臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文以循環伏安法(Cyclic Voltammetry)分別備製聚三甲基噻吩(Poly(3-methylthiophene), PMeT)與聚苯胺(Polyaniline, PANI)電致色變(Electrochromic)薄膜於氧化鋅奈米線/氧化銦錫/玻璃(Zinc Oxide Nanaowires/Indium Tin Oxide/Glass, ZnO nanowires/ITO/Glass)基板上，形成色彩三原色之電致色變顯示器(Electrochromic Display)。首先以濺鍍法備製氧化鋅晶種層(Zinc Oxide Seed-Layer, ZnO seed-layer)於氧化銦錫/玻璃基板上，並探討不同備製方式之晶種層均勻度(Uniformity)對氧化鋅奈米線之影響，再以化學浴沉積法(Chemical Bath Deposition, CBD)備製氧化鋅奈米線於氧化鋅晶種層/氧化銦錫/玻璃基板上，並探討於不同氧化鋅奈米線成長時間(Growth time)之最佳奈米線長徑比，再以循環伏安法將聚三甲基噻吩與聚苯胺備製於氧化鋅奈米線/氧化銦錫/玻璃基板與氧化銦錫/玻璃基板上，並藉由微型光譜儀(Photonic Spectrometer)、阻抗分析儀(Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, EIS)與循環伏安儀分析聚三甲基噻吩與聚苯胺薄膜之光學、電化學與電致色變特性。當聚苯胺與聚三甲基噻薄膜備製於9小時之氧化鋅奈米線/氧化銦錫/玻璃基板上時，具有最高的穿透率變化量(∆T550 nm = 38 %)與光學密度變化量(∆OD550 nm = 0.462)，其響應時間為10秒 (T550 nm)、24秒(T450 nm)與28秒(T650 nm)。當聚苯胺與聚三甲基噻吩沉積於氧化銦錫/玻璃基板上時具最佳之CIE 1931色度座標的色域軌跡。

In this thesis, the poly(3-methylthiophene) (PMeT) and the polyaniline (PANI) of the electrochromic thin films had been deposited on the zinc oxide nanowires/indium tin oxide/glass (ZnO nanowires/ITO/Glass) substrate by cyclic vltammetry (CV). First, the ZnO seed-layer was deposited on ITO/Glass by RF sputtering to investigate uniformity with different deposition mothods. Second, the ZnO nanowires were grown on the ZnO seed-layer by chemical bath deposition (CBD), which were investigated aspect ratio for different growth time. The PANI and PMeT thin films were deposited on ITO/Glass and ZnO nanowires/ITO/Glass by cyclic vltammetry. The electrochromic thin films ZnO nanowires/ITO/Glass was analyzed optical and electrochemical properties by photonic spectrometer, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic vltammetry, we found that the PANI and PMeT thin films was deposited for 9 hours on ZnO nanowires/ITO/Glass, which have the best transmittance variation (∆T550 nm=38 %) and optical density change (∆OD550 nm = 0.462), and the response time are 10 sec (T550 nm), 24 sec (T450 nm) and 28 sec (T650 nm). The chromaticity coordinates of PANI and PMeT thin films which deposited on ITO/Glass has the best shape of tracks.

Contents
Chinese Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------- i
English Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------- ii
Acknowledgement ------------------------------------------------------------- iii
Contents ------------------------------------------------------------- iv
List of Tables ------------------------------------------------------------- x
List of Figures ------------------------------------------------------------- xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction---------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 Background---------------------------------------------- 1
1.2 Motivation and Purpose-------------------------------- 6
1.3 Process and Framework-------------------------------- 8
Chapter 2 Theory Descriptions------------------------------------ 17
2.1 Review of Related Literatures------------------------- 17
2.1.1 Conductive polymer------------------------------------ 17
2.1.2 Electrochromism---------------------------------------- 17
2.1.3 ZnO nanowires------------------------------------------ 19
2.2 Principle of Conductive Polymer--------------------- 21
2.3 Principle of Electrochromism------------------------- 23
2.3.1 Principles of electrochromic PMeT thin film------- 23
2.3.2 Principles of electrochromic PANI thin film-------- 24
2.3.3 Optical parameters of electrochromic device------- 25
2.4 Principle of ZnO Nanostructure----------------------- 28
2.4.1 Principle of ZnO nanowires--------------------------- 28
2.4.2 Principle of chemical bath deposition method------ 28
2.5 Principle of Cyclic Voltammetry--------------------- 30
2.5.1 Principles of cyclic voltammetry--------------------- 30
2.6 Measurement and Analysis of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy------------------------------- 32
2.6.1 Principles of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy--------------------------------------------- 32
2.6.2 Equivalent circuit and physical significance of electrical components---------------------------------- 35
2.6.3 Equivalent circuit of electrochromic device--------- 37
2.7 Principle of Chromaticity Coordinates--------------- 38
Chapter 3 Experimental-------------------------------------------- 52
3.1 Reagents, Material and Instrument------------------- 52
3.2 Fabrication Process------------------------------------- 53
3.2.1 Substrate cleaning--------------------------------------- 53
3.2.2 Fabrication of ZnO nanowires------------------------ 54
3.2.3 Fabrication of PMeT thin film------------------------ 54
3.2.4 Fabrication of PANI thin film------------------------- 55
3.2.5 Fabrication of electrolyte------------------------------ 56
3.2.6 Cell assembling----------------------------------------- 56
3.3 Measuring System-------------------------------------- 57
3.3.1 Electrochromic reaction of PMeT and PANI thin films------------------------------------------------------ 57
3.3.2 Scanning electron microscope------------------------ 57
3.3.3 Micro spectroscopy------------------------------------- 58
3.3.4 Cyclic vlotammetric measurement system---------- 58
3.3.5 Measurement of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy--------------------------------------------- 59
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion--------------------------------- 74
4.1 Analysis of ZnO Nanowires Structure with Different ZnO Seed-Layer----------------------------- 74
4.2 Analysis of ZnO Nanowires Substrate with Different Growth Time for ZnO Nanowires-------- 76
4.3 Analysis of Electrochromic Thin Film was Deposited on ZnO Nanowires Substrate with Different Growth Time for ZnO Nanowires-------- 77
4.4 Characteristics and Analysis of PANI Electrochromic Thin Films on ZnO Nanowires/ITO/Glass Substrates--------------------- 80
4.4.1 The charge density analysis of PANI electrochromic thin films------------------------------ 80
4.4.2 The optical property of PANI electrochromic thin films------------------------------------------------------ 81
4.4.3 The optical property of PANI electrochromic thin films------------------------------------------------------ 83
4.5 Measurement of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for PANI Electrochromic Thin Films------------------------------------------------------ 85
4.6 CIE 1931 Chromaticity Coordinates of PANI Electrochromic Thin Films---------------------------- 86
4.7 Response Time of PANI Electrochromic Thin Film------------------------------------------------------- 87
4.8 Comparison of PANI Thin Film with Other Literatures -----------------------------------------------
88
4.9 Characteristics and Analysis of PMeT Electrochromic Thin Films on ZnO Nanowires/ITO/Glass Substrates--------------------- 90
4.9.1 The charge density analysis of PMeT electrochromic thin films------------------------------ 90
4.9.2 The optical property of PMeT electrochromic thin films------------------------------------------------------ 91
4.9.3 The electrochemical property of PMeT electrochromic thin films------------------------------ 93
4.10 Measurement of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for PMeT Electrochromic Thin Films------------------------------------------------------ 94
4.11 CIE 1931 Chromaticity Coordinates of PMeT Electrochromic Thin Films---------------------------- 95
4.12 Response Time of PMeT Electrochromic Thin Film------------------------------------------------------- 96
4.13 Comparison of PMeT Thin Film with Other Literatures ----------------------------------------------- 98
4.14 Lifetime of Electrochromic Thin Film/ZnO Nanowires/ITO /Glass in Tertiary Colors----------- 99
Chapter 5 Conclusions---------------------------------------------- 144
Chapter 6 Future Prospects----------------------------------------- 147
References ------------------------------------------------------------- 148

[1]Green Buildings May Be Cheapest Way to Slow Global Warming, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/green-buildings-may-be-cheapest-way-to-slow-global-warming/.
[2]C. Y. Liu, 2013, “Fabrication and characteristic analysis of arrayed electrochromic display based on tertiary colors,” Master Thesis, Institute of Electronic and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.
[3]J. R. Platt, 1961, “Electrochromism, a possible change of color producible in dyes by an electric field,” Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 34, PP. 862-863.
[4]S. K. Deb, 1969, “A novel electrophotographic system,” Applied Optics, PP. 192-195.
[5]K. A. Gesheva, T. M. Ivanova, G. Bodurov, 2012, “Transition metal oxide films: Technology and smart windows electrochromic device performance”, Progress in Organic Coatings, Vol. 74, PP. 635-639.
[6]C. M. Lampert, 1998, “Smart switchable glazing for solar energy and daylight control,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 52, PP. 207-221.
[7]Y. S. Lin, Y. L. Chiang, J. Y. Lai, 2009, “Effect of oxygen addition to the electrochromic properties of WO3-z thin films sputtered on flexible PET/ITO substrates,” Solid State Ionics, Vol. 180, PP. 99-105.
[8]C. G. Granqvist, 2006, “Electrochromic materials: out of a niche,” Nature Materials, Vol. 5, PP. 89-90.
[9]C. G. Granqvist, E. Avendano, A. Azens, 2003, “Electrochromic coatings and devices: survey of some recent advances,” Thin Solid Films, Vol. 442, PP. 201-211.
[10]Picture brightens on auto-tinting smart windows, http://www.cnet.com.au/picture-brightens-on-auto-tinting-smart-windows-339337777.htm.
[11]Smart window startup View kicks into overdrive with $100M from madrone, http://gigaom.com/2014/01/07/smart-window-startup-view-kicks-into-overdrive-with-100m-from-madrone-those-walmart-guys/.
[12]Электронная тонировка стекол автомобиля, http://autoepoch.ru/poleznye-sovety-avtolyubitelyam/elektronnaya-tonirovka-stekol-avtomobilya.html.
[13]A. A. Argun, P. H. Aubert, B. C. Thompson, I. Schwendeman, C. L. Gaupp, J. Hwang, N. J. Pinto, D. B. Tanner, A. G. MacDiarmid and J. R. Reynolds, 2004, “Multicolored electrochromism in polymers:structures and devices,” Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 16, PP.4401-4412.
[14]J. Y. Wu, 2006, “Sol-gel synthesis of tantalum based all-solid-state electrochromic devices,” Master Thesis, Institute of Optical Sciences, National Central University, Taiwan.
[15]Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Ed., A. J. Bard, L. R. Faulkner, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001.
[16]C. G. Granqvist, A. Azens, A. Hjelm, L. Kullman, G. A. Niklasson, D. Rönnow, M. Stromme Mattsson, M. Veszelei, G. Vaivars, 1998, “Recent advances in electrochromics for smart windows applications,” Solar Energy, Vol. 63, PP. 199-216.
[17]J. Liu, James P. Coleman, 2000, “Nano structured metal oxide for printed electrochromic displays,” Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. A286, PP. 144-148.
[18]U. Bach, D. Corr, D. Lupo, F. Pichot, M. Ryan, 2002, “Nanomaterials-based electrochromics for paper-quality displays,” Advanced Materials, Vol. 14, PP. 845-848.
[19]E. Kim, S. Jung, 2005, “Layer-by-layer assembled electrochromic films for all-solid-state electrochromic devices,” Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 17, PP. 6381- 6387.
[20]M. T. Chen, 2010, “Synthesis, characterization, and applications of p-type ZnO nanowires,” Ph. D. Thesis, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan.
[21]Asia Pacific Intellectual Property Association (APIPA), http://gpsa.apipa.org.tw/APIPA/.
[22]C. Y. Lin, 2002, “Preparation and properties of poly (vinyl alcohol)-clay as well as poly (vinyl carbazole)-clay nanocomposite materials,” Master’s Thesis, Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan.
[23]K. C. Ho, 1990, “Electrochemistry and windowless time,” Chemical engineering, Vol. 37, PP. 32-42
[24]W. J. Feast, J. Tsibouklis, K. L. Pouwer, L. Groenendaal, E. W. Meijer, 1996, “Synthesis, processing and material properties of conjugated polymers,” Polymer, Vol. 37, PP. 5017-5047.
[25]S. Bhandari, M. Deepa, A. K. Srivastava, S. T. Lakshmikumar, RamaKant, 2009, “Electrochromic response, structure optimization and ion transfer behavior in viologen adsorbed titanium oxide films,” Solid State Ionics, Vol. 180, PP. 41-49.
[26]L. C. Chen, K. C. Ho, 2008, “Multimode optoelectrochemical detection of cysteine based on an electrochromic prussian blue electrode,” Sensors and Actuators B, Vol. 130, PP. 418-424.
[27]M. Fernandes, V. T. Freitas, S. Pereira, E. Fortunato, R. A. S. Ferreira, L. D. Carlos, R. Rego, V. de Zea Bermudez, 2014, “Green Li+ - and Er3+ - doped poly (ε-caprolactone) /siloxane biohybrid electrolytes for smart electrochromic windows”, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, Vol. 123, PP. 203-210.
[28]S. M. Wang, L. Liu, W. L. Chen, E. B. Wang, 2013, “High performance visible and near-infrared region electrochromic smart windows based on the different structures of polyoxometalates”, Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 113, PP. 240-247.
[29]G. Bodurov, P. Stefchev, T. Ivanova, K. Gesheva, 2014, “Investigation of electrodeposited NiO films as electrochromic material for counter electrodes in smart windows”, Materials Letters, Vol. 117, PP. 270-272.
[30]S. Hoffmann, E. S. Lee, C. Clavero, 2014, “Examination of the technical potential of near-infrared switching thermochromic windows for commercial building applications”, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, Vol. 123, PP. 65-80.
[31]M. H. Lee, M. G. Kim, 1996, “RTA and stoichiometry effect on the thermochromism of VO2 thin films,” Thin Solid Films, Vol. 286, PP. 219-222.
[32]K. C. Kam, A. K. Cheetham, 2006, “Thermochromic VO2 nanorods and other vanadium oxides nanostructures,” Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 41, PP. 1015-1021.
[33]J. B. Kana Kana, J. M. Ndjaka, P. O. Ateba, B. D. Ngom, N. Manyala, O. Nemraoui, A. C. Beye, M. Maaza, 2008, “Thermochromic VO2 thin films synthesized by rf-inverted cylindrical magnetron sputtering,” Applied Surface Science, Vol. 254, PP. 3959-3963.
[34]H. Ye, L. Long, H. Zhang, Y. Gao, 2014, “The energy saving index and the performance evaluation of thermochromic windows in passive buildings”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 66, PP. 215-221.
[35]M. E. A. Warwick, I. Ridley, R. Binions, 2014, “The effect of transition gradient in thermochromic glazing systems”, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 77, PP. 80-90.
[36]Y. Gao, H. Luo, Z. Zhang, L. Kang, Z. Chen, J. Du, M. Kanehira, C. Cao, 2012, “Nanoceramic VO2 thermochromic smart glass: A review on progress in solution processing”, Nano Energy, Vol. 1, PP. 221-246.
[37]Z. Huang, C. Chen, C. Lv, S. Chen, 2013, “Tungsten-doped vanadium dioxide thin films on borosilicate glass for smart window application”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 564, PP. 158-161.
[38]M. Kamalisarvestani, R. Saidur, S. Mekhilef, F. S. Javadi, 2013, “Performance, materials and coating technologies of thermochromic thin films on smart windows”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 26, PP. 353-364.
[39]M. Rouhani, Y. L. Foo, J. Hobley, J. Pan, G. S. Subramanian, X. Yu, A. Rusydi, S. Gorelik, 2013, “Photochromism of amorphous molybdenum oxide films with different initial Mo5+ relative concentrations”, Applied Surface Science, Vol. 273, PP. 150-158.
[40]M. Rouhani, J. Hobley, G. S. Subramanian, I. Y. Phang, Y. L. Foo, S. Gorelik, 2014, “The influence of initial stoichiometry on the mechanism of photochromism of molybdenum oxide amorphous films”, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, Vol. 126, PP. 26-35.
[41]C. T. Chen, 2011, “Quasi-one-dimensional electron transport in individual ZnO nanowires by field-induced depletion,” Master’s Thesis, Institute of Electrophysics College of Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
[42]J. Bao, M. A. Zimmler, F. Capasso, 2006, “Broadband ZnO single-nanowire light-emitting diode,” Nano Letters, Vol. 6, PP. 1719-1722.
[43]G. J. Fodjouong, Y. Feng, M. Sangare, X. Huang, 2013, “Synthesis of ZnO nanostructure films by thermal evaporation approach and their application in dye-sensitized solar cells,” Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, Vol. 16, PP. 652-658.
[44]Q. Wan, Q. H. Li, Y. J. Chen, T. H. Wang, X. L. He, J. P. Li, C. L. Lin, X. Huang, 2004, “Fabrication and ethanol sensing characteristics of ZnO nanowire gas sensors,” Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 84, P. 3654.
[45]H. Nguyen, C. T. Quy, N. D. Hoa, N. T. Lam, N. V. Duy, V. V. Quang, N. V. Hieu, 2014, “Controllable growth of ZnO nanowires grown on discrete islands of Au catalyst for realization of planar-type micro gas sensors,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 193, PP. 888-894.
[46]S. A. Chen, 2001, “Conductive polymer: the novel optoelectronic materials,” Chinese Journal of Physics, Vol. 23, PP. 312-321.
[47]Y. L. Liu, 2002, “Investigation of the sensing behaviors and interacting forces of conducting polypyrrole as a gas sensor with BTEX vapors,” Master’s Thesis, Institute of Industrial Chemistry and Hazards Prevention, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, Taiwan.
[48]K. Y. Shen, C. W. Hu, L. C. Chang, K. C. Ho, 2012, “A complementary electrochromic device based on carbon nanotubes/conducting polymers,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 98, PP. 294-299.
[49]A. Avendano, A. Azens, G. A. Niklasson, C. G. Granqvist, 2007, “Sputter deposited electrochromic films and devices based on these: progress on nickel-oxide-based films,” Materials Science and Engineering B, Vol. 138, PP. 112-117.
[50]Molecular recognition & sensor, http://www.chemedu.ch.ntu.edu.tw/ lecture/ molecular/2.htm.
[51]E. M. Genies, M. Lapkowski, J. F. Penneau, 1988, “Cyclic voltammetry of polyaniline: interpretation of the middle peak,” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 249, PP. 97-107.
[52]N. R. Cheng, 2010, “Characterization of zinc oxide nanotip prepared by aqueous solution deposition on sputtered zinc oxide nucleation layer,” Master’s Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
[53]D. C. Look, D. C. Reynolds, J. R. Sizelove, R. L. Jones, C. W. Litton, G. Cantwell, W. C. Harsch, “Electrical properties of bulk ZnO,” Solid State Communications, Vol. 105, PP. 399-401, 1998.
[54]P. C. Chang, Z. Fan, D. Wang, W. Y. Tseng, W. A. Chiou, J. Hong, J. G. Lu, 2004, “ZnO nanowires synthesized by vapor trapping CVD method,” Chemistry of materials, Vol. 16, PP. 5133-5137.
[55]T. J. Kuo , C. N. Lin , C. L. Kuo , M. H. Huang, 2007, “Growth of ultralong ZnO nanowires on silicon substrates by vapor transport and their use as recyclable photocatalysts,” Chemistry of materials, Vol. 19, PP. 5143-5147.
[56]W. J. Li, E. W. Shi, W. Z. Zhong, Z. W. Yin, 1996, “Growth mechanism and growth habit of oxide crystals,” Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 203, PP. 186-196.
[57]C. C. Hu, 2002, “Fundamentals and methods of electrochemistry,” Wu-Nan Book Inc., Taiwan.
[58]F. J. Tien, 1999, “Electrochemistry: fundamentals and applications,” Chapter 1, Wuchow Publishing Co., Taiwan.
[59]S. S. Kocha, J. A. Turner, 1996, “Impedance analysis of surface modified GaInP-aqueous electrolyte interface,” Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 47, PP. 1295-1304.
[60]Y. C. Chen, 2002, “Influences of electrolyte formula on the performance of lithium ion batteries,” Master Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chen Kung University, Taiwan.
[61]E. Barsoukov, J. R. Macdonald, 2005, “Impedance spectroscopy theory, experiment, and applications,” 2en ed., Chapter 3.1, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York.
[62]W. L. Lee, 2001, “Sulfonated polystyrene impregnated poly(tetrafluoroethylene) membrane as proton exchange membranes for the application in fuel cell,” Master Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taiwan.
[63]Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, http://www.cgmh.org.tw/ cgmh/ health/ health_01_search.asp#01.
[64]S. H. Lee, H. M. Cheong, C. E. Tracy, A. Mascarenhas, J. R. Pitts, G. Jorgensen, S. K. Deb, 2000, “Alternating current impedance and raman spectroscopic study on electrochromic a-WO3 flms,” Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 76, PP. 3908-3910.
[65]X. Kang, J. Wang, H. Wu, I. A. Aksay, J. Liu, Y. Lin, 2009, “Glucose oxidase– graphene–chitosan modified electrode for direct electrochemistry and glucose sensing,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Vol. 25, PP. 901-905.
[66]R. J. Mortimer, T. S. Varley, 2012, “In situ spectroelectrochemistry and colour measurement of a complementary electrochromic device based on surface-confined Prussian blue and aqueous solution-phase methyl viologen,” Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, Vol. 99, PP. 213-220.
[67]National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Centeer for Advanced Processing and Analysis, http://capa.yuntech.edu.tw/main.htm.
[68]EC-Lab Software: Techniques and Applications, Instrument Manual, Bio-Logic SAS, version 9.5, 2008.
[69]Y. Pang, X. Li, H. Ding, G. Shi, L. Jin, 2007, “Electropolymerization of high quality electrochromic poly(3-alkyl-thiophene)s via a room temperature ionic liquid,” Electrochimica Acta , Vol. 52, PP. 6172-6177.
[70]B. C. Thompson, P. Schottland, K. Zong, J. R. Reynolds, 2000, “In situ colorimetric analysis of electrochromic polymers and devices,” Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 12, PP. 1563-1571.
[71]F. W. Billmeyer, 1988, “Quantifying color appearance visually and instrumentally,” Color Research & Application, Vol. 13, 140-145.
[72]S. Alkan, C. A. Cutler, J. R. Reynolds, 2003, “High-quality electrochromic polythiophenes via BF3•Et2O electropolymerization,” Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 13, PP. 331-336.
[73]J. H. Kang, Y. J. Oh, S. M. Paek, S. J. Hwang, J. H. Choy, 2009, “High contrast asymmetric solid state electrochromic devices based on layer-by-layer deposition of polyaniline and poly(aniline sulfonic acid),” Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, Vol. 93, PP. 2040-2044.
[74]W. K. Chen, C. W. Hu, C. Y. Hsu, K. C. Ho, 2009, “A study on the electrochromic properties of polyaniline/silica composite films with an enhanced optical contrast,” Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 54, PP. 4408-4415.
[75]R. Montazami, V. Jain, J. R. Heflin, 2010, “High contrast asymmetric solid state electrochromic devices based on layer-by-layer deposition of polyaniline and poly(aniline sulfonic acid),” Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 56, PP. 990-994.
[76]P. Jia, W. A. Yee, J. Xu, C. L. Toh, J. Ma, X. Lu, 2011, “Thermal stability of ionic liquid-loaded electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes and its influences on performance of electrochromic devices”, Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 376, PP. 283-289.
[77]D. Sydorov, I. Duboriz, A. Pud, 2013, “Poly(3-methylthiophene)–polyaniline couplespectroelectrochemistry revisited for the complementaryred–green–blue electrochromic device,” Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 106, PP. 114–120.
[78]J. Zhang,J. P. Tu, G. H. Du, Z. M. Dong, Y. S. Wu, L. Chang, D. Xie, G. F. Cai, X. L. Wang, 2013, “Ultra-thin WO3 nanorod embedded polyaniline composite thin film: Synthesis and electrochromic characteristics,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 114, PP. 31–37.
[79]S. F. Honga, L. C. Chen, 2010, “A red-to-gray poly(3-methylthiophene) electrochromic device using a zinc hexacyanoferrate/PEDOT:PSS composite counter electrode,” Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 55, PP. 3966-3973.
[80]E. C. Rios, A. V. Rosario, A. F. Nogueira, L. Micaroni, 2010, “Electrochromic devices based on poly(3-methylthiophene) and various secondary electrochromic materials,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 94, PP. 1338-1345.
[81]C. H. Yang, Y. C. Lo, P. L. Huang, C. C. Lin, K. M. Wu, T. L. Wang, Y. T. Shieh, W. J. Chen, 2011, “Enhancing the performance of poly (3-methylthiophene) based electrochromic devices via insertion of a TiO2 buffer layer,” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 661, PP. 113-119.
[82]S. F. Hong, L. C. Chen, 2012, “Nano-Prussian blue analogue/PEDOT:PSS composites for electrochromic windows”, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 102, PP. 64-74.