臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

研究背景及目的：偏頭痛是一種常見的健康問題，18歲以上的成年人平均每7個人就有一位是偏頭痛診斷；影響偏頭痛失能程度最常見也是最主要的原因為疼痛特性，包括疼痛程度、持續時間及發作頻率，亦可能因為罹病時間長短而有所變化，但目前國內外針對偏頭痛病人疼痛特性與偏頭痛失能之研究多半以單次評估為主，且較少探討偏頭痛失能之長期變化趨勢或是軌跡發展，故本研究主要探討偏頭痛病人疼痛特性與偏頭痛失能之關係、變化趨勢、影響因素及其軌跡發展。
研究方法：本研究為一縱貫性研究設計，於北部某醫學中心神經內科門診採方便取樣共收127位個案，以結構式問卷收集初診斷偏頭痛病人的資料，包括基本屬性、疾病特性、生活型態、醫院焦慮與憂鬱量表（Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS）、中文版匹茲堡睡眠品質量表（Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI）以及偏頭痛失能評估量表（Migraine Disability Assessment Score, MIDAS），並分別在收案滿三個月及六個月時以電話追蹤方式評估偏頭痛病人偏頭痛失能之狀況；所得資料採用SPSS 20.0版及SAS 9.4版套裝軟體進行描述性統計分析，其中類別變項以次數分配及百分比表示，連續變項以平均值、標準差、最大值、最小值描述各變項之分佈情形，推論性統計則使用廣義估計方程式（generalized estimating equation, GEE）、潛在類別成長模式（latent class growth model, LCGM）及多元邏輯斯迴歸分析（multiple logistic regression analysis）進行資料分析，以p <0.05達統計上顯著意義。
結果：研究結果顯示：性別、疼痛程度、持續時間、發作頻率及使用預防藥物為偏頭痛失能的影響因素；在預防藥物當中，以鈣離子阻斷劑對於改善偏頭痛失能程度的成效優於其他預防藥物；偏頭痛病人偏頭痛失能的軌跡類型可區分為「平緩降低且無失能」（47.9%）、「中度降低且輕度失能」（45.8%）、「高度降低且重度失能」（6.3%）；以「平緩降低且無失能」為參考組，家族史、女性偏頭痛與經期相關、疼痛程度、持續時間、發作頻率、服用止痛藥天數、使用預防藥物及睡眠品質為「中度降低且輕度失能」軌跡類型的影響因素；以「平緩降低且無失能」為參考組，共病症總數、持續時間、服用止痛藥天數、憂鬱、焦慮及睡眠品質為「高度降低且重度失能」軌跡類型的影響因素。
結論：研究結果有助於臨床醫療人員了解偏頭痛失能的長期變化趨勢及相關影響因素，並可依據不同失能軌跡的特質即早篩檢偏頭痛失能的高危險群，針對主要的影響因素提供適切之醫療照護及治療措施，減輕病人因偏頭痛失能所帶來的困擾，以維持日常生活活動的功能性、促進醫療照護品質。

Background: Migraine is a common health problem. More than 14.2% of adults over 18 years old have terrible experience with migraine or severe headache. The most common causes of migraine disability were characteristics of pain including pain intensity, duration, and frequency. Also, migraine disability may be affected by time. The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship of migraine disability and characteristics of pain , examine developmental trajectory patterns of migraine disability among migraineurs and determine the relative risks in explaining the trajectories patterns of migraine disability.
Methods: The study was an observational longitudinal study with a 3-month and 6-month follow-up. One hundred and twenty-seven migraineurs (78.7% in women and 21.3% in men) were recruited in this study. Data was obtained from a neurology clinic of hospital center in northern Taiwan. Participants diagnosed migraine with/without aura were asked to complete the questionnaires including demographic features, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS). SPSS 20.0 software package for descriptive statistical analysis and generalized estimating equation, latent class growth model, and multiple logistic regression analysis for inferential statistical analysis were used. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Migraine disability were associated with gender, pain intensity, duration, frequency and using prevent agents; suzin could significantly reduce migraine disability than other preventive agents; the migraine disability can be divided into three trajectory patterns, flat decrease without disability group (47.9%), moderate decrease with mild disability group (45.8%), and sharp decrease with severe disability group (6.3%); In comparison with the “flat decrease without disability group”, “moderate decrease with mild disability group” was related to family history of migraine, menstruation, pain intensity, duration, frequency, taking painkillers days, and using prevent agents; In comparison with the “flat decrease without disability group”, “sharp decrease with severe disability group” was related to the total number of comorbidities, duration, taking painkillers days, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality.
Conclusions: These findings can be used as reference for help health care workers to identify high-risk group of migraine disability trajectory, and be able to provide appropriate medical care and treatments.

正文目錄
正文目錄 I-III
「表」目錄　IV
「圖」目錄　VI
「附錄」目錄　VII
中文摘要 VIII
英文摘要 XI
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與重要性 1
第二節 研究目的 4
第二章 文獻查證 5
第一節 偏頭痛之相關概念 5
第二節 偏頭痛失能之相關概念 18
第三節 偏頭痛失能與疼痛特性之關係、變化趨勢及其相關研究 24
第四節 偏頭痛失能之影響因素及其相關研究 28
第三章 概念架構 38
第一節 研究架構 38
第二節 名詞解釋 41
第三節 研究問題 45
第四章 研究方法 46
第一節 研究設計 46
第二節 研究場所及研究對象 47
第三節 研究工具 49
第四節 資料收集過程 54
第五節 資料處理與分析 56
第六節 研究倫理考量 58
第五章 研究結果 59
第一節 偏頭痛病人人口學變項之分佈 59
第二節 偏頭痛病人心理狀態、睡眠品質及偏頭痛失能之分佈 73
第三節 偏頭痛病人基本屬性、疾病特性、生活型態、心理狀態、睡眠品質與偏頭痛失能之關係 79
第四節 偏頭痛病人偏頭痛失能之變化趨勢 92
第五節 偏頭痛病人偏頭痛失能之軌跡類型與特性 95
第六節 不同偏頭痛失能軌跡類型之影響因素 108
第六章 討論 114
第一節 偏頭痛病人偏頭痛失能之變化趨勢及其影響因素 114
第二節 偏頭痛病人偏頭痛失能之軌跡類型 122
第三節 影響偏頭痛失能軌跡類型之相關因素 124
第七章 研究結論與建議 125
第一節 結論 125
第二節 研究限制 126
第三節 建議 127
第八章 參考資料 129
英文部分 129
中文部分 146

Ahn, A. H. (2013). Why does increased exercise decrease migraine? Current Pain and Headache Reports, 17(12), 1-4. doi:10.1007/s11916-013-0379-y
Alpay, K., Ertas, M., Orhan, E. K., Ustay, D. K., Lieners, C., & Baykan, B. (2010). Diet restriction in migraine, based on IgG against foods: a clinical double-blind, randomised, cross-over trial. Cephalalgia, 30(7), 829-837. doi:10.1177/0333102410361404
Americans with Disabilities Act. (1991). Definitions: disability. Retrieved from http://www.ada.gov/reg2.htm
Antonaci, F., Nappi, G., Galli, F., Manzoni, G. C., Calabresi, P., & Costa, A. (2011). Migraine and psychiatric comorbidity: a review of clinical findings. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 12(2), 115-125. doi:10.1007/s10194-010-0282-4.
Ashtari, F., Shaygannejad, V., & Akbari, M. (2008). A double-blind, randomized trial of low-dose topiramate vs propranolol in migraine prophylaxis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 118(5), 301-305. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01087.x.
Baos, V., Ester, F., Castellanos, A., Nocea, G., Caloto, M. T., & Gerth, W. C. (2005). Use of a structured migraine diary improves patient and physician communication about migraine disability and treatment outcomes. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 59(3), 281-286. doi :10.1111/j.1368-5031.2005.00469. x
Barra, M., Dahl, F. A., & Vetvik, K. G. (2015). Statistical testing of association between menstruation and migraine. Headache, 55(2), 229-240. DOI:10.1111/head.12457
Bigal, M. E., Liberman, J. N., & Lipton, R. B. (2006). Obesity and migraine: a population study. Neurology, 66(4), 545-550. DOI:10.1212/01.wnl.0000197218.05284.82
Bigal, M. E., Rapoport, A. M., Lipton, R. B., Tepper, S. J., & Sheftell, F. D. (2003). Assessment of migraine disability using the migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire: a comparison of chronic migraine with episodic migraine. Headache, 43(4), 336-342. DOI:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2003.03068.x
Bigal, M. E., Tsang, A., Loder, E., Serrano, D., Reed, M. L., & Lipton, R. B. (2007). Body mass index and episodic headaches: a population-based study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(18), 1964-1970. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.18.1964.
Borsook, D., Erpelding, N., Lebel, A., Linnman, C., Veggeberg, R., Grant, P. E., … & Burstein, R. (2014). Sex and the migraine brain. Neurobiology of Disease, 68, 200-214. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2014.03.008
Brandes, J. L. (2008). The migraine cycle: patient burden of migraine during and between migraine attacks. Headache, 48(3), 430-441. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.01004.x.
Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., Schultz, L. R., & Peterson, E. L. (1994). Migraine and major depression: a longitudinal study. Headache, 34(7), 387-393. DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.1994.hed3407387.x
Burch, R. C., Loder, S., Loder, E., & Smitherman, T. A. (2015). The prevalence and burden of migraine and severe headache in the United States: updated statistics from government health surveillance studies. Headache, 55(1), 21-34. doi:10.1111/head.12482.
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. K., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI): A new instrument for psychiatric research and practice. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193-213.
Campbell, J. K., Penzien, D. B., & Wall, E. M. (2000). Evidence-based guidelines for migraine headaches: behavioral and physical treatments. Retrieved from http://www.aan.com/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Disability overview: impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/disability.html
Chen, M. L, Chang, H. K., & Yeh, C. H. (2000). Anxiety and depression in Taiwanese cancer patients with and without pain. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(4), 944-951. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01560.x
Corallo, F., Cola, M. C. D., Buono, V. L., Grugno, R., Pintabona, G., Presti, R. L, … & MARINO, S. (2015). Assessment of anxiety, depressive disorders and pain intensitu migraine and the tension headache patients. Acta Medica Mediterranea, 31, 615-620.
Couturier, E. G, Hering, R., & Steiner, T. J. (1992). Weekend attacks in migraine patients: caused by caffeine withdrawal? Cephalalgia, 12(2), 99-100. doi: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1992.1202099.x
D'Amico, D., Grazzi, L., Bussone, G., Curone, M., Di Fiore, P., Usai, S. … & Raggi, A. (2015a). Are depressive symptomatology, self-efficacy, and perceived social support related to disability and quality of life in patients with chronic migraine associated to medication overuse? Data from a cross-sectional study. Headache, 55(5), 636-645. doi: 10.1111/head.12534.
D'Amico, D., Grazzi, L., Curone, M., Di Fiore, P., Proietti Cecchini, A., Leonardi, M., … & Raggi, A. (2015b). Difficulties in work activities and the pervasive effect over disability in patients with episodic and chronic migraine. Neurological Sciences, 36(1), 9-11. doi:10.1007/s10072-015-2130-4.
D'Amico, D., Grazzi. L., Usai, S., Rigamonti, A., Curone, M., & Bussone, G. (2005). Disability pattern in chronic migraine with medication overuse: a comparison with migraine without aura. Headache, 45(5), 553-560. DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05109.x
Diener, H. C., Bussone, G., de Liano, H., Eikermann, A., Englert, R., Floeter, T., …& EMSASI Study Group. (2004a). Placebo-controlled comparison of effervescent acetylsalicylic acid, sumatriptan and ibuprofen in the treatment of migraine attacks. Cephalalgia, 24(11), 947-954. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00783.x
Diener, H. C., Tfelt-Hansen, P., Dahlöf, C., Láinez, M. J., Sandrini, G., Wang, S. J., … & MIGR-003 Study Group. (2004b). Topiramate in migraine prophylaxis--results from a placebo-controlled trial with propranolol as an active control. Journal of Neurology, 251(8), 943-950. DOI:10.1007/s00415-004-0464-6
Dittrich, S. M., Günther, V., Franz, G., Burtscher, M., Holzner, B., & Kopp, M. (2008). Aerobic exercise with relaxation: influence on pain and psychological well-being in female migraine patients. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 18(4), 363-365. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e31817efac9
Freitag, F. G., Lyss, H., & Nissan, G. R. (2013). Migraine disability, healthcare utilization, and expenditures following treatment in a tertiary headache center. Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center), 26(4), 363-367.
Freitag, F., Smith, T., Mathew, N., Rupnow, M., Greenberg, S., Mao, L., … & AEGIS Investigator Study Group. (2008). Effect of early intervention with almotriptan vs placebo on migraine-associated functional disability: results from the AEGIS Trial. Headache, 48(3), 341-354. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.01044.x.
Garza, I., & Schwedt, T. J. (2010). Diagnosis and management of chronic daily headache. Seminars in Neurology, 30(2), 154-166. DOI:10.1055/s-0030-1249224
Gil-Gouveia, R., Oliveira, A. G., & Martins, I. P. (2014). The impact of cognitive symptoms on migraine attack related disability. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 15(S1), 21. doi:10.1186/1129-2377-15-S1-D21
Gil-Martínez, A., Kindelan-Calvo, P., Agudo-Carmona, D., Muñoz-Plata, R., López-de-Uralde-Villanueva, I., & La Touche, R. (2013). Therapeutic exercise as treatment for migraine and tension-type headaches: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Revue Neurologique, 57(10), 433-443.
Goldstein, J., Silberstein, S.D., Saper, J. R., Elkind, A. H., Smith, T. R., Gallagher, R. M., … & Baggish J. (2005). Acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine versus sumatriptan succinate in the early treatment of migraine: results from the ASSET trial. Headache, 45(8), 973-982. DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05177.x
Gori, S., Bonanni, E., Morelli, N., Maestri, M., Fabbrini, M., & Murii, L. (2003). Sleep quality and fatigue in migraine. Cephalagia, 23(7), 589.
Goulart, A. C., Santos, I. S., Brunoni, A. R., Nunes, M. A., Passos, V. M., Griep, R. H., … & Benseñor, I. M. (2014). Migraine headaches and mood/anxiety disorders in the ELSA Brazil. Headache, 54(8), 1310-1319. doi:10.1111/head.12397.
Gupta, S., McCarson, K. E., Welch, K. M., & Berman, N. E. (2011). Mechanisms of pain modulation by sex hormones in migraine. Headache, 51(6), 905-922. DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01908.x
Haque, B., Rahman, K. M., Hoque, A., Hasan, A. T., Chowdhury, R. N., Khan, S. U., … & Mohammad, Q. D. (2012). Precipitating and relieving factors of migraine versus tension type headache. BMC Neurology, 12, 1-4. doi:10.1186/1471-2377-12-82
Harnod, T., Wang, Y. C., & Kao, C. H. (2015). Higher risk of developing a subsequent migraine in adults with nonapnea sleep disorders: A nationwide population-based cohort study. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 26(4), 232-236. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2015.03.002
Hawkins, K., Wang, S., & Rupnow, M. (2008). Direct cost burden among insured US employees with migraine. Headache, 48(4), 553-563. DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00990.x
Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. (2013). The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalalgia, 33(9) 629–808. DOI:10.1177/0333102413485658
Holland, S., Silberstein, S. D., Freitag, F., Dodick, D. W., Argoff, C., & Ashman, E. (2012). Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults. Neurology, 78, 1346-1353. DOI 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d0c
Holroyd, K. A., Drew, J. B, Cottrell, C. K., Romanek, K. M., & Heh, V. (2007). Impaired functioning and quality of life in severe migraine: the role of catastrophizing and associated symptoms. Cephalalgia, 27(10), 1156-1165. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01420.x
Hung, P. H., Fuh, J. L., & Wang, S. J. (2006). Validity, reliability and application of the Taiwan version of the migraine disability assessment questionnaire. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 105(7), 563-568. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0929-6646(09)60151-0
Jacobson, G. P., Ramadan, N. M., Aggarwal, S. K., & Newman, C. W. (1994). The Henry Ford Hospital Headache Disability Inventory (HDI). Neurology, 44(5), 837-842.
Jelinski, S. E., Becker, W. J., Christie, S. N., Ahmad, F. E., Pryse-Phillips, W., & Simpson, S. D. (2006). Pain free efficacy of sumatriptan in the early treatment of migraine. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 33(1), 73-79. DOI: 10.1017/S031716710000473X
Jensen, R., & Stovner, L. J. (2008). Epidemiology and comorbidity of 　headache. The Lancet Neurology, 7(4), 354-361. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70062-0
Jhingran, P., Osterhaus, J. T., Miller, D. W., Lee, J. T., & Kirchdoetfer, L. (1998). Development and validation of the migraine-specific quality of life questionnaire. Headache, 38(4), 295-302. DOI:10.1046/j.1526-4610.1998.3804295.x
Jones, B. L., Nagin, D. S., & Roeder, K. (2001). A SAS procedure based on mixture models for estimating developmental trajectories. Sociological Methods & Research, 29(3), 374-393. doi:10.1177/0049124101029003005
Juang, K. D., Wang, S. J., Lin, C. H., & Fuh, J. L. (1999). Use of the hospital anxiety and depression scale as a screening tool for patients with headache. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei), 62(11), 749-55.
Kelman, L. (2007). The triggers or precipitants of the acute migraine attack. Cephalalgia, 27(5), 394-402. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01303.x
Koppen, H., & van Veldhoven, P. L. (2013). Migraineurs with exercise-triggered attacks have a distinct migraine. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 14(99), 1-4. doi:10.1186/1129-2377-14-99
Kosinski, M., Bayliss, M. S., Bjorner, J. B., Ware, J. E., Garber, W. H., Batenhorst, A., … & Tepper, S. (2003). A six-item short-form survey for measuring headache impact: The HIT-6TM. Quality of Life Research, 12(8), 963-974. DOI 10.1023/A:1026119331193
Kostanjsek, N., Good, A., Madden, R. H., Üstün, T. B., Chatterji, S., Mathers, C. D., & Officer, A. (2013). Counting disability: global and national estimation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35(13), 1065-1069. doi:10.3109/09638288.2012.720354.
Lee, H. L., Huang, H. C., Lee, M. D., Chen, J. H., & Lin, K. C. (2012). Factors affecting trajectory patterns of self-rated health (SRH) in an older population--a community-based longitudinal study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 54(3), e334-341. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2011.10.009.
Leonardi, M., Raggi, A., Bussone, G., & D'Amico, D. (2010). Health-related quality of life, disability and severity of disease in patients with migraine attending to a specialty headache center. Headache, 50(10), 1576-1586. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01770.x.
Leung, C. M., Ho, S., Kan, C. S., Hung, C. H., & Chen, C. N. (1993). Evaluation of the chinese version of the hospital anxiety and depression ccale: a cross-cultural perspective. International Journal of Psychosomatics, 40, 29-34.
Lipton, R. B., Bigal, M. E., Diamond, M., Freitag, F., Reed, M. L., Stewart, W. F., & AMPP Advisory Group. (2007). Migraine prevalence, disease burden, and the need for preventive therapy. Neurology, 68(5), 343-349. DOI:10.1212/01.wnl.0000252808.97649.21
Lipton, R. B., Bigal, M. E., Kolodner, K., Stewart, W. F., Liberman, J. N., & Steiner, T. J. (2003a). The family impact of migraine: population-based studies in the USA and UK. Cephalalgia, 23(6), 429-440. DOI:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00543.x
Lipton, R. B., Buse, D. C., Serrano, D., Golden, W. M., Chen, Y. T., & Bigal, M. E. (2009, September). Acute medication use patterns in episodic migraine: results of the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study (AMPP). Presented at the 14th congress of the International Headache Society, Philadelphia, PA.
Lipton, R. B., Liberman, J. N., Kolodner, K. B., Bigal, M. E., Dowson, A., & Stewart, W. F. (2003b). Migraine headache disability and health-related quality-of-life: a population-based case-control study from England. Cephalalgia, 23(6), 441-450. DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00546.x
Lipton, R. B., Stewart, W. F., Sawyer, J., & Edmeads, J. G. (2001). Clinical utility of an instrument assessing migraine disability: the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire. Headache, 41(9), 854-861. DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2001.01156.x
Lipton, R. B., Stewart, W. F., Stone, A. M., Láinez, M. J., & Sawyer, J. P. (2000). Stratified care vs step care strategies for migraine: the Disability in Strategies of Care (DISC) Study: A randomized trial. JAMA, 284(20), 2599-2605.
Littell, R. C., Henry, P. R., & Ammerman, C. B. (1998). Statistical analysis of repeated measures data using SAS procedures. Journal of Animal Science. 76(4), 1216-1231. doi:/1998.7641216x
Luo, N., Di, W., Zhang, A., Wang, Y., Ding, M., Qi, W., Zhu, Y., … & Fang, Y. (2012). A randomized, one-year clinical trial comparing the efficacy of topiramate, flunarizine, and a combination of flunarizine and topiramate in migraine prophylaxis. Pain Medicine, 13(1), 80-86. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01295.x.
MacGregor, E. A., Victor, T. W., Hu, X., Xiang, Q., Puenpatom, R. A., Chen, W., & Campbell, J. C. (2010). Characteristics of menstrual vs nonmenstrual migraine: a post hoc, within-woman analysis of the usual-care phase of a nonrandomized menstrual migraine clinical trial. Headache, 50(4), 528-538. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01625.x.
Magnusson, J. E., & Becker, W. J. (2003). Migraine frequency and intensity: relationship with disability and psychological factors. Headache, 43(10), 1049-1059. DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-4610.2003.03206.x
Maniyar, F. H., Sprenger, T., Monteith, T., Schankin, C., & Goadsby, P. J. (2014). Brain activations in the premonitory phase of nitroglycerin-triggered migraine attacks. Brain, 137(1), 232-241. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt320.
Marmura, M. J., Silberstein, S. D., & Schwedt, T. J. (2015). The acute treatment of migraine in adults: the american headache society evidence assessment of migraine pharmacotherapies. Headache, 55(1), 3-20. doi:10.1111/head.12499
Matias-Guiu, J., Fernandez, C., Porta-Etessam, J., Mateos, V., & Diaz-Insa, S. (2014). Factors associated with the differences in migraine prevalence rates between Spanish regions. The Scientific World Journal, 1-6. DOI:10.1155/2014/323084
Mcneil, D. W., Turk, C. L., & Ries, B. I. (1994). Anxiety and fear. Human Behavior, 14(1), 151-163.
Meletiche, D. M., Lofland, J. H., & Young, W. B. (2001). Quality of life differences between patients with episodic and transformed migraine. Headache, 41(6), 573-578. DOI:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2001.041006573.x
Menon, B., & Kinnera, N. (2013). Prevalence and characteristics of migraine in medical students and its impact on their daily activities. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 16(2), 221-225. doi: 10.4103/0972-2327.112472.
Menon, S., Lea, R. A., Ingle, S., Sutherland, M., Wee, S., Haupt, L. M., … & Griffiths, L. R. (2015). Effects of dietary folate intake on migraine disability and frequency. Headache, 55(2), 301-309. doi:10.1111/head.12490.
Millichap, J. G., & Yee, M. M. (2003). The diet factor in pediatric and adolescent migraine. Pediatric Neurology, 28(1), 9-15. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0887-8994(02)00466-6
Minen, M. T., Seng, E. K., & Holroyd, K. A. (2014). Influence of family psychiatric and headache history on migraine-related health care utilization. Headache, 54(3), 485-492. DOI: 10.1111/head.12300
Mitchell, N., Hewitt, C. E., Jayakody, S., Islam, M., Adamson, J., Watt, I., & Torgerson, D. J. (2011). Randomised controlled trial of food elimination diet based on IgG antibodies for the prevention of migraine like headaches. Nutrition Journal, 10(85), 1-9. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-85.
Morgan, I., Eguia, F., Gelaye, B., Peterlin, B. L., Tadesse, M. G., Lemma, S., … & Williams, M. A. (2015). Sleep disturbances and quality of life in Sub-Saharan African migraineurs. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 16(18), 1-8. doi: 10.1186/s10194-015-0504-x.
Nagin, D. S., & Odgers, C. L. (2010). Group-based trajectory modeling in clinical research. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 109-138. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131413
Nazari, F., Safavi, M., & Mahmudi, M. (2010). Migraine and its relation with lifestyle in women. Pain Practice, 10(3), 228-34. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2009.00343.x
Panerai, A. E. (2013). Is migraine a disorder of the central nervous system? Neurological Sciences, 34, S33-35. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1363-3
Park, J. W., Shin, H. E., Kim, J. S., & Lee, K. S. (2008). Assessing migraine disability by diary-based measurement: relationship to the characteristics of individual headache attacks. European Journal of Neurology, 15(8), 817-821. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02204.x.
Pavlović, J. M., Stewart, W. F., Bruce, C. A., Gorman, J. A., Sun, H., Buse, D. C., & Lipton, R. B.. (2015). Burden of migraine related to menses: results from the AMPP study. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 16(24), 1-11. doi: 10.1186/s10194-015-0503-y.
Peeters, F., Nicolson, N. L., Berdhof, J., Delespau, P., & deVries, M. (2003). Effects of daily events on mood state in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abcdrmal Psychology, 112(2), 203-211. DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.112.2.203
Polit, D. F, & Sherman, R. E. (1990). Statistical power in nursing research. Nursing Research, 39(6), 365-369.
Raggi, A., Leonardi, M., Bussone, G., & D'Amico, D. (2013). A 3-month analysis of disability, quality of life, and disease course in patients with migraine. Headache, 53(2), 297-309. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02279.x.
Ranson, R., Igarashi, H., MacGregor, E. A., & Wilkinson, M. (1991). The similarities and differences of migraine with aura and migraine without aura: a preliminary study. Cephalalgia, 11(4), 189-192. DOI:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1991.1104189.x
Rossi, P., Di Lorenzo, G., Malpezzi, M. G., Di Lorenzo, C., Cesarino, F., Faroni, J., … &Troisi, A. (2005). Depressive symptoms and insecure attachment as predictors of disability in a clinical population of patients with episodic and chronic migraine. Headache, 45(5), 561-570.
Rothrock, J. F. (2012). Acute migraine treatment: "stratified" care. Headache, 52(1), 193. DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.02088.x
Santiago, M. D., Carvalho Dde, S., Gabbai, A. A., Pinto, M. M., Moutran, A. R., & Villa, T. R. (2014). Amitriptyline and aerobic exercise or amitriptyline alone in the treatment of chronic migraine: a randomized comparative study. Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 72(11), 851-855. DOI:10.1590/0004-282X20140148
Saper, J. R., & Da Silva, A. N. (2013). Medication overuse headache: history, features, prevention and management strategies. CNS Drugs, 27(11), 867-877. DOI 10.1007/s40263-013-0081-y
Scher, A.I., Stewart, W. F., Ricci, J. A., & Lipton, R. B. (2003). Factors associated with the onset and remission of chronic daily headache in a population-based study. Pain, 106(1-2), 81-89.
Sengul, Y., Sengul, H. S., Bakim, B., Yucekaya, S. K., Yucel, S., & Akgun, M. (2015). Sleep disturbances and excessive daytime sleepiness in migraine: a comparison between comorbidities and disability. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 13(1), 76–84. DOI: 10.1111/sbr.12087
Shaik, M. M., Hassan, N. B., Tan, H. L., & Gan, S. H. (2015). Quality of life and migraine disability among female migraine patients in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia. BioMed Research International. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/523717
Silberstein, S. D. (2006). Chronic daily headache: classification, epidemiology, and riskfactors. Johns Hopkins Advanced Studies in Medicine, 6(9), 885-890.
Silberstein, S. D. (2009). Preventive migraine treatment. Neurologic Clinics, 27(2), 429-443. DOI:10.1016/j.ncl.2008.11.007
Silberstein, S. D., & Marmura, M. J. (2015). Acute migraine treatment. Headache, 55(1), 1-2. DOI: 10.1111/head.12504
Silberstein, S. D., Holland, S., Freitag, F., Dodick, D. W., Argoff, C., & Ashman, E. (2012). Evidence-based guideline update: Pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults. Neurology, 78, 1346-1353. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d20
Smith, T. R., Nicholson, R. A., & Banks, J. W. (2010). Migraine education improves quality of life in a primary care setting. Headache, 50(4), 600-612. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01618.x.
Smith, T. R., Sunshine, A., Stark, S. R., Littlefield, D. E., Spruill, S. E., & Alexander, W. J. (2005). Sumatriptan and naproxen sodium for the acute treatment of migraine. Headache, 45(8), 983-991. DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05178.x
Smitherman, T. A., Burch, R., Sheikh, H., & Loder, E. (2013). The prevalence, impact, and treatment of migraine and severe headaches in the United States: a review of statistics from national surveillance studies. Headache, 53(3), 427-36. doi:10.1111/head.12074.
Snyder-Halpern, R., & Verran, J. A. (1987). Instrumentation to describe subjective sleep characteristics in healthy subjects. Research in Nursing & Health, 10(3), 155-163. DOI: 10.1002/nur.4770100307
Stephen, D., & Silberstein, M. D. (1995). Migraine symptoms: results of a survey of self-reported migraineurs. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 35(7), 387-396. DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.1995.hed3507387.x
Stewart, W. F., Bigal, M. E., Kolodner, K., Dowson, A., Liberman, J. N., & Lipton, R. B. (2006). Familial risk of migraine: variation by proband age at onset and headache severity. Neurology, 66(3), 344-348. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000196640.71600.00
Stewart, W. F., Lipton, R. B., & Kolodner, K. (2003). Migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) score: relation to headache frequency, pain intensity, and headache symptoms. Headache, 43(3), 258-265. DOI:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2003.03050.x
Stewart, W. F., Lipton, R. B., Dowson, A. J., & Sawyer, J. (2001). Development and testing of the migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire to assess headache-related disability. Neurology, 56(S1), 20-28. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.56.suppl_1.S20
Stewart, W. F., Lipton, R. B., Whyte, J., Dowson, A., Kolodner, K., Liberman, J. N., & Sawyer, J. (1999). An international study to assess reliability of the migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) score. Neurology, 53(5), 988-994. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.5.988
Stewart, W. F., Shechter, A., & Lipton, R. B. (1994). Migraine heterogeneity, disability, pain intensity, and attack frequency and duration. Neurology, 44(S6), 24-39.
Stewart, W. F., Staffa, J., Lipton, R. B., & Ottman, R. (1997). Familial risk of migraine: a population-based study. Annals of Neurology, 41(2), 166-172. DOI: 10.1002/ana.410410207
Stovner, L. J., Hagen, K., Jensen, R., Katsarava, Z., Lipton, R. B., Scher, A. I., … & Zwart, J. A. (2007). The global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia, 27(3), 193-210. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01288.x
Taylor, F. R. (2009). Lifestyle changes, dietary restrictions, and nutraceuticals in migraine prevention. Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management, 13(1), 28-37. doi:10.1053/j.trap.2009.03.008
Toward Optimized Practice. (2012). Guideline for primary care management of headache in adults. Retrieved from http://www.guideline.gov/
Tsai, P.S., Wang, S.Y., Wang, M.Y., Su, C.T., Yang, T.T., Huang, C.J., & Fang,S. C. (2005). Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (CPSQI) in primary insomnia and control subjects. Quality of Life Research, 14(8), 1943-1952.
Victor, T. W., Hu, X., Campbell, J., White, R. E., Buse, D. C., & Lipton, R. B. (2009). Association between migraine, anxiety and depression. Cephalalgia, 30(5), 567-575. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01944.x
Wang, S. J., Chung, C. S., Chankrachang, S., Ravishankar, K., Merican, J. S., Salazar, G., … & Sakai, F. (2008). Migraine disability awareness campaign in Asia: migraine assessment for prophylaxis. Headache,48(9), 1356-1365. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01088.x
Wang, W., Chair, S. Y., Thompson, D. R., & Twinn, S. F. (2009). A psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in patients with coronary heart disease. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(17), 2436-2443. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02807.x.
Wang, W. T., Tu, P. C., Liu, T. J., Yeh, D. C., & Hsu, W. Y. (2013). Mental adjustment at different phases in breast cancer trajectory: re-examination of factor structure of the Mini-MAC and its correlation with distress. Psychooncology, 22(4), 768-774. doi: 10.1002/pon.3065.
Winter, A. C., Berger, K., Buring, J. E., & Kurth, T. (2009). Body mass index, migraine, migraine frequency and migraine features in women. Cephalalgia, 29(2), 269-278. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01716.x.
World Health Organization. (2015). Health topics: disabilities. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/disabilities/en/
Yalinay-Dikmen, P, Yavuz, B. G., & Aydinlar, E. I. (2014). The relationships between migraine, depression, anxiety, stress, and sleep disturbances. Acta Neurologica Belgica. Advance online publication. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13760-014-0312-0
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
王署君（1995）．偏頭痛的最新發展與治療．臨床醫學，35(3)，139-144。
王署君（2007）．偏頭痛最新診斷與治療．台北市醫師公會會刊，51(2)，14-19。
王署君、傅中玲（2001）．頭痛不見了．台北：文經。
台灣頭痛學會（2006）．有效管理偏頭痛手冊．台北：台灣頭痛學會。
台灣頭痛學會（2007）．偏頭痛急性發作藥物治療準則．Acta Neurologica Taiwanica，16(4)，252-268。
台灣頭痛學會（2008）．偏頭痛預防性藥物治療準則．Acta Neurologica Taiwanica，17(2)，132-148。
宋桂容（2008）．以Actigraphy評估偏頭痛患者睡眠品質與頭痛之相關性（未發表的碩士論文）．臺北醫學大學護理學研究所。
李英芬（2016）．肝細胞癌病人之身心困擾與生活品質的軌跡探討（未發表的博士論文）．國立臺北護理健康大學護理研究所。
林高章、黃子洲、王博仁、陳滄山、柯炳堂（2012）．偏頭痛的急性及預防性治療準則比較．臺灣醫界，55(12)，12-18。
林嘉玲、蘇東平、張媚（2003）．機構老人之睡眠品質及其相關因素．臺灣醫學，7(2)，174-184。
張凱評（2011）．以基模糾結模式探討憂鬱傾向之偏頭痛患者的解釋偏差（未發表的碩士論文）．中原大學心理學研究所。
郭懷婷（2014）．長期照護機構老年住民的日常生活活動功能軌跡之前瞻性研究（未發表的博士論文）．國立陽明大學護理學系。
陳彥宏、顏啟華、李孟智、孔勝琳（2011）．偏頭痛的致病機轉與預防藥物．家庭醫學與基層醫療，26(7)，289-295。
傅雅雯（2007）．匹茲堡睡眠品質量表於台灣癌症病人之信效度檢定（未發表的碩士論文）．臺北醫學大學護理學研究所。
劉佩綾（2007）．血液透析患者壓力感受與憂鬱之探討（未發表的碩士論文）．輔英科技大學護理系碩士班。
謝宛珊（2014）．預防性偏頭痛治療後偏頭痛急性用藥比較之研究（未發表的碩士論文）．輔仁大學統計資訊學系應用統計碩士班。