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研究生:林君憶
研究生(外文):Jun-YiLin
論文名稱:雅典公元前四世紀的監護及繼承:以阿波羅多祿斯和德謨斯提尼斯為例
論文名稱(外文):Guardianship and Inheritance in the 4th Century Athens: with Apollodorus, son of Pasion, and Demosthenes, son of Demosthenes, as Examples
指導教授:翁嘉聲翁嘉聲引用關係
指導教授(外文):Jia-Sheng Ueng
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立成功大學
系所名稱:歷史學系
學門:人文學門
學類:歷史學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2016
畢業學年度:104
語文別:中文
論文頁數:94
中文關鍵詞:DemosthenesApollodorusoikos監護繼承
外文關鍵詞:DemosthenesApollodorusoikosguardianshipinheritance
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中文摘要

小型社會群體(家庭)經營的資產如何妥善處置,深深影響個人與群體的生存和延續,對個人而言,家庭提供成長過程中生存和發展的資源,包含實體的資產,以及由其他家族成員建立的人際網絡,這樣的社會關係並非憑空而來,而是由上一代的家庭成員透過血緣、婚姻等手段留下的非實體資產,對更大的社會群體(城邦、社會)而言,家庭數目、規模的恆定能幫助穩定經濟生產和社會秩序,在公元前四世紀的雅典,繼承的資產內容甚至包含牽涉政治權利的公民權,可以想見,繼承議題對於此時期的雅典社會來說至關重要,保障城邦和家庭雙邊發展的社會規範、法律等等也應運而生,然而這些法律是否能真正規範實質生活在其中的雅典人?兩者之間互動情形如何?雅典人們如何看待這些議題?當這些目的為維持社會穩定的規範遭受挑戰,雅典社會又如何回應?極具特色的雅典法庭所留下的法庭演說詞或許可以為後世提供若干線索。

本文將以德謨斯提尼斯(Demosthenes)和阿波羅多祿斯(Apollodorus)兩人的監護和繼承官司為例,使用兩人官司遺留下的法庭演說詞作為主要史料,探討公元前四世紀雅典的繼承問題,以及法律這類社會規範與當時的社會生活之間可能產生的衝突與協商。因此第一章會先行介紹主要史料--雅典法庭演說詞,簡略談及它出現的背景、如何被使用,雅典人又是如何看待這類可能可以協助贏得官司的「利器」;接著概略介紹雅典如何規範繼承、婚姻、監護,婚姻和監護在延續家庭的過程中扮演何種功能,以及城邦如何協助無法順利依循法律規範的家庭、個人,第一章第四節則論述本文採用的研究方法—故事敘述,透過Isaeus. 6這個演說詞當中Euctemon的故事,說明法庭演說詞作為史料的價值與使用上的侷限;第二、三章分別討論德謨斯提尼斯和阿波羅多祿斯的法庭演說詞,第二章主要圍繞在德謨斯提尼斯和其監護人阿佛卜司(Aphobus)等人在家產上的糾紛,儘管這起糾紛只留下德謨斯提尼斯單方面的說法,但重新檢視他父親老德謨斯提尼斯的資產性質,以及零星被德謨斯提尼斯巧妙遮掩的資產狀況,以及那些被德謨斯提尼斯隱藏在他論述下,被告阿佛卜司可能可以作出的合理回應,似乎讓故事多了額外觀看和理解的角度。第三章雖然也是以財產糾紛為開端的繼承官司,但這場官司卻因為阿波羅多祿斯對公民權這項「財產」的看重,延伸出不同於第二章的繼承糾紛,將公民權視作資產的一部分,或許也可以說明阿波羅多祿斯對出身奴隸的佛米翁(Phormion)展現出的不友善,以及對妮愛拉(Nieara)僭越公民權為何如此憤慨。

透過重新整理並呈現這些進入雅典法庭的特殊故事,本文嘗試拼湊出雅典人們對家庭、延續等生活議題的想像和理解,以及他們在實際生活時與法律規範之間的互動和拉扯。
SUMMARY

This is an inquiry into the interaction between the Athenians and those rules especially concerning inheritance issue which has had a great influence both on individual and society, and on how the society would react when the rules were challenged. Owing to the characteristics of Athenian court, forensic speeches may give us some clues to the answers of those questions. This present work is consisted of two detailed examination of legal cases, respective of Demosthenes (385/4, 384/3-332BCE) and Apollodorus (394-343/340BCE). Both of them faced problems toward inheritance in the alleged abuse of guardianship. It is an in-depth analysis of texts by representing and examining the sub-text under these forensic speeches. Through a detailed reconstruction of their cases in narratives, it is the purpose of this dissertation to give us some insight into how Athenians behaved in their obeisance and manipulation of rules to their best advantage in particular cases and the relationship between personal situations and rules in general , all of which was aimed at a maintenance for the existence and continuity of their family (oikos) and, then, society (polis).

Key words: Demosthenes, Apollodorus, oikos, guardianship, inheritance
中文摘要…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. I
英文摘要………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….II
誌謝……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. V
目錄………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. VI
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1
第一節 章節安排與文獻回顧………………………………………………….………………………1
一、問題意識…………………………………………………………………………………………..1
二、文獻回顧…………………………………………………………………………………………..2
三、章節安排…………………………………………………………………………………………..4
第二節 法庭演說詞…………………………………………………………………………………………4
一、公元前五世紀至四世紀的雅典法庭…………………………………………………5
二、法庭演說詞的性質…………………………………………………………………………….6
三、公元前四世紀的雅典法庭………………………………………………………………………..7
四、演說詞所涉及的法律爭議………………………………………………………………………..8
五、與本文主題有關的法律手段…………………………………………………………………….9
六、法庭演說詞與其特殊之處…………………………………………………………………9
第三節 繼承、婚姻與監護……………………………………………………………………………….10
一、繼承………………………………………………………………………………………………….10
二、婚姻………………………………………………………………………………………………….11
三、監護………………………………………………………………………………………………….15
第四節 研究方法:故事敘述………………………………………………………………………….15
第二章 「王子」復仇記:德謨斯提尼斯的監護官司………………………………………………19
第一節「稚嫩」繼承人與「邪惡」監護人的對抗………………………………………………20
VI
一、監護人的安排………………………………………………………………………………….20
二、老德謨斯提尼斯的遺產內容…………………………………………………………..21
三、嫁妝………………………………………………………………………………………………….26
四、老德謨斯提尼斯資產的其他問題……………………………………………………28
第二節 王子復仇記繼續篇……………………………………………………………………………34
一、阿佛卜司的反擊………………………………………………………………………………………34
二、德謨斯提尼斯自力追討賠償……………………………………………………………………39
第三節 小結…………………………………………………………………………………………………….47
第三章 「忠誠的監護人與不滿的少主」:阿波羅多祿斯與佛米翁的監護糾紛…………..49
第一節 佛米翁與阿波羅多祿斯的「愛恨糾葛」…………………………………………………..50
一、「新」公民其人其事………………………………………………………………………………..50
二、監護與資產糾紛………………………………………………………………………………………54
第二節 阿波羅多祿斯的反擊………………………………………………………………………….64
第三節 阿波羅多祿斯對妮愛拉的控訴…………………………………………………………77
第四節 小結……………………………..……………………………………………………………………84
第四章 結論…………………………………….……………………………………………………………………86
參考書目………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..89
名詞對照表…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….93
原典資料:
Demosthenes
Douglas M. MacDowell: Demosthenes 27-38 (University of Texas press, Austin, 2004)
A. T. Murray: Demosthenes IV. Private Orations XXVII-XL (Loeb Classical Library,
Harvard UP, Cambridge, Mass. / Heinemann, London, 1936, rep. 1984)
------: Demosthenes V . Private Orations XLI-XLIX (Loeb Classical Library, Harvard
UP, Cambridge, Mass. / Heinemann, London, 1939, rep. 1990)
------: Demosthenes VI. Private Orations L-LVIII, In Neaeram LIX (Loeb Classical
Library, Harvard UP, Cambridge, Mass. / Heinemann, London, 1939, rep.1988)
參考文獻(Secondary Literature):
A. A. Long (ed.): The Cambridge Companion to Early Greek Philosophy(Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 1999)
Asheri , D.: “Laws of Inheritance, Distribution of Land and Political Constitution in
Ancient Greece, Historia 12, 1963, pp. 1-21.
Balot , Ryan K.: Greek Political Thought (Blackwell Publishing, New York, 2006))
Blundell , Sue: Women in Ancient Greece (British Museum Press , London, 1995)
Boegehold, Alan L. and Scafuro, Adele C.(eds.): Athenian identity and civic ideology
( Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1994)
Bryant , Joseph M.: Moral codes and social structure in ancient Greece: a sociology of
Greek ethics from Homer to Epicureans and Stoics (State University of New York Press,
1996)
Cohen, David: Law, Violence and Community in Classical Athens (CUP, Cambrodge,
1995)
Colin , Armand(ed.): A History of the Family(Cambridge, UK: Polity Press,1996)
89
Cox , Anne Cheryl: Household Interests : property, marriage strategies, and family
dynamics in ancient Athen(Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1998)
Christ, Matthew R.:The Bad Citizen in Classical Athens. (Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 2006)
Davies, J.K.: Athenian Propertied Families: 600-300 B.C.(Clarendon Press, Oxford ,
1971)
Harrison , A. R . W.: The Law of Athens Vol. I, The family and Property(Clarendon Press,
Oxford, 1968)
Ian Worthington(ed.): A Companion to Greek Rhetoric(Wiley-Blackwell, New York,
2006)
Jeremy Trevett : Apollodoros the Son of Pasion(Clarendon Press, Oxford,1992)
Just , Roger :Women in Athenian law and life(Routledge, London, 1989)
Kinzl , Konard H.(ed.): A Companion to the Classical Greek World(Wiley-Blackwell,
2010)
Lacey ,W. K.: The Family in Classical Greece(Cornell University Press , New York,
1968)
Lanni , Adriaan: Law and Justice in the Courts of Classical Athens(Cambridge University ,
New York ,2006)
MacDowell, D. M. :The Law in Classical Athens(Cornell University Press, New York,
1978)
MacDowell , Douglas M.:‘The Oikos in Athenian Law,’The Classical Quarterly Vol. 39,
No. 1 (1989), pp. 10-21.
Osborne, Robin Demos: The Discovery of Classical Attika(Cambridge University Press,
New York, 1985)
Patterson , Cynthia B. : The Family in Greek History(Harvard University Press,
Cambridge, 1998)
Pomeroy, Sarah B. : Women’s History and Ancient History(The University of North
Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1991)
Rehm , Rush: Marriage to death: the conflation of wedding and funeral rituals in Greek
tragedy(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994)
Roy , J. “Polis and Oikos in Classical Athens, Greece & Rome, Vol. 46, No. 1,(Apr.
1999), pp. 1-18.
Rubinstein , Lene : Adoption in IV. Century Athens(Museum Tusculanum Press, University
of Copenhagen, 1993)
Scafuro, Adele C. : The Forensic stage: settling disputes in Graeco-Roman new comedy
(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997)
Sealey , Raphael: The Justice of the Greeks(The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor,
1994)
------: Women and Law in Classical Greece(The University of North Carolina Press,
Chapel Hill and London, 1990)
Strauss, Barry S. : Fathers & Sons in Athens: Ideology and Society in the Era of the
Peloponnesian War(Routledge, London, 1993)
Sutton, Jr., Robert F. ‘Family Portraits: Recognizing the “Oikos on Attic Red-Figure
Pottery,’Hesperia Supplement, vol. 33, XAPIΣ: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr
(2004), pp.327-350.
Todd, S. C. : The Shape of Athenian Law(Oxford University Press ,New York, 1993)
中文資料
翁嘉聲:
------:〈土生土長為雅典人的憲章神話〉,《成大西洋史集刊》第9 期,台南:成功大學歷史系,1999 年。
------:〈評介帕席翁之子阿波羅多祿斯之[Demosthenes]59 Kata Neairas〈控訴妮愛拉〉和其譯文,收於成大歷史學報第24 期,成大歷史系,台南市,1999 年。
許琇智,〈雅典法律與女人〉,成功大學歷史系碩士論文,1999
祝亦男,〈古典時期雅典的收養與繼承:以伊賽奧斯(Isaeus)之法庭演說詞為例〉,成功大學歷史系碩士論文,2012
工具書(Reference Books)

Hornblower, Simon and Spawforth, Antony,(eds.): The Oxford Classical Dictionary
(Oxford University Press, Oxford, 3rd. ed. 2003)(縮寫為OCD)
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