臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究係針對台灣北部海域生態系中頂端的掠食者-斑竹狗鮫進行生殖、新陳代謝與生物能量之研究。生殖生物學研究的樣本係從2002年2月-2003年2月間，於台北縣富基漁港所採集。491尾斑竹狗鮫的體長範圍介於35.3-85.0 cm之間，體重範圍則介於124-2580 g之間，性比為0.65。由成熟百分比(P)與全長(TL)之關係P=1/(1+e27.27-0.42TL)，得到雌性斑竹狗鮫50%的性成熟體長為64.9 cm，雄性則為65.6 cm。交配季節在每年的12-1月，產卵季節則在3-5月。由於交配和產卵季節不一致，推測雌性斑竹狗鮫有儲存精液和延遲受精的現象。根據6尾懷孕雌魚的飼育觀察實驗，發現雌性斑竹狗鮫每隔6-7天產卵一次，每次產1-2顆卵，持續兩個月，平均產卵數8 ± 3.8。孵化天數為107 ± 9.3 天，總累積水溫為 2372 ºC to 2835 ºC.
新生魚的特定成長速率（SGR）和每日平均索餌量(Ration)之間的關係如下：SGR = 2.7822*Ration – 5.1056 (n = 18, r2 = 0.54, P < 0.05)。斑竹狗鮫的標準新陳代謝在18 ºC時為16.58 ± 2.81 mg O2 h-1，在28ºC時則為38.60 ± 7.32 mg O2 h-1。溫度改變對新陳代謝的影響(Q10)為每增加10 ºC，新陳代謝會增加2.32 ± 0.06倍。標準新陳代謝與Q10在性別間並沒有顯著的差異(P > 0.05)。體重範圍為295 g-750 g之間的斑竹狗鮫，耗氧量與體重之間的關係如下： (n = 40, r2 = 0.92, P < 0.05)。特定活動耗氧量為95.28 ± 17.55 mg O2 kg-1 h-1，影響的時間為122個小時。
經由炸彈卡路里計量測斑竹狗鮫、生殖腺、排泄物和小卷所含的能量分別為5.67 kJ g wet w-1, 10.44 kJ g wet w-1, 3.75 kJ g wet w-1, and 2.09 kJ g wet w-1。斑竹狗鮫在18 ºC餵食烏賊時，其生物能量預算分配如下：100C = 29.5G + 31.9SMR + 28.2SDA + 6.7F + 2.1E + 1.6U。成熟雌魚在產卵季節其生物能量預算分配如下：100C = -1.2G + 27.8SMR + 28.2SDA + 6.7F + 2.1E + 36.5S - 0.1U。經過365天的模擬，斑竹狗鮫的族群量從10000尾減少為7199尾，幼魚每年消耗17087 kg的烏賊，成魚則消耗28363kg。

Reproduction, metabolism and bioenergetics of whitespotted bamboo shark in northern Taiwan waters were examined. A total of 491 whitespotted bamboo shark were collected at Fuji fishing port from February 2002 to February 2003. Sex ratio of the specimens was 0.65, total length ranged from 35.3 to 85 cm, mass ranged from 124 to 2580 g. The mean size at maturity was estimated to be 64.9 cm TL and 65.6 cm TL for females and males, respectively based on the relationship between mature percentage and total length. The ovulation season was estimated from March to May and mating season was from December to January. The inconsistence of mating and ovulation seasons suggested that females have sperm storage and delayed fertilization. Six gravid sharks were captive in the tanks to observe the spawning cycle and number of eggs deposited. One or two eggs were deposited every 6 or 7 days on average. Deposition of eggs extended for 2 months, and fecundity was 8±3.8 eggs. The hatching period was 107±9.3 days with accumulated water temperature ranging from 2372 ºC to 2835 ºC.
There was a significant relationship between specific growth rate and mean daily ration of new hatching sharks, SGR = 2.7822*Ration – 5.1056 (n = 18, r2 = 0.54, P < 0.05). Mean standard metabolic rates (SMR) of juvenile whitespotted bamboo sharks were 16.58 ± 2.81 mg O2 h-1 at 18 ºC and 38.60 ± 7.32 mg O2 h-1 at 28 ºC, respectively. The mean Q10 ± SD for 18 ºC to 28 ºC was estimated to be 2.32 ± 0.06. No significant differences between sexes in SMR and Q10 were found (P > 0.05). The amount of oxygen consumed per hour changed predictably with body size according to the relationship (n = 40, r2 = 0.92, P < 0.05). The mean specific dynamic action (SDA) magnitude was 95.28 ± 17.55 mg O2 kg-1 h-1. The duration of the SDA effect was 122 h.
Energy contents of body tissue, gonad of whitespotted bamboo shark, squid, and feces determined by bomb calorimeter were 5.67 kJ g wet w-1, 10.44 kJ g wet w-1, 3.75 kJ g wet w-1, and 2.09 kJ g wet w-1, respectively. An average bioenergetics budget for juvenile whitespotted bamboo shark fed with squid at 18 ºC was 100C = 29.5G + 31.9SMR + 28.2SDA + 6.7F + 2.1E + 1.6U. The bioenergetics budget for adult whitespotted bamboo shark was 100C = -1.2G + 27.8SMR + 28.2SDA + 6.7F + 2.1E + 36.5S - 0.1U in spawning season. After a period of 365 days simulation, population number decreased from 10000 to 7199. Total consumptions of squid per year for juveniles and adults were 17,087 kg and 28,363 kg, respectively.

Abstract……………………………………………………………………….....…. 6
CHAPTER 1: Introduction………………………………………………………….. 10
1.1 Whitespotted bamboo shark……………………………………………....….. 10
1.2 Motive of this study........................................................................................... 10
1.3 Metabolic rates of sharks................................................................................... 11
1.4 Bioenergetics models........................................................................................ 13
1.5 Literature review............................................................................................... 15
1.6 Plan of the dissertation..................................................................................... 16

CHAPTER 2: Reproduction of the whitesoptted bamboo shark.................... 20
2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 20
2.2 Materials and Methods...................................................................................... 22
2.2.1 Data collection............................................................................................ 22
2.2.2 Sexual maturity........................................................................................... 23
2.2.3 Gonadosmoatic index and hepatosomatic index........................................ 24
2.2.4 Spawning cycle and eggs deposition....................................................... 25
2.3 Results............................................................................................................... 25
2.3.1 Sex ratio...................................................................................................... 25
2.3.2 Size at first maturity................................................................................... 26
2.3.3 Mating and spawning................................................................................. 27
2.3.4 Spawning pattern....................................................................................... 28
2.4 Discussion........................................................................................................ 29

CHAPTER 3: Metabolism of the whitespotted bamboo shark.............................. 49
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 49
3.2 Materials and Methods...................................................................................... 53
3.2.1 Shark capture and maintenance.................................................................. 53
3.2.2 Growth and ration....................................................................................... 54
3.2.3 Respirometer design................................................................................... 55
3.2.4 Standard metabolic rate.............................................................................. 56
3.2.5 Body size and SMR.................................................................................... 58
3.2.6 Specific dynamic action............................................................................. 59
3.3 Results............................................................................................................... 60
3.3.1 Specific growth rate and daily ration......................................................... 60
3.3.2 Standard metabolic rate and Q10................................................................ 61
3.3.3 Effects of body size on SMR...................................................................... 62
3.3.4 Specific dynamic action............................................................................. 62
3.4 Discussion......................................................................................................... 64

CHAPTER 4: Bioenergetics of the whitespotted bamboo shark................................ 81
4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 81
4.2 Materials and Methods...................................................................................... 83
4.2.1 Shark capture and maintenance.................................................................. 83
4.2.2 Bioenergetics budget.................................................................................. 83
4.2.3 Energy contents..........................................................................................85
4.2.4 Simulation.................................................................................................. 86
4.3 Results............................................................................................................... 88
4.3.1 Energy contents.......................................................................................... 88
4.3.2 Bioenergetics budget.................................................................................. 88
4.3.3 Energetics of spawning.............................................................................. 90
4.3.4 Construction of bioenergetics model......................................................... 90
4.3.5 Simulation.................................................................................................. 91
4.4 Discussion......................................................................................................... 92

CHAPTER 5 Summary and conclusions.................................................................. 109

References................................................................................................................. 112

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