臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究自2000年1月至12月，對活動於高雄市中正文化中心和高師大的外來鳥種菲律賓輝椋鳥(Aplonis panayensis)，進行1年食性
、繁殖及日活動週期的觀察，為了解輝椋鳥引進台灣後在食性和生殖方面的適應，並透過其與他種鳥類之互動情形，了解輝椋鳥對本地鳥種可能產生的影響。
輝椋鳥取食的植物種類共13種，外來種植物和本地種植物的比率相近，取食的植物部位以果實居多，花蜜和花瓣居次，蝸牛和毛蟲是幼雛部分的蛋白質來源。
高雄市輝椋鳥在2000年的繁殖季從3月延伸至9月中旬，時間持續半年以上，該鳥種被引入台灣後，仍維持其築巢於穴洞中的習性，合適的巢位在一繁殖季中有被重複使用的情形，研究中發現每巢可繁殖窩數為1至3次，使用的巢材包含本地種植物、外來種植物和人工製品。
輝椋鳥的產卵期3至8天，每窩產1至4個蛋，以產3個蛋的窩數最多。孵卵期11至15天，蛋的孵化率61.9% 。育雛期15至24天，離巢率43.2%，椋鳥自蛋產下到幼雛離巢平均約需39天，以Mayfield的方法計算出2000年繁殖季幼雛的存活率與繁殖成功率分別為43.5% 和51.6%。
輝椋鳥成群活動的總觀察群體個數以單隻活動最多，日間活動會受時間和季節的影響，開始與結束活動的時間都在日出與日落前後約1個小時內，以1月與2月下午4至6點之觀察隻次最高。
高雄地區的輝椋鳥引入台灣後，根據其食性、生殖和日活動的特性，推論其族群數量未來應有持續擴大的趨勢。同時，對本地留鳥如白頭翁、綠繡眼、麻雀及小雨燕等，可能在食物利用與巢位選擇上造成直接且負面的影響。

An observation to investigate the feeding and reproduction adaptation of Philippine glossy starling (Aplonis panayensis), an exotic bird species in Taiwan, was conducted in the Chiang Kai-shek Cultural Center and National Kaohsiung Normal University in Kaohsiung City from January to December, 2000. Possible impact of glossy starling on endemic species of Taiwan and projected population expansion of this species was also evaluated.
Thirteen specie of plant was recorded to be feed by glossy starling in this study. The number of endemic and exotic species was almost equal. Glossy starling feeds mostly on fruit, then next on nectar and petal. The protein sources of nestling are partly from snails and caterpillar.
The reproductive season of glossy starling were extended from mid-March to mid-September, lasted for more than six months, in year 2000. This species maintained cave-nesting habitat after introduced into Taiwan. Repeatedly used the same nesting site, at most 3 times, by glossy starling was reported. The nest materials included endemic plant species, exotic plant species, and artificial materials.
The egg-laying period of glossy starling ranged from 3 to 8 days. Each clutch included 1 to 4 eggs, mostly had 3 eggs. Incubation period lasted from 11 to 15 days with an hatching rate of 61.9%. The nestling period ranged from 15 to 24 days with a fledgling rate of 43.2%. Averaged 39 days were needed for a glossy starling to grow from an egg to leave the nest. Based on the Mayfield method, survival rate and reproduction success rate were 43.5 and 51.6%, respectively.
More single/group was observed than the other group size. Day-time activity pattern was influenced both by the timing and season. The active time of glossy starling was observed mostly in one hour before sunrise or one hours after sunset. The highest total number of this species was observed during 4 to 6 PM of January and February in year 2000.
In the future, the population size of glossy starling was projected to increase based on the characteristics of feeding, reproduction, and daily activity pattern. This species also possibly present a direct and negative impact on the endemic bird species of Taiwan, such as Chinese bulbul (Pycnontus sinensis), Japanese white-eye (Zosperops japonica), House sparrow (Passer domesticus), and House swift (Apus affinis).

中文摘要
英文摘要
壹、前言…………………………………………………………….1
貳、方法與分析
一.觀察地描述…………………………………………………7
二.材料與方法
(一)食性適應………………………………………….…8
(二)生殖適應…………………………………………….9
1.巢位及巢材……….……………………………..9
2.繁殖……………….……………………………..9
3.成長……………….……………………………10
(三)日活動調查…………….…………………………...13
三.資料分析………………………..…………………………..13
參、結果
一.食性適應……………………………………………………16
二.生殖適應
(一)巢形、巢材與爭巢…………………………………..16
1.巢形………………………………………………16
2.巢材………………………………………………19
3.爭巢……………………………………………….21
(二)繁殖、成長與發育…………………………………...21
1.產卵期…………………………………………….22
2.孵卵期…………………………………………….25
3.留巢期…………………………………………….30
三.日活動調查………………………………………………….36
肆、討論
一.適應
(一)食性適應……………………………………………...43
(二)築巢適應
1.巢位……………………………………………….45
2.巢材……………………………………………….47
3.爭巢……………………………………………….47
(三)生殖適應
1.綠色巢材……………….…………………………48
2.蛋數……………………………………………….48
3.幼雛……………………………………………….49
4.繁殖季長度………………………………………50
5.Mayfield方法的應用…………………………….51
二.日活動情形………………………………………………….52
伍、結論……………………………………………………………..54
陸、參考文獻………………………………………………………..56
柒、附錄……………………………………………………………..61

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