臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

哈洛．品特的《回家》與愛德華．阿爾比的《誰怕吳爾芙？》反映自我追尋救贖的意圖。二位劇作家透過儀式的表現來達到救贖的目標，運用象徵、暗喻的方式表達主題，追求和諧與一致的人生觀。在這二部劇作中，他們模擬儀式的過程，似真似假似夢的情境，讓裡面的角色演出內心的慾望，並藉由儀式的表演，消弭精神上的恐懼。雖然尼釆提出上帝已死，暗示著對神祕力量的否定，但在此我認為二位劇作家仍試圖以儀式的形式，在悲觀的氛圍中建立一絲希望，並藉由《回家》中的露絲及《誰怕吳爾芙？》裡的喬治做為執行者，解除劇中的衝突。
　　本篇論文的第一章，我將著重「儀式」在劇場的功能，並說明這兩部劇作如何以儀式的形式呈現；其功能在於將劇中人物的內心恐懼具體化，進而促使角色的轉變，轉變的過程中，尋求抵抗與妥協之間的平衡。第二章主要探討哈洛．品特《回家》中的露絲如何扮演女神的形象，以及如何呈現雙重角色的特質，另外我想藉由露絲這位女性角色，討論劇作家的雌雄同體風格。第三章主要探討愛德華．阿爾比中《誰怕吳爾芙？》的男性角色喬治，藉由儀式的召喚，妻子瑪莎似乎成為他的分身，將喬治內心的憂慮搬上台面。

The themes of Harold Pinter’s The Homecoming and Edward Albee’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? imply the quest of the self and the orientation of redemption by the way of ritual performances. With the forms of metaphors and symbols, they simulate the process of ritual to achieve integrity. In the liminal stage of ritual and verisimilitude, the characters perform their desire and eliminate their fears. Even though Nietzsche contends that God is dead, implying the negation of mysterious power, I presume that both Pinter and Albee try to offer the hope within the aura of pessimism and Ruth in The Homecoming as well as George in Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? play the roles of executor to exorcise the conflicts.
In Chapter One, I will discuss the function of “ritual” and elaborate the way of ritual employed in these two plays. The function of ritual reifies the characters’ inner fear and consists in the dramatic transformation in order to bring them the balance in face of conflicts and realities. In Chapter Two, I will reinforce Ruth’s image as a Goddess and her double roles as well as through the character Ruth Pinter’s tendency toward an “androgynous writer.” In Chapter Three, Martha, in Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? plays the mirror image of George and personifies his fears by the way of ritual performance.

English Abstract i
Chinese Abstract ii
Introduction 1
Chapter One: Ritual Patterns─Harold Pinter’s The Homecoming and Edward Albee’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 7
1. Function of Ritual 8
2 Liminility 20
3. Game-Playing 26
Chapter Two: Harold Pinter’s The Homecoming─Ruth’s Double Roles and
Pinter’s Creative Capacity 37
Chapter Three: Edward Albee’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?─
Exorcising the Gender Conflicts 60
Conclusion 83
Works Cited 93

Albee, Edward. Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? New York: Pocket Books, 1969.
Almansi, Guido and Simon Henderson, eds. Harold Pinter. New York: Methun, 1983.
Ardrey, Robert. The Territorial Imperative : A Personal Inquiry into the Animal Origins of Property and Nations. New York: Atheneum, 1966.
Berne, Eric. Game People Play. New York: Ballantine Books, 1964.
Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel. Lacan: The Absolute Master. Trans. Douglas Brick. California: Stanford UP, 1991.
Brooks, Peter. Body Work: Objects of Desire in Modern Narrative. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1993.
Brown, John Russell. Modern British Dramatists: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1968.
Burghardt, Lorraine Hall. “Game Playing in Three by Pinter.” Modern Drama. 17.4 (1974): 377-388.
Burkman, Katherine H. Dramatic World of Harold Pinter: Its Basis in Ritual. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1971.
Dukore, Bernard F. “A Warp in Albee’s Woolf.” Critical Essays on Edward Albee. Ed. Philip C. Kolin and J. Madison Davis. Boston: G. K Hall & Co., 1986. 95-101.
---. “The Theater of Harold Pinter.” Tulane Drama Review. 6.3 (1962): 43-54.
Eliade, Mircea. Myth and Reality. Trans. Willard R. Trask. New York: Harper Colophon Books, 1963.
Esslin, Martin. The Theatre of the Absurd. 3rd ed. London: Penguin Books, 1980.
Frazer, Sir James. The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1940.
Freud, Anna. “The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense.” The Writings of Anna Freud. 2 vols. Trans. Cecil Bainers. New York: International UP, 1966.
Freud, Sigmund. “A Child Is Being Beaten.” Sigmund Freud: An Infantile Neurosis . Vol. 17. Trans. James Strachey. London: The Hogarth P, 1955. 179-204.
---. Civilization and Its Discontents. Trans. James Strachey. New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1961.
---. “Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality.” The Freud Reader. Ed. Peter Gay. London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1989. 239-293.
---. “Beyond the Pleasure Principle.” The Freud Reader. Ed. Peter Gay. London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1989. 594-626.
---. “Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction Between the Sexes.” The Freud Reader. Ed. Peter Gay. London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1989. 670-678.
---. Totem and Taboo: Resemblances Between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics. Trans. A. A. Brill. New York: Random House, Vintage Book, 1946.
Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1973.
Gabbard, Lucina Paquet. The Dream Structure of Pinter’s Plays: A Psychoanalytic Approach. London: Associated UP, 1976.
Gale, Steven H. Butter’s Going Up. Durham: Duke UP, 1977.
Gennep, Arnold van. The Rites of Passage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960.
Girard, Rene Violence of the Sacred Trans. Patrick Gregory. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins UP, 1979.
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang Von. Faust: a Tragedy. Trans. Walter Arndt. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1976.
Hall, Ann C. A Kind of Alaska: Women in the Plays of O’Neill, Pinter and Shepard. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1993.
Heilbrun, Carolyn G. Toward a Recognition of Androgyny. New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1973.
Holland, Norman. The Dynamics of Literary Response. New York: Oxford UP, 1968.
Jung, C. G. Aspects of the Feminine. Trans. R. F. C. Hull. London: Ark Paperbacks, 1986.
Kennedy, Andrew. “Ritualised Language.” Harold Pinter: The Birthday Party, The Caretaker & The Homecoming. Ed. Michael Scott. London: Macmillan, 1986. 186-189.
Kluckhohn, Clyde. “Myth and Rituals: A General Theory.” Myth and Literature: Contemporary Theory and Practice. Ed. John B. Vickery. Lincoln: Nebraska UP, 1966. 33-59.
La Fontaine, J. S. The Interpretation of Ritual. London: Tavistock Publications, 1972.
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Introduction to the Work of Marcel Mauss. Trans. Felicity Baker. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987.
---. The Savage Mind. Ed. Julian Pitt-Rivers and Ernest Gellner. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966.
McDaniel, Stanley V. The Philosophy of Nietzsche. New York: Monarch Press, 1965.
Moore, Sally F. and Barbara G. Myerhoff. Secular Ritual. Amsterdam: Van Gorcum & Comp., 1977.
Myerhoff, Barbara G. “We Don’t Wrap Herring in a Printed Page: Fusion, Fictions and Continuity in Secular Ritual.” Secular Ritual. Ed. Sally F. Moore and Barbara G. Myerhoff. Amsterdam: Van Gorcum & Comp., 1977. 199-224.
Nietzsche. Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Trans. R. J. Hollingdale. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1969.
Ovid. Fasti. Trans. James George Frazer. London: Harvard UP, 1931.
Paolucci, Anne. “Exorcisms: Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?” Critical Essays on Edward Albee. Ed. Philip C. Kolin and J. Madison Davis. Boston: G. K Hall & Co., 1986. 151-162.
Pinter, Harold. The Homecoming. London: Methuen, 1978.
---. Complete Works: One (The Birthday Party, The Room, The Dumb Waiter, A Slight Ache, A Night Out). New York: Grove Press, 1976.
Porter, Thomas E. Myth and Modern American Drama. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1969.
Roper, Lyndal. “Exorcism and the Theology of the Body.” Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcrafe, Sexuality and Religion in Early Modern Europe. New York: Routledge, 1994. 171-198.
Roudané, Matthew C. Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Necessary Fictions, Terrifying Realities. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990.
Sakellaridou, Elizabeth. Pinter’s Female Portraits: A Study of Female Characters in the Plays of Harold Pinter. New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1988.
Seidler, Victor J. Rediscovering Masculinity: Reason, Language and Sexuality. London and New York: Routledge, 1989.
Starhawk. The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess. New York: Harper & Row, 1979.
---. Dreaming the Dark: Magic, Sex and Politics. Boston: Beacon Press, 1982.
Storr, Anthony, comp. and ed. Jung: Selected Writings. London: Fontana Press, 1983.
Taylor, John Russell. “Pinter’s Game of Happy Families.” A Casebook on Harold Pinter’s “The Homecoming”. Ed. John Lahr. New York: Grove Press, 1971. 51-79.
Transue, Pamela J. Virginia Woolf and the Politics of Style. New York: New York UP, 1986.
Turner, Victor. From Ritual to Theatre. New York: PAJ Publications, 1982.
---. Drama, Field and Metaphor. London : Cornell UP, 1974.
---. The Forest of Symbols. New York: Cornell UP, 1967.
Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One’s Own. New York: Penguin Books, 1945.
---. To the Lighthouse. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1927.
Žižek, Slavoj. The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology. London: Verso, 2000.