臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine violent incidents experienced by nurses and the associated factors of violence against nurses in Indonesian emergency departments.
Methods: A structured questionnaire from the World Health Organization (WHO) on workplace violence in the health sector was modified and translated into Bahasa. A total of 169 nurses working in emergency departments in six (6) hospitals in Jakarta and Bekasi Indonesia were participated in the study. The gathered data were analyzed using descriptive and multivariate logistic regression.
Result: Ten percent of emergency nurses reported experiencing physical violence and mainly perpetrated by patients, whereas more than a half of emergency nurses (54.6 %) reported experiencing non-physical violence with patient’s relative as the main perpetrators. More than of nurses (55.6%) did not have encouragement to report workplace violence and very few (10.1%) of nurses had received any information or training about workplace violence. No predictors were found to be associated with physical violence, whereas the predictor for non-physical violence is type of hospitals.
Conclusion: The findings of this study highlighted the seriousness of violence in Indonesian emergency departments. Support from the management, encouragement to report violence and availability of workplace violence training are expected to mitigate and manage violence against nurses in emergency departments.

Acknowledgements ii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables ix
Chapter I. Introduction
Background 1
Research Purpose 4
Definition of Terms 5
Overview of Methodology 6
Research design 6
Sample 6
Measurement 6
Analysis 7
Significance 7
Chapter II. Literature Review
Definition of Workplace Violence 8
Workplace Violence in Health Care Settings 9
Workplace violence in general health care settings 9
Workplace violence in emergency departments 9
Workplace Violence in against Nurses 10
Workplace violence against nurses in general 10
Workplace violence against nurses in emergency departments 10
Workplace violence against nurses in Indonesia 11
The Impact of Workplace Violence 12
Impact to nurses 12
Impact to nurses’ personal lives 12
Impact to nurses’ professional lives 13
Impact to patients 14
Factors Related to Workplace Violence 14
Perpetrators 14
Nurses’ personal characteristics 15
Age 15
Marital status 16
Gender 16
Level of anxiety 16
Ethnicity 17
Level of education 17
Nurses’ professional characteristics 18
Violence training 18
Year of experiences 18
Previous violence experience 18
Environment 19
Employment sector 19
Shift work 19
Presence of violence preventive measures 19

Chapter III. Method
Research Design and Sampling 21
Measurement 22
Modified version 24
Ethical Considerations 25
Data Collection Procedures 26
Analysis 27
Chapter IV. Research Results
Personal and Workplace Characteristics 28
Magnitude and Characteristic of Workplace Violence 31
Frequency of violent incidents 31
Emergency nurses’ responses to violent incidents 33
Problems or complaints after violent incidents 34
Actions after the violent incidents 35
Safety measures in the workplace 37
Factors and Predictor for Workplace Violence 40
Related factors for workplace violence 40
Predictors to workplace violence 44
Qualitative Survey 44
Chapter V. Discussion
Discussion 46
Limitation of the Study 52
Future Study Recommendation 52
Implication 52
Conclusion 53
References 54
Appendix 1: Informed Consent 59
Appendix 2: Questionnaire 62
Appendix 3: Content Validity Index 75
Appendix 4: Questionnaire Permission 77
Appendix 5: Ethical Clearance 79
Appendix 6: Hospital Permission 80

Boyle, M., Koritsas, S., Coles, J., Stanley. J. (2007). A pilot study of workplace violence towards paramedics. Emergency Medicine Journal, 24, 760–763.

Campbell, et al. (2011). Workplace Violence: Prevalence and Risk Factors in the Safe at Work Study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental medicine,53, 1, 82-89. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182028d55

Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 1, 155-159.

Cooper, C.L., ＆ Swanson, N. (n.d). Workplace violence in the health sector. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/injury/en/WVstateart.pdf

Esmaeilpour, M., Salsali, M., Ahmadi, F. (2010). Workplace Violence Against Iranian Nurses Working in Emergency Departments. International Nursing Review, 58, 130-137.

Fathoni, M., Sangchan, H., Songwathana, P. (2013). Relationships between Triage Knowledge, Training, Working Experiences and Triage Skills among Emergency Nurses in East Java, Indonesia. Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 3, 1, 511- 525.

Fujishiro, K., Gee, G.C., de Castro, A.B. (2011). Associations of workplace aggression with work-related well-being among nurses in the Philippines. American Journal of Public Health, 101 (5), 861-867.

Gacki-Smith, J., Juarez, A.M., Boyett, L.. (2009). Violence Against Nurses Working in US Emergency Departments. Journal of Nursing Administration, 39 (7/8), 340-349


Gates, D., Gillespie, G., Kowalenko, T., Succop, P., Sanker, M., Farra, S. (2011). Occupational and demographic factors associated with violence in the emergency department. Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal, 33 (4), 303-313. doi: 10.1097/TME.0b013e3182330530

Gates, D.M., Gillespie, G.L., ＆ Succop, P. (2011). Violence Against Nurses and its Impact on Stress and Productivity. Nursing Economics, 29, 59-67

Gillespie, G.L., Gates, D.M., Miller, M., Howard, P.K. (2010). Workplace violence in healthcare settings: Risk factors and protective strategies. Rehabilitation Nursing, 35 (5),177-184

Hahn, S., Müller, M., Hantikainen, V., Kok, G., Dassen, T., Halfens, R.J.G. (2013). Risk factors associated with patient and visitor violence in general hospitals: Results of a multiple regression analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50, 374–385. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.09.018

ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI. (2002). Framework Guidelines for Addressing Workplace Violence in the Health Sector. ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI Joint Programme onWorkplace Violence in the Health Sector, Geneva.

ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI. (2003). Workplace Violence in the Health Sector: Country Case Studies Research Instruments Survey Questionnaire (English). ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI Joint Programme on Workplace Violence in the Health Sector, Geneva.

Keitha, D. (2013, June 22). Kronologis Penganiayaan Perawat oleh Dokter Orthopedi di RS DKT Lampung [Web blog post]. Retrieved from http://blogperawat.com/

Khusnizar. (2013, February 28). Sidang Kasus Penganiayaan Perawat RSUD Abdul Manap, Abu Hanifah Bantah Semua Keterangan Saksi. Metrojambi.com. Retrieved from http://www.metrojambi.com/

Landis, J.R. ＆ Koch, G.G. (1977). The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data. International Biometric Society, 33(1), 159-174.

Lanza, M.L., Zeiss, R.A., Rierdan, J. (2006). Non-Physical Violence, A risk Factor for physical violence in Health Care settings. AAOHN Journal, 54(9), 397- 402.

Lin, Y. ＆ Liu, H. (2005). The impact of workplace violence on nurses in South Taiwan. International Journal of Nursing Studies 42, 773–778. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2004.11.010

Luck, L., Jackson, D., Usher, K. (2006). Innocent or culpable? Meanings that emergency department nurses ascribe to individual acts of violence. Journal of Clinical Nursing 17 , 1071–1078. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01870.x

Magnavita, N ＆ Heponiemi, T. (2011). Workplace Violence Against Nursing Students and Nurses: An Italian Experience. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 43:2, 203–210. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011.01392.x

National Advisory Council on Nurse Education and Practice (NACNEP). (2007). Violence Against Nurses: An Assessment of the Causes and Impacts of violence in Nursing Education and Practice.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2004). Guidelines for Preventing Workplace Violence for Health Care ＆ Social Service Workers.

Pai, H., ＆ Lee, S. (2011). Risk factors for workplace violence in clinical registered nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20, 1405–1412. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03650.x

Pinar, R. ＆ Ucmak, F. (2010). Verbal and physical violence in emergency departments: a survey of nurses in Istanbul, Turkey. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20, 510–517. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03520.x

Polisi Diminta Usut Penganiayaan Perawat. (2013, March 27). Retrieved from http://rakyataceh.com/index.php

Polit, D.F., ＆ Beck, C.T. (2006). The content validity index: Are you sure you know what’s being reported? Critique and recommendations. Research in Nursing ＆ Health, 29, 489-497. doi: 10.1002/nur.20147

Roche, M., Dier, D., Duffield, C., Catling-Paull, C. (2010). Violence Toward Nurses, the Work Environment, and Patient Outcomes. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42:1, 13–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01321.x

Stanhope, M. ＆ Lancaster, J. (2011). Public health nursing: Population-centered health care in the community. (8th ed.). St. Louis, MA: Mosby.

Suryadinata, L., Arifin, E.N., Ananta, A. (2003). Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Talas, M.S., Kocaöz, S., Akgüç, S., (2011). A survey of violence against staff working in the emergency department in Ankara, Turkey. Asian Nursing Research, 5, 197-203. doi:10.1016/j.anr.2011.11.0 01

Taylor, J.L. ＆ Rew, L. (2010). A systematic review of the literature: workplace violence in the emergency department. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20, 1072-1085. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03342.x