臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文提出一新型串聯電池組平衡方法，此平衡方式以電池電壓為基準，當電池到達充電或放電額定電壓時才啟動平衡與保護機制，故不會有傳統平衡方式因電池電量狀態(state of charge, SOC)估測誤差造成平衡失效，使電池過度充電或過度放電。此外，因不需要偵測電流回授，故設計簡單及控制容易。本論文分析此平衡方式應用於串聯電池系統與電池模組系統之動作原理及能量傳遞方式，使用一具漏感能量回收之返馳式轉換器來實現並驗證其動作原理。最後使用4顆3.3 V 15 Ah磷酸鋰鐵電池做為串聯電池組再加上一雙向充放電路的構成一電池模組，將此平衡方法應用於該電池模組來驗證此平衡方法的可行性。

A novel balancing method for series connected batteries is proposed in this thesis. A balancing circuit applying this method is activated when the voltage of the corresponding cell reaches rated charge or discharge voltage. Based on the cell voltage, this method does not suffer the problem, occurring in conventional methods, of overcharge or overdischarge due to estimation errors of state-of-charge (SOC). In addition, the control circuit and designing process is simple without current feedback. The operating principles and energy transferring patterns for series connected batteries system and battery module system are analyzed. A flyback converter with the leakage inductance recycling mechanism is adopted as balancing circuit to realize the proposed method. Finally, a battery module composed of four series 3.3-V 15-Ah lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries, balancing circuits for each battery, and a bidirectional converter is implemented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed balancing method.

摘要 I
Abstract II
誌謝 III
目錄 IV
表目錄 VI
圖目錄 VII
第一章　緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究內容概述 3
1.3 論文架構簡介 4
第二章　電池應用概述 5
2.1 二次電池介紹 5
2.1.1 二次電池特性 5
2.1.2 電池系統介紹 8
2.2 電池平衡方式介紹 11
2.2.1 被動平衡 11
2.2.2 主動平衡 11
2.2.3 被動平衡與主動平衡之比較 13
第三章　電池平衡充放電策略 16
3.1 新型平衡策略 16
3.1.1 充電之平衡電路動作分析 17
3.1.2 放電之平衡電路動作分析 24
3.1.3 新型平衡電路與傳統平衡電路之比較 27
3.2 具漏感能量回收的返馳式平衡電路動作原理 30
3.2.1充電之平衡電路動作模式分析 31
3.2.2 放電之平衡電路動作模式分析 34
第四章　電池模組充放電實驗量測 37
4.1 系統參數設計 37
4.2 平衡與控制電路設計 39
4.3 實驗量測與分析 42
4.3.1 充電實驗 42
4.3.2 放電實驗 49
4.3.3 具漏感能量回收之返馳式轉換器實驗 53
第五章　結論與未來展望 54
5.1 結論 54
5.2 未來展望 55
參考文獻 56

[1]https://www.ls-energy.hk/kl_energy_04.php
[2]http://www.smart-grid.org.tw/content/download/download.aspx
[3]H. Maleki and J. N. Howard, “Effects of overdischarge on performance and thermal stability of a Li-ion cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 160, no. 2, pp. 1395-1402, October, 2006.
[4]M. Broussely, Ph. Biensan, F. Bonhomme, Ph. Blanchard, S. Herreyre, K. Nechev, and R. J. Staniewicz, “Main aging mechanisms in Li ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 146, no. 1-2, pp. 90-96, August, 2005.
[5]K. Takeno, M. Ichimura, K. Takano, and J. Yamaki, “Influence of cycle capacity deterioration and storage capacity deterioration on Li-ion batteries used in mobile phones, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 142, no. 1-2, pp. 298-305, March, 2005.
[6]N. H. Kutkut and D. M. Divan, “Dynamic Equalization Techniques for Series Battery Stacks, IEEE Telecommunications Energy Conference(INTELEC), pp. 514-521, 1996.
[7]A. T. Stuart and W. Zhu, “Fast Equalization for Large Lithium Ion Batteries, IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, vol. 24, pp. 27-31, 2009.
[8]X. Zhang, P. Liu, and D. Wang, “The Design and Implementation of Smart Battery Management System Balance Technology, Journal of Convergence Information Technology, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 108-116, May 2011.
[9]C. Pascual and P.T. Krein, “Switched Capacitor System for Automatic Series Battery Equalization, IEEE 12th Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), vol. 2, pp. 848-854, 1997.
[10]C. Speltino, A. Stefanopoulou, and G. Fiengo, “Cell Equalization in Battery Stacks Through State Of Charge Estimation Polling, American Control Conference (ACC), pp. 5050-5055, 2010.
[11]A. C. Baughman and M. Ferdowsi, “Double-Tiered Switched-Capacitor Battery Charge Equalization Technique, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 2277-2285, June, 2008.
[12]H. S. Park, C. H. Kim, K. B. Park, G. W. Moon, and J. H. Lee, “Design of a Charge Equalization Based on Battery Modularization, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 3938-3946, September, 2009.
[13]S. H. Park, T. S. Kim, J. S. Park, G. W. Moon, and M. J. Yoon, “A New Battery Equalizer Based on Buck-boost Topology, IEEE 7th International Conference on Power Electronics, pp. 962-965, 2007.
[14]C. S. Moo, Y. C. Hsieh, I. S. Tsai, and J. C. Cheng, “Dynamic Charge Equalizations for Series-Connected Batteries, IEEE Proceedings Electric Power Applications, vol. 150, no. 5, pp. 501-505, September, 2003.
[15]A. M. Imtiaz, F. H. Khan, and H. Kamath, “A Low-Cost Time Shared Cell Balancing Technique for Future Lithium-Ion Battery Storage System Featuring Regenerative Energy Distribution, IEEE 26th Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), pp. 792-799, 2011.
[16]J. W. Shin, G. S. Seo, C. Y. Chun, and B. H. Cho, “Selective Flyback Balancing Circuit with Improved Balancing Speed for Series Connected Lithium-ion Batteries, The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC), pp. 1180-1184, August, 2010.
[17]M. Einhorn, W. Roessler, and J. Fleig, “Improved Performance of Serially Connected Li-ion Batteries with Active Cell Balancing in Electric Vehicles, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technologies, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 2448-2457, July, 2011.
[18]K. H. Parky, C. H. Kim, H. K. Cho, and J. K. Seo, “Design Considerations of a Lithium Ion Battery Management System (BMS) for the STSAT-3 Satellite, Journal of Power Electronics, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 210-217, March, 2010.
[19]Y. S. Lee, C. Y. Duh, G. T. Chen, and S. C. Yang, “Battery Equalization Using Bi-directional Cûk Converters in DCVM Operation, IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC), pp. 765–771, 2005.
[20]W. Hong, K. S. Ng, J. H. Hu, and C. S. Moo, “Charge Equalization of Battery Power Modules in Series, The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC), pp. 1568-1572, 2010.
[21]C. H. Kim, H. S. Park, C. E. Kim, G. W. Moon, and J. H. Lee, “Individual Charge Equalization Converter with parallel Primary Winding of Transformer for Series Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Strings in an HEV, Journal of Power Electronics, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 472-480, May, 2009.
[22]N. H. Kutkut, D. M. Divan, and D. W. Novotny, “Charge Equalization for Series Connected Battery Strings, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 562-568, May/June, 1995.
[23]謝儀勳，「具平衡功能之新型電池充電器」，國立成功大學電機工程學系碩士論文，民國一百零二年。
[24]H. He, R. Xiong, X. Zhang, F. Sun, and J. Fan, “State-of-Charge Estimation of the Lithium-Ion Battery Using an Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter Based on an Improved Thevenin Model, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1461-1469, May, 2011.
[25]F. Huet, “A review of impedance measurements for determination of the state-of-charge or state-of-health of secondary batteries, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 59-69, January, 1998.
[26]Q. Cai, D. J. L. Brett, D. Browning, and N. P. Brandon, “A sizing-design methodology for hybrid fuel cell power systems and its application to an unmanned underwater vehicle, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 195, no. 19, pp. 6559-6569, October, 2010.
[27]R. Padbury and X. Zhang, “Lithium-oxygen batteries-Limiting factors that affect performance, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 196, no. 10, pp. 4436-4444, May, 2011.
[28]S. Y. Park, H. Miwa, B. T. Clark, D. S. K. Ditzler, G. Malone, N. S. D’souza, and J. S. Lai, “A Universal Battery Charging Algorithm for Ni-Cd, Ni-MH, SLA, and Li-Ion for Wide Range Voltage in Portable Applications, IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC), pp. 4689-4694, 2008.
[29]A. C. C. Hua and B. Z. W. Syue, “Charge and Discharge Characteristics of Lead-Acid Battery and LiFePO4 Battery, The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference, pp. 1478-1483, 2010.
[30]N. Kularatna, “Rechargeable Batteries and Their Management, IEEE Instrumentation ＆ Measurement Magazine, pp.20-33, April, 2011.
[31]A. A. H. Hussein and I. Batarseh, “A Review of Charging Algorithms for Nickel and Lithium Battery Chargers, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 830-838, March, 2011.
[32]L. Siguang, Z. Chengning, and X. Shaobo, “Research on Fast Charge Method for Lead-acid Electric Vehicle Batteries, Intelligent Systems and Applications, pp. 1-5, May, 2009.
[33]W. Li and C. N. Zhang, “Experiments study on charge technology of lead-acid electric vehicle batteries, Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology, vol.17, no. 2, pp. 159-163, 2008.
[34]S. D' Arco, L. Piegari, and P. Tricoli, “A Modular Converter with Embedded Battery Cell Balancing for Electric Vehicles, Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway and Ship Propulsion (ESARS), pp. 1-6, 2012.
[35]Y. Xiaolu, E. W. M. Ma, and M. Pecht, “Cell Balancing Technology in Battery Packs, 13th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology and High Density Packaging (ICEPT-HDP), pp. 1038-1041, 2012.
[36]W. C. Lee, D. Drury, and P. Mellor, “Comparison of Passive Cell Balancing and Active Cell Balancing for Automotive Batteries, IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), pp.1-7, 2011.
[37]S. Munwaja, B. Tanboonjit, and N. H. Fuengwarodsakul, “Development of Cell Balancing Algorithm for LiFePO4 Battery in Electric Bicycles, 9th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON), pp. 1-4, 2012.
[38]S. J. Chiang, C. M. Liaw, W. C. Chang, and W. Y. Chang, “Multi-Module Parallel Small Battery Energy Storage System, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 146-154, March, 1996.
[39]C. Bonfiglio and W. Roessler, “A Cost Optimized Battery Management System with Active Cell Balancing for Lithium Ion Battery Stacks, IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), PP.304-309, 2009.
[40]Y. C. Hsieh, S. P. Chou, and C. S. Moo, “Balance Discharging for Series-connected Batteries, IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp. 2697-2702, 2004.
[41]C. S. Moo, K. S. Ng, and Y. C. Hsieh, “Parallel Operation of Battery Power Modules, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 23, no. 2, pp.701-707, June, 2008.
[42]H. S. Park, C. E. Kim, G. W. Moon, J. H. Lee, and J. K. Oh, “Two-Stage Cell Balancing Scheme for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Battery Strings, IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference(PESC), pp.273-279, 2007.
[43]M. Y. Kim, C. H. Kim, J. H. Kim and G. W. Moon, “A modularized BMS with an Active Cell Balancing Circuit for Lithium-ion Batteries in V2G System, IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, pp. 401-406, October, 2012.
[44]M. Bragard, N. Soltau, S. Thomas, and R. W. D. Doncker, “The Balance of Renewable Sources and User Demands in Grids: Power Electronics for Modular Battery Energy Storage Systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3049-3056, December, 2010.
[45]G. Altemose, P. Hellermann, and T. Mazz, “Active Cell Balancing System using an Isolated Share Bus for Li-Ion Battery Management: Focusing on Satellite Applications, IEEE Long Island Systems, Applications and Technology Conference (LISAT), pp.1-7, 2011.
[46]C. H. Kim, H. S. Park, and G. W. Moon, “A Modularized Two-Stage Charge Equalization Converter for Series Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Strings in an HEV, IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference(PESC), pp. 992-997, 2008.
[47]A. M. Imtiaz, and F. H. Khan, “Time Shared Flyback Converter Based Regenerative Cell Balancing Technique for Series Connected Li-ion Battery Strings, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. NO, no. 99, pp. NO, 2013.
[48]H. Terashi and T. Ninomiya, “Analysis of leakage-inductance effect on characteristics of flyback converter without right half plane zero, The 4th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC), vol.3, pp.1174-1179, 2004.
[49]JD2770150AP-15 datasheet.