臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究分析台北及台中夜市臭豆腐各種大豆異黃酮含量，及嗜好者一般攝取頻率與量，並分析可產生與不可產生equol者攝取市售一份臭豆腐後之尿液異黃酮動力學。

由122 家臭豆腐店面及攤販，收集143 種臭豆腐樣品，以HPLC分析異黃酮的含量，結果發現每100 g臭豆腐平均含 daidzein 9.32 mg (glycosides 3.81 mg & aglycon 5.51 mg)、genistein 12.81 mg (glycosides 6.31 mg & aglycon 6.50 mg)、glycitein 1.27 mg (glycosides 0.39 mg, aglycon 0.88 mg)，及daidzein之代謝物dihydrodaidzein 0.36 mg、equol 1.16 mg、desmethylangolesin 0.01 mg、dihydrogenistein 0.55 mg。去醣基之異黃酮約佔總異黃酮量 49.7±27.2 %。

對 274位有攝取臭豆腐習慣者進行臭豆腐攝取頻率調查，發現18.3%的受訪者每週攝取1-2次以上，46.4 %每月攝取1-3次，24.8 %每3個月攝取1-2次，每人每次攝食量平均為195.0 ± 79.6 g。

另於校園招募74 位20-30 歲臭豆腐嗜好者，服用異黃酮三天後，分析尿液equol，分辨出52人 (70.3 %) 為equol producer，22人 ( 29.7 %) 為 equol non-producer，由其中挑選20位equol producer，18位 equol non-producer，給予一份臭豆腐後，收集48小時尿液 (4 個1小時尿液，4 個2小時尿液與 3 個 12 小時尿液) 分析異黃酮排出量。結果發現 0-1 小時即有 daidzein、equol、genistein、glycitein 排出，並於 3-4 小時內達最大排出速率，36-48 小時內排出趨近為 0。dihydrodaidzein、desmethylangolesin，則於吃後 1-4 小時出現，10-12 小時內達最大排出速率。equol producer 和 non-producer兩組的daidzein、equol、genistein 排出量與速率在 10-12 小時內，開始出現差異；兩組的dihydrodaidzein、desmethylangolesin 排出量與速率在12-24 內開始出現差異，表示臭豆腐中 daidzein 和 genistein 代謝產物於攝取後 10 小時出現，兩組glycitein 0-48 小時內排出量與速率皆無差異。總 daidzein 類攝取在尿液回收 75.9 %、equol 回收 67.4 %、總 genistein 類回收 41.8 %、總 glycitein 類回收 65.3 %。另比較 equol producer 和 equol non-producer 黃豆製品攝取量、臭豆腐攝取量、排便頻率皆無顯著差異。

結論，臭豆腐中去醣基異黃酮含量高，並富含 equol，可為提供 equol 來源食物。無論 equol producer 或 equol non-producer 攝取臭豆腐後皆對其異黃酮吸收快、吸收率高。另外發現嗜好臭豆腐之台灣年輕人具良好 equol 產生能力，有待進一步研究確認原因。

This research analyzed isoflavones content in stinky tofu from night markets in Taipei and Taichung, consumption frequency of stinky tofu by hobbyists, and urinary pharmacokinetics of isoflavones following a single ingestion of stinky tofu by equol producers and non-producers.

We collected 143 stinky tofu samples from 122 vendors and analyzed the isoflavones content by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography). The results showed that the average contents in every 100 g of stinky tofu were 9.32 mg of daidzein (including glycosides 3.81 mg and aglycon 5.51 mg), 12.81 mg of genistein (including glycosides 6.31 mg and aglycon 6.50 mg), 1.27 mg of glycitein (including glycosides 0.39 mg and aglycon 0.88 mg), 0.36 mg of dihydrodaidzein, 1.16 mg of equol, 0.01 mg of desmethylangolesin, and 0.55 mg of dihydrogenistein. The percentage of aglycone isoflavone is 49.7±27.2.

We also surveyed 274 respondents with habit of eating stinky tofu for their stinky tofu intake frequency. We found that 18.3% of the respondents take more than 1–2 times per week, 46.4% of them take 1–3 times per month, and 24.8% of them take 1–2 times per quarter. The average amount of each intake is 195.0± 79.6 g.

We recruited 74 stinky tofu hobbyists within 20–30 years old and analyzed their equol content in urine after challenging soy isoflavone for 3 days, that were identified 52 of them (70.3%) are equol producers and 22 of them (29.7%) are equol non-producers. We selected 20 equol producers and 18 equol non-producers, collect their urine in the 48 hours after one serving of stinky tofu (four 1-hour urine samples, four 2-hour urine samples and three 12-hour urine samples), and analyzed urinary isoflavone content. We found that daidzein, equol, genistein and glycitein were excreted within 0–1 hour, and it reached peak excretion rate after 3–4 hours. The excretion amount approached 0 after 36–48 hours. Dihydrodaidzein and desmethylangolesin started to be excreted 1–4 after serving stinky tofu, and it reached peak excresion rate in 10–12 hours. The difference of daidzein, equol and genistein excretion amount and rate between equol producers and non-producers appeared to be significant in 10–12 hours; the difference of dihydrodaidzein and desmethylangolesin appeared to be significant in 12–24 hours. That means, the metabolites of daidzein and genistein in stinky tofu appeared 10 hours after intaking. The excretion amount and rate difference of glycitein between equol producers and non-producers was insignificant within 0–48 hours. Recovery of urine isoflavones is 75.9 % of total daidzein, 67.4 % of equol, 41.8 % of total genistein and 65.3 % of total glycitein. The equol producers had similar amount of soy food intake, stinky tofu intake and defecation frequency as compared with the equol non-producers.

Our results show that the aglycone isoflavones content in stinky tofu are rich, especially containing equol. And the absorption rates are high for both equol producers and non-producers. Stinky tofu could serve as an equol source. It requires further research to justify if the proportion of equol producers is higher among young stinky tofu hobbyists.

博碩士論文紙本論文延後公開／下架申請書 ...................... I
學位論文授權書 .......................................... II
論文口試委員審定書 ...................................... III
誌謝.....................................................IV
摘要 .....................................................V Abstract .............................................. VII
目錄 ....................................................IX
表目錄 ................................................. XII
圖目錄 ................................................ XIII
第一章 緒論................................................ 1
第二章 文獻探討............................................ 2
第一節 大豆異黃酮 .......................................... 2
一、大豆異黃酮種類與結構 .................................... 2
二、大豆異黃酮的消化吸收與代謝............................... 3
三、大豆異黃酮尿液動力學 ................................... 7
四、大豆異黃酮與健康關係 ................................... 8
五、大豆異黃酮在豆製品和其他食物的含量 ...................... 11
第二節 臭豆腐 . ......................................... 12
一、臭豆腐的由來.......................................... 12
二、臭豆腐的加工過程 ...................................... 12
三、臭豆腐的營養成份 ...................................... 13
四、臭豆腐與健康........................................... 14
五、臭豆腐及其他發酵豆製品異黃酮含量與尿液動力學 .............. 14
六、國人臭豆腐攝取量 ...................................... 15
第三節 豆製品飲食頻率問卷 .................................. 16
一、豆製品飲食頻率問卷簡介 ................................. 16
二、豆製品飲食頻率問卷形式 ................................. 16
第三章 材料與方法 ......................................... 17
第一節 實驗流程 .......................................... 17
第二節 實驗方法 .......................................... 18
一、夜市各家臭豆腐收集 .................................... 18
二、分析臭豆腐及傳統豆腐大豆異黃酮含量 ...................... 24
三、調查一般民眾臭豆腐攝取頻率 ............................. 27
四、臭豆腐尿液動力學試驗 .................................. 28
五、尿液異黃酮分析 ....................................... 35
第四章 結果.............................................. 37
第一節 臭豆腐大豆異黃酮含量調查 ............................ 37
一、臭豆腐和傳統豆腐大豆異黃酮含量 ......................... 37
二、臭豆腐和傳統豆腐大豆異黃酮比例 ......................... 38
三、臭豆腐 equol 形式 .................................... 38
四、各臭豆腐店家 equol 含量分佈 ........................... 38
第二節 臭豆腐攝取量調查 ................................... 43
一、全體受訪者基本資料 .....................................43
二、全體受訪者臭豆腐攝取頻率、種類、每次份量 ................. 43
三、各年齡層受訪者臭豆腐攝取頻率、種類、每次份量 .............. 44
四、臭豆腐攝食地點 ........................................ 45
第三節 Equol 產生能力分組試驗結果 .......................... 52
一、全體受試者基本資料 .................................... 52
二、受試者 equol 產生能力分組 ............................. 52
三、Equol producer 和equol non-producer 豆製品及臭豆腐攝取量比較 ...................................................... 52
四、Equol producer 和equol non-producer 排便頻率比較 ...... 53
第四節 臭豆腐 48 小時尿液動力學試驗結果 ..................... 59
一、全體受試者基本資料 .................................... 59
二、受試者市售一份臭豆腐異黃酮攝取量 ........................ 59
三、48 小時尿液中異黃酮排出量............................... 59
四、48 小時尿液中異黃酮排出速率 ............................ 61
五、48 小時尿液中異黃酮排出累計量 .......................... 63
六、48 小時尿液中異黃酮回收率.............................. 64
第五章 討論.............................................. 89
第一節 臭豆腐大豆異黃酮含量調查 ............................ 89
一、臭豆腐大豆異黃酮含量、形式與其他豆製品比較 ............... 89
二、各店面、攤販臭豆腐異黃酮含量差異 ........................ 90
第二節 臭豆腐攝取量調查 ................................... 92
一、臭豆腐攝取頻率、種類、地點 ............................. 92
二、臭豆腐攝取對健康的可能影響 ..............................92
第三節 臭豆腐尿液異黃酮動力學試驗........................... 95
一、臭豆腐異黃酮代謝物尿中排出量、排出速率及排出累計量與 非發酵豆製 品和其他發酵豆製品比較 .................................... 95
二、Equol producer 和 equol non-producer 尿中異黃酮排出差異..98
三、臭豆腐異黃酮回收率 .................................... 98
四、受詴者吃臭豆腐前，尿中出現異黃酮的原因................... 99
第四節 Equol producer 區分試驗 ...........................102
一、Equol producer 比例探討 .............................102
二、影響 equol 產生的因素 ................................103
第六章 結論..............................................106
第七章 參考文獻 ...........................................107
附錄一 ................................................. 114
附錄二 ................................................. 116
附錄三 ..................................................120
附錄四 ..................................................121
附錄五 ..................................................122
附錄六 ..................................................125
附錄七 ..................................................146

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