臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

楊艾德是當代著名的美籍華裔兒童插畫家、譯者。他的作品《狼婆婆：來自中國的小紅帽故事》（1989）曾於1990年獲得美國童書最高獎──凱迪克獎金獎。此一金獎是兒童文學才有的殊榮，榮獲凱迪克金牌者必定名利雙收：作者既享有盛名，而獲獎作品也絕對暢銷。《狼婆婆》雖是以譯作之名進入當時的童書市場，但研究者透過各種方式卻無法找到原文與原文作者。因此，此作品成為翻譯研究上的一個有趣的個案。依據羅曼•雅各布森(Roman Jakobson)對翻譯的定義來研究這本書，衍生出幾個翻譯研究的核心問題。首先，在缺乏原文與作者的狀況下，從語際翻譯的角度研究此作品產生諸多問題。其次，無論《狼婆婆》本身是否依據語際翻譯而成，楊艾德依舊在中西童話故事的脈絡，以及文字與插畫符號轉譯的脈絡中「翻譯」了《小紅帽》的故事，所以《狼婆婆》仍可視為跨文化翻譯的產物。以《狼婆婆》為翻譯研究的探討文章並不多，這是一個嶄新的領域。而且，正因為《狼婆婆》榮獲了凱迪克金牌，更確立了它在多元兒童文學中所佔據的地位。因此，本論文主要研究楊艾德如何跨文化翻譯《小紅帽》故事，探討楊艾德及其編者在1980、1990年代如何運用目標市場的美國文化規範與各種「翻譯」技巧促成《狼婆婆》的成功。論文使用1997年安德魯·切斯特曼(Andrew Chesterman)對翻譯學文化規範、期望規則(expectancy norms)的概念探討《狼婆婆》如何成為凱迪克獲獎者的成功案例：筆者分析1938-2016年的凱迪克獲獎作品之文化背景與主題，藉此探索隱藏其中的文化規範。研究結果發現當時蔚為主流的多元文化主義和中西童話文學的互譯空間與吸引力是《狼婆婆》成功受到喜愛的關鍵。多元文化主義強調民族或種族多樣性，在一個國家內部強制推行不同文化之間的相互尊重和寬容，在美國從二十世紀二十年代起就廣泛應用於跨文化教育，而本論文即檢視此獎項與當時兒童文學中多元文化主義風潮之關連，並論證楊艾德《狼婆婆》如何將經典童話“小紅帽”結合中國虎姑婆、狼外婆傳說故事進行跨文化翻譯，將1980年代美國讀者偏好之多元文化主義運用在兒童文學上，一方面受到主導當時兒童文學軌範者之歡迎，另一方面亦吸引如傑克·澤列斯（1993）等西方學者與心理學家之喜愛，從而贏得凱迪克獎項，在當時的多元系統當中，成功佔據一席之地。

Chinese American children's illustrator and author, Ed Young, was awarded the Randolph Caldecott Medal in 1990 for Lon Po Po: A Little Red Riding Hood Story from China (1989). This award is a prestigious honor that exists uniquely in children’s literature. It guarantees the winner both phenomenal sales and notoriety. Young’s work was labeled as a translation on both the front and last page of Lon Po Po’s Penguin Putnam edition, yet the author and title of the Source Text are missing. Thus, Lon Po Po is not a translation proper according to Jakobson's definition. Regardless of whether Lon Po Po is a translation proper, Young is still “translating” a cross-cultural tale and his “translation” occupies a central position in the polysystem of multicultural children’s literature. This study examines how Young translated the cross-cultural masterpiece that is “Little Red Riding Hood” and how he manipulated the expectancy norms of the United States during the late 1980s and early 1990s to allow for the success of Lon Po Po. This is new territory, as translation studies on Lon Po Po are scant. In order to answer why Lon Po Po was labelled a translation as opposed to an adaptationor retelling, as many of Young's other works are, this study uses Andrew Chesterman's (1997) conception of the expectancy norms in translation studies and explores how the success of Lon Po Po as a Caldecott winner allows scholars to examine the expectancy norms present during the 1990s in children's literature that allowed Lon Po Po to take home the gold. Through a thorough analysis of the Caldecott winners from 1938-2016, my research points to multiculturalism and belonging to the genera of folklore as proponents that led to the text's success. Multiculturalism highlights ethnic or racial diversity in a positive light and it has been used in intercultural education since the 1920s in the United States. This thesis argues that the 1980s favored a rise in multiculturalism in children's literature and that Young's Lon Po Po being a cross-cultural translation of a classic fairy tale “Little Red Riding Hood,” cherished by western scholars and psychologists who recognize the psychoanalytic staying powers of the tale, such as Jack Zipes (1993), helped it win the Caldecott and thereby manipulated the work to succeed within a polysystem.

Table of Contents
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………....iii
Chapter 1:
Lon Po Po as a Problematic Case for Translation Studies…….……………………….….1
Chapter 2:
The Caldecott: Multiculturalism, Fairy Tales, and the Success of Lon Po Po………….18
Table 1………………………………………….28
Table 2………………………………………….29
Table 3………………………………………….30
Chapter 3:
Who is Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Lon Po Po and
Little Red Riding Hood and The Importance of Fairy Tales ……..…………………..….58
Chapter 4:
An Exploration of the Imagery of Darkness in Lon Po Po and Little Red Riding
Hood ........................................................................................................................108
Chapter 5:
A Translation of Text to Image in Lon Po Po……………………………………..…...…..129
Chapter 6:
One Remarkable Fruit………...……………………………………….....……143
Appendix………………………………………………………………………………......……149
Works Cited and Consulted:
English Sources ……….…………………………………………………………….…….......155
Chinese Sources….……….……………………………………………………………….......170

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