臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

抗微生物肽是一種小的陽離子分子，在生物界包括植物、脊椎動物與無脊椎動物都扮演著與生俱來的防禦機能，可用以抵抗細菌、黴菌、原蟲、寄生蟲和病毒之感染。
由草蝦血淋巴球中分離出來的草蝦抗微生物肽（Monodoncin）具有55個胺基酸，分子量約為5.8-KDa，由富含脯胺酸（proline）的N端及6個半胱胺酸（cysteine）的C端所組成，已證明對格蘭氏陰性菌具有抑制效果。本實驗進一步選殖草蝦抗微生物肽之基因體（genomic DNA）序列，全長為1338個核苷酸，共包含兩個外顯子（exon），及一個676個核苷酸的插入子（intron）。在抑菌方面，發現其對格蘭氏陽性菌Aeroccus viridan及黴菌Fusarium pisi、Fusarium oxysporum亦具有抑（殺）菌效果。以掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察經草蝦抗微生物肽處理的大腸桿菌，發現草蝦抗微生物肽可與大腸桿菌作用，且經由破壞細胞膜進而達到殺死大腸桿菌的功效。草蝦抗微生物肽自蝦苗早期的無節幼蟲第三期（Nauplius III）就已經有表現，並隨著成長而持續。草蝦抗微生物肽主要表現分布的組織為血淋巴球，以組織免疫染色發現蝦殼中亦富含草蝦抗微生物肽。經格蘭氏陰性菌-溶藻弧菌Vibrio alginolyticus及格蘭氏陽性菌Aeroccus viridan感染草蝦後，草蝦抗微生物肽RNA的表現在血淋巴球、中腸腺、鰓於12小時達到最高量，並可降低草蝦體內的菌量於24小時達到最低。此外，有一4-KDa的蛋白質隨病原菌感染而變化，推測為草蝦抗微生物肽的衍生物（processing form）。在應用的部份，將化學合成的草蝦抗微生物肽和蠶抗微生物肽（Cecropin B）注射至帶有白點病毒的草蝦，可延緩草蝦因為緊迫或病毒感染所造成的死亡。

Abstract：
Antimicrobial peptides（AMPs）are small cationic molecules that play an important role in innate host defense mechanism of living organisms including plants, vertebrates and invertebrates against invading microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, parasites and virus.
Monodoncin is a member of AMPs isolated from the haemocyte of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, a mature peptide with 55 residues and 5.8-kDa MW. It contains with a proline-rich amino-terminal domain and a carboxyl-domain containing six cysteines. It has an inhibitory effect on gram negative bacteria. In the present study the genomic DNA contains 1338 bp including two exon and one intron with 676 bp. Monodoncin has inhibitory effect on Gram+ Aeroccus viridan and fungi Fusarium pisi、Fusarium oxysporum. The electron microscopic study demonstrates the interaction and disruption of the cell membrane causing the killing of the pathogens. Monodoncin gene is expressed during early larval stages, starting from Nauplius III and continues throughout the development. It is mainly expressed in haemocytes and highly detected on carapace by immunohistochemistry . Twelve hours after Gram-negative. bacteria Vibrio alginolyticus and Gram-positive bacteria Aeroccus viridan challenge, the Monodoncin gene expression of RNA level reaches to the highest in haemocytes, intestine and gill, coincident with the residue bacteria count decreasing to the lowest level at 24 hours post-challenge in the treated shrimp. In addition, there is a change in the expression of a 4-KDa peptide suggested to be a processing form of Monodoncin. Furthermore, injection of synthesized Monodocin and Cecropin B（Hyalophora cecropia）to white spot virus infected-tiger shrimp delay the death progression due to transport stress and virus infection.

致謝
目錄
中文摘要..........................................Ⅰ
英文摘要..........................................Ⅲ
壹、前言...........................................1
一、草蝦之介紹及養殖現況.............................1
二、蝦類（甲殼類）疾病之簡介..........................3
三、無脊椎動物（甲殼類）的免疫及防禦系統...............4
四、抗微生物肽的介紹與分類..........................7
五、抗微生物生物肽的作用機制........................11
(一)胜肽－脂質膜相互作用.............................11
(二)間接由受體傳達辨識過程...........................12
六、蝦類抗微生物肽的研究............................13
七、實驗目的與方向...................................15
貳、實驗材料........................................17
一、生物材料........................................17
二、反應試劑........................................18
三、儀器與器材........................................28
參、實驗方法..........................................30
一、草蝦抗微生物肽（Monodoncin）之基因（cDNA）序列選殖...................................................30
二、草蝦抗微生物肽（Monodoncin）之基因體
（genomic DNA）序列選殖.............................36
三、細菌及黴菌對化學合成抗微生物肽和抗生素
（Tetracycline）之體外敏感性試驗（in vitro assay）....38
四、以掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察經草蝦抗微生物肽
（Monodoncin）處理之大腸桿菌（E. coli）..............39
五、半定量反轉錄酶-聚合酶連鎖反應（Semi- Quntitative
RT-PCR）及南方點墨法（Southern Blotting）分析草蝦抗微
生物肽（Monodoncin）於蝦苗時期RNA的表現.............40
六、探討草蝦抗微生物肽（Monodoncin）在各組織間的表現....44
七、探討草蝦經病原菌感染後草蝦體內菌量與抗微生物肽在組
織間的表現.........................................49
八、觀察施打抗微生物肽對帶原白點病毒之草蝦死亡情形的影響..52
肆、實驗結果.. ....................... 53
一、草蝦抗微生物肽（Monodoncin）基因（cDNA）序列.. .....53
二、草蝦抗微生物肽（Monodoncin）基因體（genomic DNA）
序列..............................................53
三、細菌及黴菌對化學合成抗微生物肽和抗生素
（Tetracycline）之體外敏感性試驗（in vitro assay）....54
四、以掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察草蝦抗微生物肽（Monodoncin）
對大腸桿菌（E. coli）的影響.........................55
五、草蝦抗微生物肽（Monodoncin）RNA於蝦苗時期的表現.....55
六、草蝦抗微生物肽（Monodoncin）在各組織間之表現模式.....56
七、草蝦經病原菌感染後草蝦體內菌量與抗微生物肽在組織間
的表現模式..........................................57
八、施打抗微生物肽至帶原白點病毒之草蝦對其死亡情形的影響...62
伍、討論...............................................63
陸、參考文獻...........................................71
柒、圖表...............................................84
捌、附錄 .............................................110

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