concentration of chlordane and lindane.

頁次
中文摘要 ...........................................1
英文摘要............................................2
第一章 前言.........................................3
第二章 文獻回顧
一、環境荷爾蒙………………………………………………..5
二、農藥與環境………………………………………………..7
三、多齒新米蝦(Neocaridina denticulata) ……………..15
四、毒性試驗…………………………………………………..16
第三章 實驗的初步準備
一、目的………………………………………………………..26
二、材料與方法………………………………………………..27
三、結果與討論………………………………………………..30
第四章 Chlordane及lindane對米蝦之慢性毒研究
一、目的 ……………………………………………………….32
二、材料與方法
（一） 試驗動物處理 ……………………………………..33
（二） 成長 ………………………………………………..33
（三） 脫殼(脫殼間隔時間) ……………………………..33
（四） 生理生化值 ………………………………………..35
（五） 耗氧量、排氨量及氧氮比………………………...35
（六） 病理組織切片 ……………………………………..36
（七） 統計分析 …………………………………………..37
三、結果 …………………………………………….…………38
四、討論 ……….………………………………………………42
第五章Chlordane及lindane對米蝦之生殖毒性研究
一、目的……………………………..…………………………50
二、材料與方法
（一） 試驗動物處理 ……………………………………..50
（二） chlordane及lindande對米蝦體內estradiol、testosterone及vitellogenin濃度…………...…….......51
（三） chlordane及lindane對米蝦生殖表現影響.......53
（四） 統計分析…..………………………………….....54

三、結果 ……………………………………………………….54
四、討論 ……………………………………………………….56
第六章 結論…………………………………………………….62
參考文獻 ……………………………………………………….64
表………………………………………………………………..80
圖………………………………………………………………..88
附錄………………………………………………………………114
簡歷………………………………………………………………117

中源英臣 與 二林昇平。1997。高污染危機。正元圖書。
王一雄。1997。土壤環境污染與農藥。國立編譯館。
王振叡。2003。利用雄性孔雀魚卵黃前質誘發反應以檢測桃園縣河川之外因性雌性激素。國立台灣大學地理環境資源研所碩士論文。
朱祥海 編。1997。魚類學。水產出版社。
林世榮 與 吳祥堅。1995。 急性毒的生物試驗方法。海洋彙刊 27:63-74。
林明松、周淑媛、郭乃文、賴明亮 與 郭育良。1995。果農的農藥暴露與神經系統的變化探討。中華衛誌 14(5): 392-399。
李美慧。2000。 常見環境荷爾蒙及其影響。環境荷爾蒙研討會論文集 4-9。
李國欽 與 翁愫慎。2001。台灣第區農田及水畜產品中有機氯殺蟲劑殘留調查。台灣地區持久性有機污染物風險管理研討會論文集，行政院院環保署。
施志昀 與 游祥平。1998。台灣的淡水蝦。國立海洋生物博物館籌備處。.
翁愫慎。1996。農藥與生活。行政院院農委會農業藥物毒物試驗所。
陳弘成。1994。魚類毒性試驗標準方法之研究。EPA-83-E3S5-09-03-02。
陳秀男、沈士新、冉繁華、林清龍、王俊順 與 黎錦超。2000。蝦類養殖技術實用大全。觀賞魚雜誌社。
黃大駿 與 陳弘成。2001。內分泌干擾物質對生物之影響。中國水產578: 40-46。
張仕章。1975。病理切片技術。大學圖書出版社。
袁又宸。1993。巴拉刈與馬拉松對日本沼蝦之慢性毒性研究。國立臺灣大學動物學研究所碩士論文。
袁又宸。2004。竹地區水域污染之調查及重金屬鎘對多齒新米蝦(Neocaridina denticulata)之毒性研究。國立臺灣大學動物學研究所博士論文。
植物保護手冊。1999。臺灣省政府農林廳頒行。
楊喜男。1995。白鰻(Anguilla japonica Temminck and Schlegel)受銅、�T及鋅影響之急慢性毒研究。國立臺灣大學動物學研究所博士論文。
楊仁理。2003。半導體金屬-鎵對鯉魚之毒性效應研究。國立臺灣大學動物學研究所博士論文。
劉莉蓮。1995。有基錫污染對生物的影響。生物科學 38(1): 39-55。
劉莉蓮。1999。有基錫污染對蚵螺細胞色素P450酵素之影響。國科會專題研究（NSC88-2311-B-110-011）。
熊文俊、林清龍 與 陳弘成。1996。銅、鎘、鋅對米蝦的急性毒試驗。嘉義農專學報 47: 129-136。
環檢所（行政院環境檢驗所）。1998。水樣急毒性檢測方法─米蝦靜水式法。環署檢字第0037459號公告 NIEA B905.10B。
環檢所（行政院環境檢驗所）。1999。水中有機氯農藥檢測方法－氣相層析儀/電子捕捉偵測器法。環署檢字第15808號公告 NIEA W605.51B。
鄭顯榮、陳志銘 與 黃明輝。2000。內分泌干擾物質（環境荷爾蒙）及持久性有機污染物之環保管制情形。第一屆環境荷爾蒙及持久性有機污染物研討會 論文集 12-29。
Abou-Arab, A. A. K., Gomaa, M. N. E., Badawy, A. & Naguib, K. 1995. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in the Egyptian aquatic ecosystem. Food chemistry, 54, 141-146.
Abou-Arab, A. A. K. 2002. Degradation of organochlorine pesticides by meat starter in liquid media and fermented sausage. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40, 33-41.
Aldrich, F. D. & Holmes., J. H. 1969. Acute chlordane intoxication in a child: Case report with toxicological data. Archives of Environmental Health, 19, 129-132.
Andersen, H. R., Halling-Sorensen, B. & Kusk, K. O. 1999. A parameter for detecting estrogenic exposure in the copepod Acartia tonsa. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 44, 56-61.
Bansal, S. K., Verma, S. R., Gupta, A. K. & Dalela, R. C. 1980. Prediciting long-term toxicity by subacute screening og pesticides with larvae and earli juveniles of four species of freshwater major carp. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 4, 224-231.
Barron, M. G. & Adelamn, I. R. 1984. Nucleic acid sublethally exposed to various toxicants. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 41, 141-150.
Baticados, M. C. L., Coloso, R. M. & Duremdez, R. C. 1987. Histopathology of the chronic soft-shell syndrome in tiger prawn Penaeus mondon. Diseases of aquatic organisms, 3, 12-28.
Benimeli, C. S., Amoroso, M. J., Chaile, A. P. & Castro, G. R. 2003. Isolation of four aquatic streptomycetes strains capable of growth on organochlorine pesticides. Bioresource Technology, 89, 133-138.
Bergmann, M., Taylor, A. C. & Moore, P. G. 2001. Physiological stress in decapod crustaceans (Munidarugosa and Liocarcinus sepurator) discarded in Clyde Nephrops fishery. Journal of Environmental Marine Biology and Ecology, 259, 215-229.
Bhavan, P. S. & Geraldine, P. 2000. Histopathology of the hepatopancreas and gills of the prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii exposed to endosulfan. Aquatic Toxicology, 50, 331-339.
Bidleman, T. F., Falconer, R. L. & Walla, M. D. 1995. Toxaphene and other organochlorine compounds in air and water at Resolute Bay, N.W.T., Canada. Science of the Total Environment, 160/161, 55-63.
Boeck, G. D., Smet, H. D. & Blust, R. 1995. The effect of sublethal levels of copper on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquatic Toxicology, 32, 127-141.
Brown, B. & Ahsanullah, M. 1971. Effect of heavy metals on mortality and growth. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 3, 182-188.
Bulow, F. J. 1987. RNA-DNA rations as indicator growth in fish: a review. In: Age and growth of fish (Ed. by Summerfelt, R. C. & Hall, G. E.). Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Busacker, G. P., Adelman, I. R. & Goolish, E. M. 1990. Growth. In: Methods for fish Biology (Ed. by Schreck, C. B. & Moyle, P. B.). Maryland: American Fisheries Society Bethesda.
Cardoso, A. M., Barros, C. M. F., Correia, A. J. F., Cardoso, J. M., Cortez, A., Carvalho, F. & Baldaia, L. 1997. Identification of vertebrate type steroid hormones in the shrimp Penaeus japonicus by tandem mass spectrometry and sequential product ion scanning. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 8, 365-370.
Cassidy, R. A. 1994. The effects of chlordane exposure during pre- and postnatal periods at environmentally relevant levels on sex steroid-mediated behaviors and functions in the rat. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 126, 326-337.
Celia, G., Boucard, V., Levy, P., Ceccaldi, H.-J. & Brogen, C.-H. 2002. Developmental changes in concentrations of vitellin, vitellogenin, and lipids in Hemolymph hepatopancreas and ovaries from different ovarian stages of Indian white prawn Fenneropenaeus indicus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 281, 63-75.
Celik, I., Camas, H., Arslan, O., Yegin, E. & Kufrevioglu, O. I. 1996. The effects of some pesticites on the activity of liver and erythrocyte enzymes (in vitro). Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part a-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 31, 1645-1649.
Celius, T. & Walther, B. T. 1998. Differential sensitivity of zonagenesis and vitellogenesis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.) to DDT pesticides. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 281, 346-353.
Chadwick, R. W., Cooper, R. L., Chang, J., Rehnberg, G. L. & McElory, W. K. 1988. Possible antiestrogenic activity of lindane in female rats. Journal of Biochemic and Molecular Toxicology, 3, 147-158.
Chang, E. S. & O''Connor, J. D. 1983. Metabolism and Transport of carbonydtate and lipids. In: The Biology of Crustacea (Ed. by Mantel, L. H.), pp. 263-288. New York: Academic Press.
Chen, H. C., Wang, Y. S. & Yaun, J. H. 1999. Standard methods to study and detect the bioaccumulation of in fish and shellfish (EPA-88-1502-03-01). Taipei: Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan (in chinese).
Chen, J. C. & Lin, C. Y. 1995. Responses of oxygen consumption, ammonia-N excretion and urea-N excretion of Penaeus chinensis exposed to ambient ammonia at different salinity and pH levels. Aquaculture, 136, 243-255.
Chen, J. C. & Lin, C. H. 2001. Toxicity of copper sulfate for survival, growth, molting and feeding of juveniles of the tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture, 192, 55-65.
Chinni, S., Khan, R. N. & Yallapragada, P. R. 2000. Oxygen consumption, ammonia-N excretion, and metal accumulation in Penaeus indicus postlarvae exposed to lead. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 64, 144-151.
Claybrook, D. L. 1983. Nitrogen metabolism. In: The Biology of Crustacea (Ed. by Mantel, L. H.), pp. 163-214. New York: Academic Press.
Colborn, T., Saal, F. S. v. & Soto, A. M. 1993. Developmental effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environmental health perspectives, 101, 378-384.
Colborn, T. 1995. Environmental Estrogens - Health Implications for Humans and Wildlife. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103, 135-136.
Colborn, T. & Thayer, K. 2000. Aquatic ecosystems: Harbingers of endocrine disruption. Ecological Applications, 10, 949-957.
Colborn, T. 2002. Impact of endocrine disruptors on brain development and behavior - Preface. Environmental Health Perspectives Supplements, 110, 335-335.
Coomb, T. L. & George, S. G. 1978. Mechanism of immobilization and detoxification of metals in marine organisms. In: Physiology and Behavior of Marine Organisms (Ed. by D.S., M. & Berry, A. J.), pp. 179-197. New York: Pergamon Press.
Cooper, R. L., Chadwick, R. W., Rehnberg, G. L., Goldman, J. M., Booth, K. C., Hein, J. F. & McElroy, W. K. 1989. Effect of lindane on hormonal control of reproductive function in the female rat. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 99, 384-394.
Crain, D. A. & Guillette, L. J. 1998. Reptiles as models of contaminant-induced endocrine disruption. Animal Reproduction Science, 53, 77-86.
Crain, D. A., Guillette, L. J., Pickford, D. B., Percival, H. F. & Woodward, A. R. 1998. Sex-steroid and thyroid hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from contaminated and reference lakes in Florida, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17, 446-452.
Cranmer, J. M., Cranmer, M. F. & Goad, P. T. 1984. Prenatal chlordane exposure: effects on plasma corticosterone concentrations over the lifespan of mice. Environmental Research, 35, 204-210.
Criswell, K. A. & Lochcaruso, R. 1995. Lindane-Induced Elimination of Gap Junctional Communication in Rat Uterine Myocytes Is Mediated by an Arachidonic Acid-Sensitive Camp-Independent Mechanism. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 135, 127-138.
Criswell, K. A. & Loch-Caruso, R. 1999. Lindane-induced inhibition of spontaneous contractions of pregnant rat uterus. Reproductive Toxicology, 13, 481-490.
Dalsenter, P. R., Faqi, A. S., Webb, J., Merker, H. J. & Chahoud, I. 1996. Reproductive toxicity and tissue concentrations of lindane in adult male rats. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 15, 406-410.
Dalsenter, P. R., Faqi, A. S. & Chahoud, I. 1997a. Serum testosterone and sexual behavior in rats after prenatal exposure to lindane. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 59, 360-366.
Dalsenter, P. R., Faqi, A. S., Webb, J., Merker, H. J. & Chahoud, I. 1997b. Reproductive toxicity and toxicokinetics of lindane in the male offspring of rats exposed during lactation. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 16, 146-153.
Dalsenter, P. R., Dallegrave, E., Mello, J. R. B., Langeloh, A., Oliveira, R. T. & Faqi, A. S. 1999. Reproductive effects of endosulfan on male offspring of rats exposed during pregnancy and lactation. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 18, 583-589.
Danzo, B. J. 1998. The effects of environmental hormones on reproduction. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 54, 1249-1264.
De Coen, W. M., Janssen, C. R. & Segner, H. 2001. The use of biomarkers in Daphnia magna toxicity testing v. in vivo alterations in the carbohydrate metabolism of Daphnia magna exposed to sublethal concentrations of mercury and lindane. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 48, 223-234.
Denton, T. E., Howell, W. M., Allison, J. J., McCollum, J. & Marks, B. 1985. Masculinization of female mosquitofish by exposure to plant sterols and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 35, 627-635.
Dodson, S. I., Hanazato, T. & Gorski, P. R. 1995. Behavioral-Responses of Daphnia-Pulex Exposed to Carbaryl and Chaoborus Kairomone. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 14, 43-50.
Englund, R. A. & Cai, Y. 1999. The occurrence and description of Neocaridina denticulate sinensis (Kemp, 1918) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae), a new introduction to the Hawaiian Islands. Bishope Museum Occasional Papers, 58, 58-65.
EPA/ROC. 1998. Standard guide for conducting acute tests with shrimps: static renewal test for Neocaridina denticulata (NIEA B905.10B). Taipei: Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan.
Escobar-Briones, E. & Alvarez, F. 2000. Modern Approaches to the study of crustaces. New York: Kluwer Academic.
Fingerman, M., Jackson, N. C. & Nagabhushanam, R. 1998. Hormonally-regulated functions in crustaceans as biomarkers of environmental pollution. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-Toxicology & Pharmacology, 120, 343-350.
Galindo, R. J. G., Jasso, A. M. & Lizarraga, C. V. 1996a. Toxic effects of organochlorine pesticides on Penaeus vannamei. shrimps in Sinaloa, Mexico. Chemosphere, 33, 567-575.
Galindo, R. J. G., Medina, J. A. & Villagrana, L. C. 1996b. Physiological and biochemical changes in shrimp larvae (Penaeus vannamei) intoxicated with organochlorine pesticides. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 32, 872-875.
Galindo, R. J. G., Fossato, V. U., Lizarraga, C. V. & Dolci, F. 1999. Pesticides in water, sediments, and shrimp from a coastal lagoon off the Gulf of California. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38, 837-841.
Galindo, R. J. G., Venezia, L. D., Lazcano-Alvarez, G. & Rivas-Mendoza, H. 2000. Enzymatic and osmoregulative alteration in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to pesticides. Chemosphere, 40, 233-237.
Gibbs, P. E., Pascoe, P. L. & Burt, G. R. 1988. Sex change in the female dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus, induced by tributyltin from antifouling paints. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 68, 715-731.
Glynn, A. W., Michaelsson, K., Lind, P. M., Wolk, A., Aune, M., Atuma, S., Darnerud, P. O. & Mallmin, H. 2000. Organochlorines and bone mineral density in swedish men from the general population. Osteoporos International, 11, 1036-1042.
Guillette, L. J., Brock, J. W., Rooney, A. A. & Woodward, A. R. 1999. Serum concentrations of various environmental contaminants and their relationship to sex steroid concentrations and phallus size in juvenile American alligators. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 36, 447-455.
Harries, J. E., Sheahan, D. A., Jobling, S., Matthiessen, P., P. Neall, E. J. R., Rycroft, R., Sumpter, J. P. & Tylor, T. 1996. A survey of estrogenic activity in United Kingdom inland waters. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 15, 1993-2002.
Harries, J. E., Sheahan, D. A., Jobling, S., Matthiessen, P., Neall, P., Sumpter, J. P., Tylor, T. & Zaman, N. 1997. Estrogenic activity in five United Kingdom rivers detected by measurement of vitellogenesis in caged male trout. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16, 534-542.
Harrison, P. T. C., Holmes, P. & Humfrey, C. D. N. 1997. Reproductive health in humans and wildlife: are adverse trends associated with environmental chemical exposure? The Science of the Total Environment, 205, 97-106.
Harshbarger, J. C., Coffey, M. J. & Young, M. Y. 2000. Intersexes in Mississippi River shovelnose sturgeon sampled below St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Marine Environmental Research, 50, 247-250.
Hartley, D. & Kidd, H. 1983. The agrochemicals handbook. Nottingham: Royal Society of Chemistry.
Hasegawa, Y. & Hirose, E. 1993. Hormonal control of sexual differentiation and reproductive in crustacean. American Zoologist, 33, 403-411.
Hayes, W. J. & Laws, E. R. 1990. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. New York: Academic Press.
Heath, A. G. 1987. Water Pollution and Fish Physiology. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Hinton, D. E. & Luren, D. J. 1990. Integrative histopathological approaches to detecting effects of environmental stressors on fishes. Am. Fish. Soci. Symposium, 8, 51-66.
Hodgson, E. & Levi, P. E. 1997. A textbook of Modern Toxicology 2ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Huang, D. A. & Chen, H. C. 2004. Effects of chlordane and lindane on testosterone and vitellogenin levels in green neon shrimp (Neocaridina denticulata). International Journal of Toxicology, 23, 91-95.
Hung, M. S., Chan, T. Y. & Yu, H. P. 1993. Atyid shrimps (Decapoda: Caridea) of Taiwan, with descriptions of three new species. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 13, 481-503.
JEA. 1998. Strategic Programs on Environmental Endocrne Disrptors. Japan Environment Agency.
Jeng, S. S., Wan, W. C.-M. & Chang, C. F. 1978. Existence of an estrogen-like compound in the ovary of shrimp Parapenaeus fissures. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 36, 211-214.
Jobling, S., Sheahan, D., Osborne, J. A., Matthiessen, P. & Sumpter, J. P. 1996. Inhibition of testicular growth in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to estrogenic alkylphenolic chemicals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 15, 194-202.
Jobling, S. 1998. Review of suggested testing methods for endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 70, 1805-1827.
Jobling, S., Nolan, M., Tyler, C. R., Brighty, G. & Sumpter, J. P. 1998. Widespread sexual disruption in wild fish. Environmental Science & Technology, 32, 2498-2506.
Jobling, S., Beresford, N., Nolan, M., Rodgers-Gray, T., Brighty, G. C., Sumpter, J. P. & Tyler, C. R. 2002a. Altered sexual maturation and gamete production in wild roach (Rutilus rutilus) living in rivers that receive treated sewage effluents. Biology of Reproduction, 66, 272-281.
Jobling, S., Casey, D., Rodgers-Gray, T., Oehlmann, J., Schulte-Oehlmann, U., Pawlowski, S., Baunbeck, T., Turner, A. P. & Tyler, C. R. 2004. Comparative responses of molluscs and fish to environmental estrogens and an estrogenic effluent (vol 65, pg 205, 2003). Aquatic Toxicology, 66, 205-+.
Kearns, P. K. & Atchison, G. J. 1979. Effects of trace metals on growth of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) as measured by RNA-DNA rations. Environemtal Biology of Fish, 4, 383-387.
Keith, L. H. 1997. Environmental endocrine disruptors. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Khan, A., Barbieri, J., Khan, S. & Sweeney, F. 1992. A New Short-Term Mysid Toxicity Test Using Sexual Maturity as an End-Point. Aquatic Toxicology, 23, 97-105.
Khan, A., Kent, D., Barbieri, J. & Khan, S. 1992. Chronic Toxicity of a Fluoride Mixture to Fresh-Water Organisms. Water Science and Technology, 26, 2353-2356.
Khan, I. A. & Thomas, P. 1998. Estradiol-17B and O,P''-DDT stimulate gonadotropin release in Atlantic croaker. Marine Environmental Research, 46, 149-152.
Khasawinah, A., Hardy, C. & Clark, G. 1989. Comparative inhalation toxicity of technical chlordane in rats and monkeys. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 28, 327-347.
Kime, D. E. & Nash, J. P. 1999. Gamete viability as indicator of reproductive endocrine disruption in fish. The Science of the Total Environment, 233, 123-129.
Kime, D. E., Nash, J. P. & Scott, A. P. 1999. Vitellogenesis as a biomarker of reproductive disruption by xenobiotics. Aquaculture, 177, 345-352.
Klaassen, C. D. 2001. Casarett and Doull''s Toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kovacs, T. G., Gibbons, J. S., Tremblay, L. A., O''Connor, B. I., Martel, P. H. & Voss, R. I. 1995. The effects of a secondary-treated bleached kraft mill effluent on aquatic organisms as assessed by short-term and long-term laboratory tests. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 31, 7-22.
Lahiri, P., Chakravarty, S., Mondal, A. & Sircar, S. 1985. Effect of lindane on cytology and cyto-chemistry of exfoliated vaginal cells. Experimental and Clinical Endrocrinology & Diabetes, 85, 303-308.
Laws, S. C., Carey, S. A., Hart, D. W. & Cooper, R. L. 1994. Lindane Does Not Alter the Estrogen-Receptor or the Estrogen-Dependent Induction of Progesterone Receptors in Sexually Immature or Ovariectomized Adult-Rats. Toxicology, 92, 127-142.
Lebel, G., Dodin, S., Ayotte, P., Marcoux, S., Ferron, L. A. & Dewailly, E. 1998. Organochlorine exposure and the risk of endometriosis. Fertility and sterility, 69, 221-228.
LeCren, E. D. 1972. Fish production in freshwaters. In: Symposium of Zoological Society of Lodon 29 (Ed. by Edwards & Garrod), pp. 115-133. New York: The Zooloical Society of Lodon, Academic Press.
Lee, P. C. 1998. Disruption of male reproductive tract development by adminstration of the xenostrogen, nonylphenol, tp male newboen rats. Endocrine Journal, 9, 105-111.
Lightner, D. V., Redman, R. M., Price, R. L. & Wiseman, M. O. 1982. Histopathology of Aflatoxicosis in marine shrimp Penaeus stylirostris and P. vannamei. Journal of Invertebrate Patholog, 40, 279-291.
Lorenzon, S., Francese, M. & Ferrero, E. A. 2000. Heavy metal toxicity and differential effects on the hyperglycemic stress response in the shrimp Palaemon elegans. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 39, 167-176.
Lu, F. C. 2000. Basic Toxicology. New York, USA: Taylor & Francis.
Lussier, S. M., Gentile, J. H. & Walker, J. 1985. Acute and chronoc effects of heavy metals and cyanide on Mysidopsis bahia (crustacean: Mysidacea). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 7, 969-997.
Mantovani, A., Stazi, A. V., Macri, C., Maranghi, F. & Ricciardi, C. 1999. Problems in testing and risk assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals with regard to developmental toxicology. Chemosphere, 39, 1293-1300.
Mathews, C. K. & Holde, K. E. v. 1996. Biochemistry. California, USA: Benjamin.
Mayzaud, P. & Conover, R. L. 1988. O:N atomic ratio as a tool to describe zooplankton metabolism. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 45, 289-302.
McKenney, C. L. 1989. The Relationship between Modified Energy-Metabolism and Inhibited Growth and Reproduction in an Estuarine Mysid During Chronic Pesticide Exposure. American Zoologist, 29, A63-A63.
McKenney, C. L. & Matthews, E. 1990. Alterations in the Energy-Metabolism of an Estuarine Mysid (Mysidopsis-Bahia) as Indicators of Stress from Chronic Pesticide Exposure. Marine Environmental Research, 30, 1-19.
McKenney, C. L., Hamaker, T. L. & Matthews, E. 1991. Changes in the Physiological Performance and Energy-Metabolism of an Estuarine Mysid (Mysidopsis-Bahia) Exposed in the Laboratory through a Complete Life-Cycle to the Defoliant Def. Aquatic Toxicology, 19, 123-135.
McKenney, C. L. & Celestial, D. M. 1993. Variations in Larval Growth and Metabolism of an Estuarine Shrimp Palaemonetes-Pugio During Toxicosis by an Insect Growth-Regulator. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-Pharmacology Toxicology & Endocrinology, 105, 239-245.
McKenney, C. L. & Celestial, D. M. 1996. Modified survival, growth and reproduction in an estuarine mysid (Mysidopsis bahia) exposed to a juvenile hormone analogue through a complete life cycle. Aquatic Toxicology, 35, 11-20.
McMahon, B. R. 2001a. Physiological adaptation to environment. In: Biology of Freshwater Crayfish, pp. 327-376.
McMahon, B. R. 2001b. Respiratory and circulatory compensation to hypoxia in crustaceans. Respiration Physiology, 128, 349-364.
Miller, W. R., Hendricks, A. C. & Cairns, J. 1983. Normal ranges for diagnostically important hematological and blood chemistry characteristics of rainbow trout (Salmon gairdneri). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 40, 420-425.
Mu, X. & LeBlane, G. A. 2002. Developmental toxicity of testosterone in the crustacean Daphnia magna involves anti- ecdysteroidal activity. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 129, 127-133.
Nohara, S. & Iwakuma, T. 1996. Residual pesticides and their toxicity to freshwater shrimp in the littoral and pelagic zones of lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Chemosphere, 33, 1417-1424.
Okumura, T. 2004. Perspectives on hormonal manipulation of shrimp reproduction. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 38, 49-54.
Parks, L. G. & LeBlanc, G. A. 1996. Reductions in steroid hormone biotransformation/elimination as a biomarker of pentachlorophenol chronic toxicity. Aquatic toxicology, 34, 291-303.
Prasad, A. K. 1995. Effect of dermal application of hexachlorocyclohexane(HCH) on male reproductive system of rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 14, 484-488.
Purdom, C. E., Hardiman, P. A., Bye, V. J., Eno, N. C., Tyler, C. R. & Sumpter, J. 1994. Estrogenic effects from sewage treatment work. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 8, 275-285.
Quinitio, E. T., Yamauchi, K., Hara, A. & Fuji, A. 1991. Profiles of progesterone- and estradiol-like substances in the hemolymph of female Pandalus kessleri during an annual reproductive cycle. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 36, 211-214.
Rawlings, N. C., Cook, S. J. & Waldbillig, D. 1998. Effects of the pesticides carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, lindane, triallate, trifluralin, 2,4-D, and pentachlorophenol on the metabolic endocrine and reproductive endocrine system in ewes. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 54, 21-36.
Reyes, J. G. G., Jasso, A. M. & Lizarraga, C. V. 1996. Toxic effects of organochlorine pesticides on Penaeus vannamei. shrimps in Sinaloa, Mexico. Chemosphere, 33, 567-575.
Ricker, W. E. 1979. Growth rates and models. In: Fish Physiology (Ed. by Hoar, W. S., Randall, D. J. & Brett, J. R.), pp. 677-743. New York: Academic Press.
Rinderhagen, M., Ritterhoff, J. & Zauke, G. P. 2000. Crustaceans as bioindicators. Biomonitoring of Polluted Water - Reviews on Actual Topics (A. Gerhardt, ed.), Trans Tech Publications- Scitech Publications. Environmental Research, 9, 161-194.
Rosas, C., Cuzon, G., Gaxiola, G., Priol, Y. L., Pascual, C., Rossignyol, J., Contreras, F., Sanchex, A. & Van Wormhoudt, A. 2001a. Metabolism and growth of juveniles of Litopenaeus vannamei: effect of salinity and dietary carbohydrate levels. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 259, 1-22.
Rosas, C., Cuzon, G., Taboada, G., Pascual, C., Gaxiola, G. & Van Wormhoudt, A. 2001b. Effect of dietary protein and energy levels on growth, oxygen consumption, haemolymph and digestive gland carbohydrates, nitrogen excretion and osmotic pressure of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) and L-setiferus (Linne) juveniles (Crustacea, Decapoda; Penaeidae). Aquaculture Research, 32, 531-547.
Safe, S., Connor, K. & Gaido, K. 1998. Methods for xenoestrogen testing. Toxicology Letters, 102-103, 665-670.
Santos, E. A., Keller, R., Rodriguez, E. & Lopez, L. 2001. Effects of serotonin and fluoxetine on blood glucose regulation in two decapod species. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 34, 75-80.
Schuurmann, G. & Markert, B. 1998. Ecotoxicology. New York, USA.
Schweer, L. G. 2002. Draft detailed review paper on mysid life cycle toxicity test. (68-W-01-023). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental protection agency.
Sharara, F. I., Seifer, B. S. & Flaws, J. A. 1998. Environmental toxicants and female reproduction. Fertility and Sterility, 70, 613-622.
Shivanandappa, T. & Krishnakumari, M. K. 1983. Hexachlorocyclohexane-induced testicular dysfunction in rats. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica, 52, 12-17.
Silvestronl, L. & Palleschi, S. 1999. Effects of organochlorine xenobiotics on human spermatozoa. Chemosphere, 39, 1249-1252.
Skinner, D. M. 1985. Molting and regeneration. In: The Biology of Crustacea (Ed. by Bliss, D. E. & Mantl, L. H.), pp. 44-146. New York: Academic Press.
Smith, A. G. 1991. Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides. In: Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology- Classes of Pesticides (Ed. by Hayes, W. J. & Laws, E. R.). New York: Academic Press.
Sprague, J. B. 1971. Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish. III. Sublethal effects and "safe" concentration. Water Rearch, 5, 245-266.
Straube, E., Straube, W., Kruger, E., Bradatsch, M., Jacob-meisel, M. & Rose, H.-J. 1999. Disruption of male sex hormones with regard to pesticides: pathohpysiological and regulatory aspects. Toxicology letters, 107, 225-231.
Subramoniam, T. 2000. Crustacean ecdysteriods in reproduction and embryogenesis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-Toxicology & Pharmacology, 125, 135-156.
Sunilia, W. & Lindstrom, R. 1985. The structure of the interfilamentary junction of the mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.), gill and its uncoupling by copper and cadmium exposures. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-Toxicology & Pharmacology, 81, 267-272.
Tamse, C. T., Gacutan, R. Q. & Tamse, A. F. 1995. Change induced in the gill of Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) Figerlings after acute exposure to Nifurpirinol (Furanace; P-7138). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 54, 591-596.
Taylor, M. R. & Harrison, P. T. C. 1999. Ecological effects of endocrine disruption: current evidence and research priorities. Chemosphere, 39, 1237-1248.
Torres, F. R., Salibian, A. & Ferrari, L. 2000. Biomarkers assessment in juvenile Cyprinus Carpio exposed to waterborne cadmium. Environmental pollution, 109, 277-282.
Touart, L. W. 1982. The effects of diflubenzuron on molting and regeneration of two estuarine crustaceans, the mysid shrimp Mysidopsis bahia and the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. Pensacola, Florida: Univ. West Florida.
Tsang, W. S., Quackenbush, L. S., Chow, B. K. C., Tiu, S. H. K., He, J. G. & Chan, S. M. 2003. Organization of the shrimp vitellogenin gene: evidence of multiple genes and tissue specific expression by the ovary and hepatopancreas. Gene, 303, 99-109.
Tseng, D. Y., Chen, Y. N., Kou, G. H., Lo, C. F. & Kuo, C. M. 2001. Hepatopabcreas is the extraovarian site of vitellogenin synthesis in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 129, 909-917.
Tseng, D. Y., Chen, Y. N., Liu, K. F., Kou, G. H., Lo, C. F. & Kuo, C. M. 2002. Hepatopancreas and ovary are sites of vitellogenin synthesis as determined from partial cDNA encoding of vitellogenin in the marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 42, 137-143.
Tully, D. B., Cox, V. T., Mumtaz, M. M., Davis, V. L. & Chapin, R. E. 2000. Six high-priority organchlorine pesticides, either singly or in combination, are nonestrogentic in transfected Hel a cell. Reproductive Toxicology, 14, 95-102.
USEPA. 1986. Chemical Fact Sheet for Chlordane. Washington, DC: 109. Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1987. Chlordane: Health Advisory. Washington, DC: Office of Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1997. Special reports on environmental endocrine disruption: An effects assessment and analysis (EPA/630/R96/012). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
van Wezel, A. P., van Vlaardingen, P., Posthumus, R., Crommentuijn, G. H. & Sijm, D. T. H. M. 2000. Environmental risk limits for two phthalates, with special emphasis on endocrine disruptive properties. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 46, 305-321.
Vazquez Boucard, C. G., Levy, P., Ceccaldi, H. J. & Brogen, C. H. 2002. Developmental changes in concentrations of vitellin, vitellogenin, and lipids in hemolymph, hepatopancreas and ovaries from different ovarian stages of Indian white prawn Fenneropenaeus indicus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 281, 63-75.
Videla, L. A., Barrors, S. B. & Junqueira, V. V. 1990. Lindane-induced liver oxidative stress. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 9, 169-179.
Villegas-Navarro, A., Gonzalez, M. C. R., Lopez, E. R., Aguilar, R. D. & Marcal, W. S. 1999. Evaluation of Daphnia magna as an indicator of toxicity and treatment efficacy of textile wastewaters. Environment International, 25, 619-624.
Vogt, G. 1987. Monitoring of environmental pollutants such as pesticides in prawn aquaculture by histological diagnosis. Aquaculture, 67, 157-164.
Water, T. A. 1977. Secondary production in inland water. Advances in Ecological Research, 10, 91-164.
Wiedow, M. A., Gartes, J., Connor, J. M. & Kneip, T. J. 1980. Cadmium concentration in Hudson River blue crabs. First Annual Meetion Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Zou, E., Du, N. & Lai, W. 1996. The effects of severe hypoxia on lactate and glucose concentration in the blood of the chinese freshwater crab Eriocheir sinensis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 114, 105-109.