臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

「流動床粉粒製備技術」為食品工業、科學中藥、保健食品及生技製藥等產業常用之粉、粒體製備技術之一。市售保健食品相關粉粒產品多以速溶或沖泡粉包為主，具緩釋效果之粉粒劑型較少見。本研究以薑黃萃取物作為指標物，先經頂噴式腔體(top-spray)進行初步造粒後，再以沃斯特包覆(Wurster coater)腔體進行包覆，藉由海藻酸鈉與鈣離子作用形成海藻酸鈣結構，探討複合多層次薑黃微膠囊粒子製備及其品質與貯存、釋放特性。本研究探討頂噴式腔體入風溫度(Tinlet)與噴霧液流速(Sr)兩種操作參數隨造粒時間延長過程中粉體品質的變化，選取最佳造粒條件大量製備；再以沃斯特腔體分別探討包覆氯化鈣及氯化鈣添加多醣後對粉體品質、薑黃素類化合物含量之影響。並進一步探討不同粉體之貯存與釋放特性。實驗結果如下：最佳造粒條件為以Tinlet：60℃ Sr：10 mL / min造粒180分鐘具有最佳的流動性、完整且連續的黏著劑薄膜及最高的薑黃素類化合物含量(0.402 mg / g)及包埋速率(slope 0.0023)；以沃斯特腔體包覆時最佳氯化鈣包覆條件為濃度0.15 M、噴霧液流速10 mL / min可製備流動性變化較小，且薑黃素類化合物含量不隨包覆時間延長下降之粉體，包覆60分鐘後薑黃素類化合物含量為0.360 mg / g且可能有海藻酸鈣結構生成；另於氯化鈣溶液中添加多醣可有效避免粉體流動性下降、提升玻璃轉換溫度，且能有效改善貯存特性及修飾釋放特性，其中以幾丁聚醣修飾釋放效果最為顯著。希盼本實驗結果可作為流動床粉粒造粒及包覆製備技術應用與釋控型粉粒製備與相關研究與應用之參考，以增加流動床粉粒製備技術的多元應用性。

謝誌 I
摘要 II
Abstract III
目次 V
圖表目錄 X
表次 X
圖次 XII
壹、引言 1
貳、文獻回顧 2
一、粉粒保健食品市場概況 2
二、流動床粉體製備技術 4
(一)流動床造粒機構造與種類 5
(二)流動床造粒原理 9
(三)流動床包覆 12
三、微膠囊 17
四、薑黃 20
(一)薑黃 20
(二)薑黃保健功效 26
(三)薑黃微膠囊化 30
五、海藻酸鈉 31
六、幾丁聚醣 36
七、樹薯澱粉 38
八、阿拉伯膠 39
参、實驗目的 41
肆、實驗架構-1 43
肆、實驗架構-2 44
伍、材料與方法 45
一、實驗材料 45
(一)指標藥材及前處理 45
(二)賦型劑 (Excipient) 45
(三)黏著劑 (Binder) 45
(四)包覆劑 (Coating agent) 45
1. 氯化鈣 (Calcium chloride) 45
2. 幾丁聚醣 (Chitosan) 45
3. 阿拉伯膠 (Gum arabic) 46
4. 樹薯澱粉 (Tapioca starch) 46
(五)薑黃素標準品(Standard) 46
二、樣品前處理與製備 46
(一)薑黃萃取 46
(二)黏著劑製備 46
(三)流動床造粒 (fluid-bed agglomeration) 47
1.固定之操作參數： 47
2.變動參數： 47
(四)包覆劑製備 50
(五)流動床包覆(fluid-bed coating) 50
1.固定之操作參數： 50
2.變動參數： 51
1.固定之操作參數： 51
2.變動參數： 51
三、基本成分分析 54
(一)水分 (Moisture) 54
(二)粗脂肪 (Crude fat) 54
(三)灰分 (Ash) 54
(四)粗蛋白質 (Crude protein) 55
(五)粗纖維 (Crude fiber) 56
(六)無氮萃取物 (Nitrogen Free Extract, NFE) 56
四、黏著劑與包覆劑理化特性分析 57
(一)黏度測定 57
(二)快速黏度分析儀(Rapid viscosity analyzer, RVA ) 57
(三)物性測定儀分析(Texture profile analyzer) 58
(四)黏著劑成膜製備與薄膜熱性質分析 58
五、粉體品質分析 59
(一)水分含量分析(Water content) 59
(二)水活性 (Water activity) 59
(三)色澤(color)分析 59
(四)微細構造分析(Microstructure) 60
(五)粉體外觀分析(Appearance) 60
(六)熱性質分析 (Thermal analysis) 60
(七)粒徑分佈(Particle size) 61
(八)粉體假密度(Bulk density, ρb) 61
(九)粉體震實密度(Tapped density, ρtap) 61
(十)流動性(Flowability) 62
1. Carr’s index 62
2. Hausner ratio 62
(十一)休止角(Angle of repose) 64
(十二)傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜掃描(FT-IR) 64
(十三)X光繞射分析(X -ray diffraction analysis) 64
六、機能成分分析 67
(一)粉體內機能成分萃取(Extract) 67
(二)包埋量分析(Load ability) 67
(三)薑黃素含量分析(Curcuminoids content) 67
1.高效能液相層析分析儀 67
2.高效能液相層析條件 67
3.樣品製備 68
七、體外模擬釋放 69
(一)模擬胃液 (Simulated gastric fluid) 配製 69
(二)模擬腸液(Simulated intestinal fluid) 配製 69
(三)模擬胃腸液連續釋放試驗 69
八、貯存試驗 70
九、統計分析 70
陸、結果與討論 71
第一章、薑黃微膠囊粒子之製備技術與品質評估 71
(一)薑黃粉基本成分分析及薑黃素類化合物含量分析 72
(二)黏著劑理化特性分析 74
(三)粉、粒體基本物性分析 77
(四)粒徑分析 87
(五)粉、粒體外觀及微細構造 96
(六)粉體密度與流動性分析 103
(七)熱性質分析 110
(八)包埋量與薑黃素類化合物含量分析 115
第一章、結論 121
第二章、薑黃微膠囊釋控粒子之製備技術與品質評估 122
(一)粉、粒體基本物性分析 123
(二)粒徑分析 128
(三)粉、粒體外觀與微細構造 133
(四)粉體流動性分析 138
(五)熱性質分析 143
(六)X-ray繞射與FT-IR分析 146
(七)包埋量與薑黃素類化合物含量分析 149
第二章、結論 152
第三章、薑黃複合多層次釋控粒子之製備技術與品質評估 153
(一)粉、粒體外觀與微細構造 154
(二)粉體流動性分析 158
(三)熱性質分析 162
(四)X-ray繞射與FT-IR分析 165
(五)包埋量與薑黃類化合物含量分析 168
第三章、結論 171
第四章、薑黃複合多層次釋控粒子之貯存與釋放特性評估 172
(一)貯存過程中水分、水活性、色澤與指標成分之變化 173
(二)釋放特性評估 180
(三)釋放過程中微細構造變化 184
第四章、結論 190
柒、結論 191
捌、參考文獻 192

日本粉體工業技術協會。1991。造粒Handbook，日本粉體工業技術協會編，東京，日本。
王聖文。2014。熱加工對於噴霧乾燥薑黃素微膠囊之生物活性影響。國立嘉義大學食品科學系碩士論文。嘉義，台灣。
台經院產經資料庫統計資料 (http://www.tier.org.tw/)
吳克剛、柴向華，2006。現代食品工業新技術系列-食品微膠囊技術。中國輕工業出版社，北京，中國。
呂佳穎。2005。含薑黃素萃取物幾丁聚醣奈米粒之製備及其特性之探討。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士論文，基隆，台灣。
李永鋒、趙光龍、張志強，2007。國內木薯澱粉化學改性的研究發展。 熱帶農業科學 24(5): 64-66，中國。
林宏昇。2011。以模式系統評估桂枝凝膠造粒技術之研究。國立中興大學食品暨應用生物科技學系碩士論文。台中，台灣。
林逸瑋、張志鵬，2005。以凝膠法製備海藻酸鈣微膠囊包覆茶樹精油及其釋放性之研究。華岡紡織期刊，12(2)：136-146。
邱琴瑟、郭堉圻。2011。薑黃素的成分與應用。中華體育季刊，25(3)：410-418。
張玉麟。2012。薑黃素經由誘發轉錄因子PPAR-γ 誘發人類大腸癌細胞Caco-2 凋亡探討。國立屏東科技大學生物科技研究所，屏東，台灣。
陳冠融。2015。利用多層包埋技術維持植酸酶於受熱時之活性。國立台灣大學食品科技研究所碩士論文。台北，台灣。
陳姿妤。2011。以pH值、熱及添加物處理評估酪梨汁安定性及修飾效果。國立中興大學食品暨應用生物科技學系碩士論文。台中，台灣。
陳彥熾。1997。樹薯澱粉與米澱粉之交互作用對糊化、凝膠及回凝影響，中國文化大學生活應用科學研究所食品營養組。台北，台灣。
陳琇瑜。2013。熱處理與包覆造粒對米糠機能成分保護及降低吸濕性之探討。國立中興大學食品暨應用生物科技學系碩士論文。台中，台灣。
陳運造。2007。熱門的保健植物－薑黃。苗栗區農業專訊，38：19 – 20。
傅海天、盧賽清、羅燕春、黃建祺，2010。木薯的綜合利用價值。現代農業科技，8：116-118。
曾馨誼、許瑞瑱、施坤河。2014。2014年國內保健食品產值暨產業概況分析(精要版)。中華穀類食品公業技術研究所。新北市，台灣。
黃玉鈴，2015，綠茶粉及綠茶萃取物之多顆粒緩釋錠劑研發及其物性評估。國立中興大學食品暨應用生物科技學系碩士論文。台中，台灣。
楊孟婷。2014。以枸杞浸膏及黏著劑模式系統探討造粒&抗結塊修飾技術評估。國立中興大學食品暨應用生物科技學系碩士論文。台中，台灣。
詹玲、馮獻、李寧輝，2010。世界木薯生產和貿易形勢分析。世界農業，10：38-42，中國。
劉勇男。2008。以大白鼠胰臟轉分化肝細胞探討奈米薑黃素之肝化學毒性保護作用。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士論文。基隆，台灣。
劉翠玲。2009。全球保健食品產業發展現況與展望。農業生技產業季刊，18：1-8。
蔡昀靜、蔡偉皇。2016。機能性食品發展國際研討會紀實。農業生技產業季刊，47：58-64。
鄭任呈。2015。以殺菌模式系統評估災害稻穀淨化技術及複合粒中粒(liquid core)晶球研發。國立中興大學食品暨應用生物科技學系碩士論文。台中，台灣。
謝明祥、黃文濤、林玴竹、施科念。2008。薑黃素的生物效應。元培學報，15：1-10。
蘇柏駿。2012。以粉體及黏著劑之操作參數探討流動床造粒機制及品質修飾效果。國立中興大學食品暨應用生物科技學系碩士論文。台中，台灣。
龔吉宗，2011，包覆薑黃素魚油之二氧化矽幾丁聚糖複合微奈米粒之製備與抗腦腫瘤細胞活性探討，國立台灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士論文。基隆，台灣。
A.O.A.C. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis, 17th ed. DC: The Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
AACC International. 2000. Approved Methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists, 10th Ed. Method 66-50. The Association: St. Paul, MN
Abuarra, A., Hashim. R., Bauk. S., Kandaiya. S., Tousi, E.T., 2014. Fabrication and characterization of gum arabic bonded Rhizophora spp. Particle board. Materials and Design, 20:108-115.
Ali, B. H., Ziada, A., Blunden, G. 2009. Biological effects of gum arabic: A review of some recent research. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47: 1-8.
Anand, P., Sundaram, C., Jhurani, S., Kunnumakkara, A.B., Aggarwal, B.B., 2008. Curcumin and cancer: An ‘‘old-age” disease with an ‘‘age-old” solution. Cancer Letters, 267(1): 133-164.
Anthonsen, M. W., Smidsr?d, O. 1995. Hydrogen ion titration of chitosans with varying degrees of N-acetylation by monitoring induced 1H-NMR chemical shifts. Carbohydrate Polymers, 26 (4): 303-305.
Atichokudomch, N., Shobsngob, S., Chinachoti, P., Varavinit, S. 2001. A study of some physicochemical properties of high-crystalline tapioca starch. Starch/Stärke, 53: 577-581.
Augsburger, L. L., and Vuppala, M. K., 1997. Theory of granulation, in "Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology" Ed. D. M. Parikh, pp.7-23. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, USA.
Aulton, M.E., 2002 Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage Form Design, Churchill & Livingstone, New York
Benelli, L., Cortés-Rojas, D.F., Souza, C.R.F., Oliveira, W.P., 2015. Fluid bed drying and agglomeration of phytopharmaceutical compositions. Powder Technology, 273: 145-153
Berg, S., Manuela, B., Hubbermann. M.E., Karin, S. 2012. Influence of different pectins on powder characteristics of microencapsulated anthocyanins and their impact on drug retention of shellac coated granulate. Journal of Food Engineering, 108: 158-165
Bhowmik, D., Chiranjib, B., Sampath Kumar, K.P., Chandira, M., Jayakar, B., 2009. Turmeric: A herbal and traditional medicine. Archives of Applied Science Research, 1(2): 86-108.
Biswas. N., Sahoo. R.K., 2016. Tapioca starch blended alginate mucoadhesive-floating beads for intragastric delivery of Metoprolol Tartrate. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 83: 61-70.
Butstraen, C., Salaun, F. 2014. Preparation of microcapsules by complex coacervationof gum Arabic and chitosan. Carbohydrate Polymers, 99: 608-616.
Carr, R.L., 1965. Evaluating flow properties of solids. Chemical Engineer, 72: 163-168.
Chainani-Wu, N., 2003. Safety and anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin: A component of tumeric (Curcuma longa). The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 9(1): 161-168.
Chiou, D. Langrish, T. A. G., 2007. Development and characterisation of novel nutraceuticals with spray drying technology. Journal of Food Engineering, 82: 84-91.
Chi, H., Xu, K., Wu, X., Chen, Q., Xue, D., Song, C., Zhang, W., Wang, P. 2008. Effect of acetylation on the properties of corn starch. Food Chemistry, 106: 923-928.
Coronel-Aguilera, C.P. Martín-González, M.F.S., 2015. Encapsulation of spray dried β-carotene emulsion by fluidized bed coating technology. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 62: 187-193.
Dalaty, A. A., Karam, A., Najlah, M., Alany, R. G., Khoder, M. 2016. Effect of non-cross-linked calcium on characteristics, swelling behaviour, drug release and mucoadhesiveness of calcium alginate beads. Carbohydrate Polymers, 140: 163-170.
Dash, M., Chiellini, F., Ottenbrite, R. M., Chiellini, E. 2011. Chitosan—A versatile semi-synthetic polymer in biomedical applications. Progress in Polymer Science, 36: 981-1014.
Davarcı, F., Turan, D., Ozcelik, B., Poncelet, D., 2017. The influence of solution viscosities and surface tension on calcium-alginate microbead formation using dripping technique. Food Hydrocolloids, 62: 119-127.
Dewettinck, K., Huyghebaert, A., 1999. Fluidized bed coating in food technology. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 10: 163-168.
Dickinson, E. 2009. Hydrocolloids as emulsifiers and emulsion stabilizers. Food Hydrocolloids, 23(6): 1473-1482.
Donati, I., Holtan, S., Morch, Y. A., Borgogna, M., Dentini, M., Skjak-Braek, G. 2005. New hypothesis on the role of alternating sequences incalcium-alginate gels. Biomacromolecules, 6(2): 1031-1040.
Dong, Y., S?rensen, K. M., He. S., Engelsen. S.B., 2017. Gum Arabic authentication and mixture quantification by near infrared spectroscopy. Food Control, 78: 144-149.
Dong, Y., Dong, W., Cao, Y., Han, Z., Ding, Z. 2011. Preparation and catalytic activity of Fe alginate gel beads for oxidative degradation of azo dyes under visible light irradiation. Catalysis Today, 175: 346-355.
Draget, K. I., 2000. Alginates. Handbook of Hydrocolloids. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 379-395.
Draget, K. I., Moe, S., Skjåk-Bræk, G., Smidsr?d, O. 2006. Alginates. In Food polysaccharides and their applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2nd ed: pp. 289-334.
Dutra, J. A.P., Carvalho, S. G., Zampirolli, A. C. D., Daltoé, R. D., Teixeira, R. M., Careta, F. P., Cotrim, M. A. P., Oréfice, R. L., Villanova, J. C. O., 2017. Papain wound dressings obtained from poly (vinyl alcohol)/calciumalginate blends as new pharmaceutical dosage form: Preparation and preliminary evaluation. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 113: 11-23.
Egadu, S. P., Mucunguzi, P., Obua, J. 2007. Uses of tree species producing gum arabic in Karamoja, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology, 45(s1): 17-21.
Fang, J. M., Fowler, P. A., Sayers, C., Williams, P. A. 2004. The chemical modification of a range of starches under aqueous reaction conditions. Carbohydrate Polymers, 55: 283-289.
Feng, Y., Kopplin, G., Sato, K., Draget, K. I., Vårum, K. M. 2017. Alginate gels with a combination of calcium and chitosan oligomer mixtures as crosslinkers. Carbohydrate Polymers, 156: 490-497.
Frączek, J., Złobecki, A., Zemanek, J., 2007. Assessment of angle of repose of granular plant material using computer image analysis. Journal of Food Engineering, 83: 17-22.
Frautschy, S.A., Hu, W., Kim, P., Miller, S.A., Chu, T., Harris-White, M.E., Colea, G.M., 2001. Phenolic anti-inflammatory antioxidant reversal of A beta-induced cognitive deficits and neuropathology. Neurobiology of Aging, 22: 993-1005.
Friend, D. R. 1991. Colon-specific drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 7 (1): 149-199.
Fries, L., Antonyuk S., Heinrich S., Palzer S., 2011. DEM–CFD modeling of a fluidized bed spray granulator. Chemical Engineering Science, 66: 2340-2355.
George, M., Abraham, T. E. 2006. Polyionic hydrocolloids for the intestinal delivery of protein drugs: Alginate and chitosan—A review. Journal of Controlled Release, 114(1): 1-14.
Gibbs, B.F., Kermasha, S., Alli, I., Mulligan, C.N. 1999. Encapsulation in the food industry: A review. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 50: 213-224.
Goel, A., Kunnumakkara, A.B., Aggarwal, B.B. 2008. Curcumin as “Curecumin”: From kitchen to clinic. Biochemical Pharmacology, 78(4): 787-809.
Goheen, S. M., Wool, R. P. 1991. Degradation of polyethylene starch blends in soil. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 42: 2691-2701.
Guignon, B., Duquenoy, A., Dumoulin, E. D., 2002. Fluid bed encapsulation of particles: principles and practice. Drying Technology, 20: 419-447.
Guignon, B., Duquenoy, A. and Dμmoulin, E. D., 2003. Helping to choose operating parameter for a coating fluid bed process. Powder Technology, 130: 193-198.
Hadi, A., Elderbi, M. A., Mohamed, A. 2010. Effect of gum Arabic on coagulation system of albino rats. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2(3): 1762-1766.
Hede, P.D., 2006. Fluid bed particle processing.
Hiorth, M., Sk?ien, T., Sande, S. A., 2010. Immersion coating of pellet cores consisting of chitosan and calcium intended for colon drug delivery. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 75: 245-253.
Hua, S., Hua, H., Li, X., Yang, H. 2010. Wang, A., pH-sensitive sodium alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel beads prepared by combined Ca2+ crosslinking and freeze-thawing cycles for controlled release of diclofenac sodium. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 46: 517-523.
Hui, L., Berlo D. V., 2008. Curcumin protects against cytotoxic and inflammatory effects of quartz particles but causes oxidative DNA damage in a rat lung epithelial cell line. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 15: 115-124.
Irving, G.R.B., Karmokar, A., Berry, D.P., Brown, K., Steward, W.P., 2011. Curcumin: The potential for efficacy in gastrointestinal diseases. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 25(4,5) : 519-534.
Ito M., Ohta K., Nishio Z., Tabaki T., Hashimoto N., Funatsuki W., Miura H., and Yamauchi H.,2007. Quality evaluation of yellow alkaline noodles made from the kitanokaori wheat cultivar. Food Science and Technology Research, 13(3): 253-260.
Iveson, S.M., Litster, D.L., Hapgood, K. Ennis, B. J., 2001. Nucleation, growth and breakage phenomena in agitated wet granulation processes: areview. Powder Technology, 117: 3-39.
Jayaprakasha, G.K., Rao, L.J.M., Sakariah, K.K., 2002. Improved HPLC method for the determination of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50 (13): 3668-3672
Juliano, P., Barbosa-Cánovas, G.V. 2010. Food powders flowability characterization: theory, methods, and applications. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 1 (1): 211-239.
Joe, B., Lokesh, B.R., 1994. Role of capsaicin, curcumin and dietary n - 3 fatty acids in lowering the generation of reactive oxygen species in rat peritoneal macrophages. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Cell Research, 1224(4): 255-263.
Johnson J. J. and Mukhtar H., 2007. Curcumin for chemoprevention of colon cancer. Cancer Letters, 255: 170-181.
Jones, D. 2009. Development, Optimization, and scale-up of process parameters: Wurster Coating. Developing Solid Oral Dosage Forms, 807-825
Jono, K., Ichikawa, H., Miyamoto, M., Fukumori, Y. 2000. A review of particulate design for pharmaceutical powders and their production by spouted bed coating. Powder Technology, 113: 269-277.
Kage, H., Abe, R., Hattanda, R., Zhou, T., Ogura, H., Matsuno, Y., 2003. Effect of solid circulation rate on coating efficiency and agglomeration in circulating fluidized bed type coater. Powder Technology, 130: 203-210.
Karlsson, S., Rasmuson, A., van Wachem, B., Niklasson Björn, I. 2009. CFD modelling of the Wurster bed coater. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 55(10): 2578-2590.
Kha, T. C., Nguyen, M. H., Roach, P. B. 2010. Effects of spray drying conditions on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of the Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis) fruit aril powder. Journal of Food Engineering, 98: 385-392.
Kierstan, M., Bucke, C. 2000. The immobilization of microbial cells, subcellular organelles, and enzymes in calcium alginate gels. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 67(6): 726-736.
Kim, S., Park, J. B., Hwang, I. K. 2002. Quality attributes of various varieties of Korean red pepper powders (Capsicum annuum L.) and color stability during sunlight exposure. Journal of Food Science, 67: 2957-2961.
Knezevic, Z., Bobic, S., Milutinovic, A., Obradovic, B., Mojovic, L., Bugarski, B. 2002. Alginate-immobilized lipase by electrostatic extrusion for the purpose of palm oil hydrolysis in lecithin/isooctane system. Process Biochemistry, 38(3): 313-318.
Li, L., Fang, Y., Vreeker, R., Appelqvist, I. 2007. Reexamining the egg-box model in calcium-alginate gels with X-ray diffraction. Biomacromolecules, 8(2): 464–468.
Li, J., Shin, G.H., Lee, W.I., Chen, X., Park, H.J., 2016. Soluble starch formulated nanocomposite increases water solubility and stability of curcumin. Food Hydrocolloids, 56: 41-49.
Li, Y., Gan, W., Liu, X., Lin, T., Huang, B. 2014. Dispersion mechanisms of Arabic gum in the preparation of ultrafine silver powder. Korean Journal of Chemical, 31: 1490-1495.
Lin, J.K., Pan, M.H., Shiau, S.Y.L. 2000. Recent studies on the biofunctions and biotransformations of curcumin. Biofactors, 13: 153-158.
Link, K. C., Schlünder, E. U. 1997. Fluidized bed spray granulation: Investigation of the coating process on a single sphere. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 36: 443-457.
Loksuwan. J., 2007. Characterization of microencapsulated -carotene formed by spray drying with modified tapioca starch, native tapioca starch and malodextrin, Food Hydrocolloids, 21: 928-935.
Maheshwari, R.K., Singh, A.K., Gaddipati, A., Srimal, R.C., 2006. Multiple biological activities of curcumin: A short review. Life Sciences, 78(18): 2081-2087.
Mandal, S., Basu, S. K., Sa, B. 2010. Ca2+ ion cross-linked interpenetrating network matrix tablets of polyacrylamide-grafted-sodium alginate and sodium alginate for sustained release of diltiazem hydrochloride. Carbohydrate Polymers, 82: 867-873.
Maskan, M., 2001. Kinetics of color change of kiwi fruits during hot air and micro-wave drying. Journal of Food Engineering, 48: 167-175.
Matet, M., Heuzey, M.-C., Ajji, A. 2014. Morphology and antibacterial properties of plasticized chitosan/metallocene polyethylene blends. Journal of Materials Science, 49(15): 5427-5440.
Mendes, J. F., Paschoalin, R. T., Carmona, V. B., Neto, A. R.S., Marques, A. C. P., Marconcini, J. M., Mattoso, L. H. C., Medeiros, E. S., Oliveira, J. E. 2016. Biodegradable polymer blends based on corn starch and thermoplastic chitosan processed by extrusion. Carbohydrate Polymers, 137: 452-458.
Morch, Y. A., Donati, I., Strand, B. L., Skjak-Braek, G. 2006. Effect of Ca2+,Ba2+ and Sr2+on alginate microbeads. Biomacromolecules, 7(5): 1471-1480.
Nakauma, M., Funami, T., Fang, Y., Nishinari, K., Draget, K. I., Phillips, G. O. 2016. Calcium binding and calcium-induced gelation of sodium alginate modified by low molecular-weight polyuronate. Food Hydrocolloids, 55: 65-76.
Nayak, A. K., Das, B., Maji, R. 2012. Calcium alginate/gum Arabic beads containing glibenclamide: development and in vitro characterization. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 51: 1070-1078.
Nayak, A. K., Pal, D., Santra, K. 2016. Swelling and drug release behavior of metformin HCl-loaded tamarind seed polysaccharide-alginate beads. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 82: 1023-1027.
Palamanit, A., Soponronnarit, S., Prachayawarakorn, S., Tungtrakul, P., 2013. Effects of inlet air temperature and spray rate of coating solution on quality attributes of turmeric extract coated rice using top-spray fluidized bed coating technique. Journal of Food Engineering, 144(1): 132-138.
Palzer, S., 2009. Influence of material properties on the agglomeration of water soluble amorphous particles. Powder Technology, 189: 318-325.
Pan, M.H., Huang, T.M., Lin, J.K., 1999. Biotransformation of curcumin through reduction and glucuronidation in mice. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 27(4): 486-494.
Papajová, E., Bujdoš, M., Chorvát, D., Stach, M., Lacík, I. 2012. Method for preparation of planar alginate hydrogels by external gelling using an aerosol of gelling solution. Carbohydrate Polymers, 90(1): 472-482.
Pasparakis, G., Bouropoulos, N. 2006. Swelling studies and in vitro release of verapamil from calcium alginate and calcium alginate–chitosan beads. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 323: 34-42.
Pawar, S. N., Edgar, K. J., 2012. Alginate derivatization: A review of chemistry, properties and applications. Biomaterials, 33: 3279-3305.
Peleg, M. 1977. Flowability of food powders and methods for its evaluation—a review. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 1(4): 303-328.
Pereira, A.G.B., Fajardo, A.R., Nocchi, S., Nakamura, C.V., Rubira, A.F., Muniz, E.C., 2013. Starch based microspheres for sustained-release of curcumin: preparation and cytotoxic effect on tumor cells. Carbohydrate Polymers, 98: 711-720.
Phillips, A. O., Phillips, G. O. 2011. Biofunctional behaviour and health benefits of a specific gum arabic. Food Hydrocolloids, 25: 165-169.
Phillips, G. O., Ogasawara, T., Ushida, K. 2008. The regulatory and scientific approach to defining gum arabic (Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal) as a dietary fibre. Food Hydrocolloids, 22(1): 24-35.
Porat, Y., Abramowitz, A., Gazit, E., 2006. Inhibition of amyloid fibril formation by polyphenols: structural similarity and aromatic interactions as a common inhibition mechanism. Chemical Biology and Drug Design, 67: 27-37.
Rao, C.V. 2007. Regulation of COX and LOX by Curcumin. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 595: 213-226.
Rathod, J. H. 2008. Understanding the origins of stickiness in wheat flour tortillas and devising strategies to reduce it. The master thesis of food science in the Rutgers, New Jersey, USA.
Ravindran, P.N., Nirmal Babu, K., Sivaraman, K., 2007. Turmeric, the genuscurcuma. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Groupp, Boca Raton, New York, USA.
Rayo, L.M., Carvalho, L.C., Sardá, F.A.H., Dacanal, G.C., Menezes, E.W., Tadini, C.C. 2015. Production of instant green banana flour (Musa cavendischii, var. Nanicão) by a pulsed-fluidized bed agglomeration. Food Science and Technology, 63: 461-469.
Reddy, A.C.P., Lokesh, B.R., 1994. Studies on anti-inflammatory activity of spice principles and dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 38: 349-358.
Renard, D., Lavenant-Gourgeon, L., Ralet, M.-C., Sanchez, C. 2006. Acacia s enegal gum: Continuum of molecular species differing by their protein to sugar ratio, molecular weight, and charges. Biomacromolecules, 7(9): 2637-2649.
Rivera, M. C., Pinheiro, A. C., Bourbon, A. I., Cerqueira, M. A., Vicente, A. A. 2015. Hollow chitosan/alginate nanocapsules for bioactive compound delivery. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 79: 95-102.
Sartori, C., Finch, D. S., Ralph, B., Gilding, K. 1997. Determination of the cation content of alginate thin films by FTi.r. spectroscopy. Polymer, 38: 43-51.
Schubert, H., 1993. Instantization of powdered food products. International Chemical Engineering, 33: 28-45.
Sharma, R.A., Gescher, A.J., Steward, W.P., 2005. Curcumin: The story so far. European Journal of Cancer, 41: 1955–1968.
Shen, L., Zhang, H.Y., Ji, H.F., 2005. A theoretical study on Cu (II)-chelating properties of curcumin and its implications for curcumin as a multipotent agent to combat Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM, 757: 199–202.
Simpson, N. E., Stabler, C. L., Simpson, C. P., Sambanis, A., Constantinidis, I. 2004. The role of the CaCl2–guluronic acid interaction on alginate encapsulated βTC3 cells. Biomaterials, 25: 2603-2610.
Sinha, P., Ubaidulla, U., Hasnain, M. S., Nayak, A. K., Rama, B., 2015. Alginate-okra gum blend beads of diclofenac sodium from aqueous template using ZnSO4 as a cross-linker. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 79: 555-563.
Siviero, A., Gallo, E., Maggini, V., Gori, L., Mugelli, A., Firenzuoli, F., Vannacci, A., 2015. Curcumin, a golden spice with a low bioavailability. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 5(2): 57-70.
Skrzypczak-Jankun, E., McCabe, N.P., Selman, S.H., Jankun, J., 2000. Curcumin inhibits lipoxygenase by binding to its central cavity: theoretical and X-ray evidence. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 6: 521-526.
Smitha, B., Sridhar, S., Khan, A. A. 2005. Chitosan–sodium alginate polyion complexes as fuel cell membranes. European Polymer Journal, 41: 1859-1866.
Smith, W.L., Dewitt, D.L., Garavito, R.M., 2000. Cyclooxygenases: structural, cellular, and molecular biology. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 69: 145-182.
Soazo, M., Báez, G., Barboza, A., Busti, P. A., Rubiolo, A., Verdini, R., Delorenzi, N. J. 2015. Heat treatment of calcium alginate films obtained by ultrasonic atomizing: Physicochemical characterization. Food Hydrocolloids, 51: 193-199.
Sobel, R., Versic, R., Gaonkar, A. G. 2014. Introduction to microencapsulation and controlled delivery in foods. Microencapsulation in the Food Industry, 3-10.
Sou, K., Inenaga, S., 2008. Loading of curcumin into macrophages using lipid-based nanoparticles. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 352: 287-293.
Street, C.A., Anderson, D. M. W. 1983. Refinement of structures previously proposed for gum arabic and other acacia gum exudates. Talanta, 30(11): 887-893.
Ström, D., Karlsson, S., Folestad, S., Björn, I. N., Laurell, T., Nilsson, J., Rasmuson, A. 2005. A new device for coating single particles under controlled conditions. Chemical Engineering Science, 60: 4647 – 4653.
Szulc, K., Lenart, K. 2013. Surface modification of dairy powders: Effects of fluid-bed agglomeration and coating. International Dairy Journal, 33: 55-61.
Taga, M.S., Miller, E.E., Pratt, D.E., 1984. Chia Seeds as a source of natural lipid antioxidants. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 61(5): 928-931.
Tan, C., Xie, J., Zhang, X., Cai, J., Xia, S., 2016. Polysaccharide-based nanoparticles by chitosan and gum Arabic polyelectrolyte complexation as carriers for curcumin. Food Hydrocolloids, 57: 236-245.
Tang, E. S. K., Wang, L., Liew, C. V., Chan, L.W., Heng, P.W.S. 2008. Drying efficiency and particle movement in coating—impact on particle agglomerationand yield. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 350: 172-180.
Thies, C. 1996. A survey of microencapsulation processes. In: Benita, S. (Ed.), Microencapsulation: Methods and Industrial Applications. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, pp. 1-19.
Tonnesen, H.H., Karlsen, J., 1985. Studies on curcumin and curcuminoids: VI – kinetics of curcumin degradation in aqueous solution. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 180: 402-404.
Tran, D. L., G, D. P., Nguyen, X. P., Vu, D. H., Nguyen, N. T., Tran, V. H., Mai, T. T. T., Nguyen, H. B., Le, Q. D., Nguyen, T. N., & Ba, T. C. 2011. Some biomedical applications of chitosan-based hybrid nanomaterials. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2(4): 1-6.
Treenate, P., Monvisade, P. 2017. In vitro drug release profiles of pH-sensitive hydroxyethylacryl chitosan/sodium alginate hydrogels using paracetamol as a soluble model drug. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 99: 71-78.
Turchiuli, C., Jimenèz T., Dμmoulin D., 2011. Identification of thermal zones and population balance modelling of fluidized bed spray granulation. Powder Technology, 208: 542-552.
Turchiulli, C., Eloualia, Z., Mansouri, N. E., & Dumoulin, E., 2005. Fluidised bed agglomeration: Agglomerates shape and end-use properties. Powder Technology, 157: 168-175.
Wang, Y.J., Pan, M.H., Cheng, A.L., Lin, L.N., Ho, Y.S., Hsieh, C.Y., Lin, J.K., 1997. Stability of curcumin in buffer solutions and characterization of its degradation products. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 15: 1867-1876.
Wurster, D. E. 1966. Particle coating process.US Patent No.3, 253, 944, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.
Wyasu, G., Okereke, N. 2012. Improving the film forming ability of gum Arabic. Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources, 2: 314-317.
Zhang, Y., Xue, C., Xue, Y., Gao, R., Zhang, X. 2005. Determination of the degree of deacetylation of chitin and chitosan by X-ray powder diffraction. Carbohydrate Research, 340 : 1914-1917.
Zeeb, B., Saberi, A. H., Weiss, J., McClements, D. J. 2015. Formation and characterization of filled hydrogel beads based on calcium alginate: Factors influencing nanoemulsion retention and release. Food Hydrocolloids, 50: 27-36.